生物多样性 ›› 2008, Vol. 16 ›› Issue (3): 279-287. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2008.07225
所属专题: 青藏高原生物多样性与生态安全
张国钢1, 刘冬平1, 江红星1, 侯韵秋1, 戴铭1, 楚国忠1,*(), 星智2
收稿日期:
2007-08-22
接受日期:
2008-02-19
出版日期:
2008-05-20
发布日期:
2008-05-20
通讯作者:
楚国忠
作者简介:
*E-mail:chugzh@caf.ac.cn基金资助:
Guogang Zhang1, Dongping Liu1, Hongxing Jiang1, Yunqiu Hou1, Ming Dai1, Guozhong Chu1,*(), Zhi Xing2
Received:
2007-08-22
Accepted:
2008-02-19
Online:
2008-05-20
Published:
2008-05-20
Contact:
Guozhong Chu
摘要:
2006年4-9月, 采用彩色标记、无线电遥测和卫星跟踪等方法, 对青海湖四种繁殖水鸟斑头雁 (Anser indicus)、棕头鸥 (Larus brunnicephalus)、渔鸥 (L.ichthyaetus)和鸬鹚 (Phalacrocorax carbo)的活动区域进行了研究。采用“绳套法”捕捉了45只斑头雁, 其中6只于4月安装了无线电发射器, 6只于7月安装了卫星发射器; 采用“拉网法”捕捉了104只棕头鸥, 其中6只于4月安装了无线电发射器; 采用“绳套法”捕捉了51只渔鸥, 其中2只于4月安装了无线电发射器; 采用“扣网法”捕捉了75只鸬鹚, 其中6只于5月和6月安装了无线电发射器, 4只于8月安装了卫星发射器。通过研究, 获得了上述四种繁殖水鸟在青海湖的活动区域, 即: 斑头雁有3个主要的活动区域, 棕头鸥有1个, 渔鸥有4个, 鸬鹚有2个。其中从鸬鹚岛、蛋岛、布哈河口、铁卜恰河口至泉湾区域是上述四种繁殖水鸟共有的活动区域, 该区域也是春秋迁徙季节众多水鸟的重要取食地和停歇地。
张国钢, 刘冬平, 江红星, 侯韵秋, 戴铭, 楚国忠, 星智 (2008) 青海湖四种繁殖水鸟活动区域的研究. 生物多样性, 16, 279-287. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2008.07225.
Guogang Zhang, Dongping Liu, Hongxing Jiang, Yunqiu Hou, Ming Dai, Guozhong Chu, Zhi Xing (2008) Movement of four breeding waterbirds at Qinghai Lake, China. Biodiversity Science, 16, 279-287. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2008.07225.
图1 青海湖18个调查地点的位置图 1: 蛋岛; 2: 鸬鹚岛; 3: 布哈河口; 4: 深河口; 5: 铁卜恰河口; 6: 泉湾; 7: 尕日拉; 8: 黑马河; 9: 二郎剑; 10: 洱海; 11: 倒淌河; 12: 小泊湖; 13: 沙岛; 14: 甘子河; 15: 沙柳河; 16: 泉吉河口; 17: 海心山; 18: 三块石
Fig. 1 Map showing the 18 surveyed sites at the Qinghai Lake 1, Egg Island; 2, Luci Island; 3, Buhahekou; 4, Shenhekou; 5, Tiebuqiahekou; 6, Quanwan; 7, Garila; 8, Heimahe; 9, Erlangjian; 10, Erhai; 11, Daotanghe; 12, Xiaopohu; 13, Sha Island; 14, Ganzihe; 15, Shaliuhe; 16, Quanjihekou; 17, Haixinshan; 18, Sankuaishi
物种 Species | 标记位置 Position | 颜色 Color | 号码 Code | 数量 Number |
---|---|---|---|---|
斑头雁 Anser indicus | 颈部 Neck | 绿底白字 White numbers on green background | C00-C01 | 2 |
蓝底白字 White numbers on blue background | A01-A43 | 43 | ||
棕头鸥 Larus brunnicephalus | 右腿胫部 Right tibia | 上红下白 Upper red, lower white | 无号码 No code | 17 |
红底白字 White numbers on red background | 01-18, 31-99 | 87 | ||
渔鸥 L. ichthyaetus | 右腿胫部 Right tibia | 白底黑字 Black numbers on white background | A02-A05 | 4 |
白底黑字 Black numbers on white background | 50-96 | 47 | ||
鸬鹚 Phalacrocorax carbo | 右腿跗趾 Right tarsus | 绿底白字 White numbers on green background | A27-A99 | 73 |
白底黑字 Black numbers on white background | A06, 29 | 2 |
表1 青海湖彩色标记的水鸟种类和数量
Table 1 Species and numbers of color-marked waterbirds at the Qinghai Lake
物种 Species | 标记位置 Position | 颜色 Color | 号码 Code | 数量 Number |
---|---|---|---|---|
斑头雁 Anser indicus | 颈部 Neck | 绿底白字 White numbers on green background | C00-C01 | 2 |
蓝底白字 White numbers on blue background | A01-A43 | 43 | ||
棕头鸥 Larus brunnicephalus | 右腿胫部 Right tibia | 上红下白 Upper red, lower white | 无号码 No code | 17 |
红底白字 White numbers on red background | 01-18, 31-99 | 87 | ||
渔鸥 L. ichthyaetus | 右腿胫部 Right tibia | 白底黑字 Black numbers on white background | A02-A05 | 4 |
白底黑字 Black numbers on white background | 50-96 | 47 | ||
鸬鹚 Phalacrocorax carbo | 右腿跗趾 Right tarsus | 绿底白字 White numbers on green background | A27-A99 | 73 |
白底黑字 Black numbers on white background | A06, 29 | 2 |
物种 Species | 性别 Sex | 颜色 Color | 号码 Code | 捕捉时间 Capture date | 发射器频率 Radio frequency | 跟踪天数 Tracking days |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
斑头雁 Anser indicus | ♀ | BW | A22 | 2006-04-23 | 216.099 | 122 |
♂ | BW | A23 | 2006-04-23 | 216.055 | 129 | |
♂ | BW | A24 | 2006-04-23 | 216.135 | 46 | |
♂ | BW | A25 | 2006-04-23 | 216.025 | 141 | |
♀ | BW | A28 | 2006-04-23 | 216.237 | 92 | |
♀ | BW | A27 | 2006-04-24 | 216.004 | 48 | |
棕头鸥 Larus brunnicephalus | - | RW | 01 | 2006-04-23 | 216.866 | 99 |
- | RW | 06 | 2006-04-23 | 216.836 | 99 | |
- | RW | 03 | 2006-04-23 | 216.806 | 104 | |
- | RW | 04 | 2006-04-23 | 216.955 | 99 | |
- | RW | 05 | 2006-04-23 | 216.905 | 99 | |
- | RW | 07 | 2006-04-23 | 216.765 | 104 | |
渔鸥 L. ichthyaetus | - | WB | A05 | 2006-04-23 | 216.573 | 98 |
- | BW | 50 | 2006-04-24 | 216.663 | 95 | |
鸬鹚 Phalacrocorax carbo | - | WB | 29 | 2006-05-03 | 216.445 | 7 |
- | WB | A06 | 2006-05-03 | 216.505 | 2 | |
- | GW | 27 | 2006-06-10 | 216.544 | 83 | |
- | 未戴彩环 No color ring | - | 2006-06-20 | 216.406 | 63 | |
- | GW | 34 | 2006-06-20 | 216.465 | 64 | |
- | GW | 33 | 2006-06-20 | 216.486 | 57 |
表2 青海湖水鸟无线电发射器安装一览表
Table 2 The information of radio-tagged waterbirds at the Qinghai Lake
物种 Species | 性别 Sex | 颜色 Color | 号码 Code | 捕捉时间 Capture date | 发射器频率 Radio frequency | 跟踪天数 Tracking days |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
斑头雁 Anser indicus | ♀ | BW | A22 | 2006-04-23 | 216.099 | 122 |
♂ | BW | A23 | 2006-04-23 | 216.055 | 129 | |
♂ | BW | A24 | 2006-04-23 | 216.135 | 46 | |
♂ | BW | A25 | 2006-04-23 | 216.025 | 141 | |
♀ | BW | A28 | 2006-04-23 | 216.237 | 92 | |
♀ | BW | A27 | 2006-04-24 | 216.004 | 48 | |
棕头鸥 Larus brunnicephalus | - | RW | 01 | 2006-04-23 | 216.866 | 99 |
- | RW | 06 | 2006-04-23 | 216.836 | 99 | |
- | RW | 03 | 2006-04-23 | 216.806 | 104 | |
- | RW | 04 | 2006-04-23 | 216.955 | 99 | |
- | RW | 05 | 2006-04-23 | 216.905 | 99 | |
- | RW | 07 | 2006-04-23 | 216.765 | 104 | |
渔鸥 L. ichthyaetus | - | WB | A05 | 2006-04-23 | 216.573 | 98 |
- | BW | 50 | 2006-04-24 | 216.663 | 95 | |
鸬鹚 Phalacrocorax carbo | - | WB | 29 | 2006-05-03 | 216.445 | 7 |
- | WB | A06 | 2006-05-03 | 216.505 | 2 | |
- | GW | 27 | 2006-06-10 | 216.544 | 83 | |
- | 未戴彩环 No color ring | - | 2006-06-20 | 216.406 | 63 | |
- | GW | 34 | 2006-06-20 | 216.465 | 64 | |
- | GW | 33 | 2006-06-20 | 216.486 | 57 |
物种 Species | 年龄 Age | 性别 Sex | 号码 Code | 环志时间 Banding date | 环志地点 Banding site | 发射器ID PTT ID | 跟踪天数 Tracking days |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
斑头雁 Anser indicus | 成鸟 Adult | 雄 Male | A30 | 2006-07-10 | 泉湾 QW | 66196 | 51 |
成鸟 Adult | 雌 Female | A43 | 2006-08-19 | 尕日拉 GRL | 66197 | 91 | |
成鸟 Adult | 雌 Female | A33 | 2006-07-13 | 泉湾 QW | 66198 | 68 | |
成鸟 Adult | 雌 Female | A29 | 2006-07-18 | 布哈河口 BHK | 66199 | 121 | |
成鸟 Adult | 雌 Female | A36 | 2006-07-21 | 尕日拉 GRL | 66200 | 305 | |
成鸟 Adult | 雄 Male | A31 | 2006-07-10 | 泉湾 QW | 66201 | 110 | |
渔鸥 Larus ichthyaetus | 成鸟 Adult | - | - | 2006-07-10 | 泉湾 QW | 66187 | 正在跟踪 Satellite tracking |
成鸟 Adult | - | - | 2006-07-10 | 泉湾 QW | 66188 | 10 | |
成鸟 Adult | - | - | 2006-07-11 | 三块石 SKS | 66189 | 正在跟踪 Satellite tracking | |
幼鸟 Fledgling | - | - | 2006-07-24 | 布哈河口 BHK | 66190 | 正在跟踪 Satellite tracking | |
成鸟 Adult | - | - | 2006-07-11 | 三块石 SKS | 66191 | 正在跟踪 Satellite tracking | |
鸬鹚 Phalacrocorax carbo | 成鸟 Adult | - | - | 2006-08-20 | 鸬鹚岛 LI | 66446 | 63 |
幼鸟 Fledgling | - | - | 2006-08-20 | 鸬鹚岛 LI | 66447 | 37 | |
成鸟 Adult | - | - | 2006-08-17 | 鸬鹚岛 LI | 66448 | 95 | |
成鸟 Adult | - | - | 2006-08-17 | 鸬鹚岛 LI | 66449 | 57 |
表3 青海湖卫星跟踪水鸟的发射器ID号和跟踪天数
Table 3 The ID and tracking days of satellite-tracked waterbirds at the Qinghai Lake
物种 Species | 年龄 Age | 性别 Sex | 号码 Code | 环志时间 Banding date | 环志地点 Banding site | 发射器ID PTT ID | 跟踪天数 Tracking days |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
斑头雁 Anser indicus | 成鸟 Adult | 雄 Male | A30 | 2006-07-10 | 泉湾 QW | 66196 | 51 |
成鸟 Adult | 雌 Female | A43 | 2006-08-19 | 尕日拉 GRL | 66197 | 91 | |
成鸟 Adult | 雌 Female | A33 | 2006-07-13 | 泉湾 QW | 66198 | 68 | |
成鸟 Adult | 雌 Female | A29 | 2006-07-18 | 布哈河口 BHK | 66199 | 121 | |
成鸟 Adult | 雌 Female | A36 | 2006-07-21 | 尕日拉 GRL | 66200 | 305 | |
成鸟 Adult | 雄 Male | A31 | 2006-07-10 | 泉湾 QW | 66201 | 110 | |
渔鸥 Larus ichthyaetus | 成鸟 Adult | - | - | 2006-07-10 | 泉湾 QW | 66187 | 正在跟踪 Satellite tracking |
成鸟 Adult | - | - | 2006-07-10 | 泉湾 QW | 66188 | 10 | |
成鸟 Adult | - | - | 2006-07-11 | 三块石 SKS | 66189 | 正在跟踪 Satellite tracking | |
幼鸟 Fledgling | - | - | 2006-07-24 | 布哈河口 BHK | 66190 | 正在跟踪 Satellite tracking | |
成鸟 Adult | - | - | 2006-07-11 | 三块石 SKS | 66191 | 正在跟踪 Satellite tracking | |
鸬鹚 Phalacrocorax carbo | 成鸟 Adult | - | - | 2006-08-20 | 鸬鹚岛 LI | 66446 | 63 |
幼鸟 Fledgling | - | - | 2006-08-20 | 鸬鹚岛 LI | 66447 | 37 | |
成鸟 Adult | - | - | 2006-08-17 | 鸬鹚岛 LI | 66448 | 95 | |
成鸟 Adult | - | - | 2006-08-17 | 鸬鹚岛 LI | 66449 | 57 |
物种 Species | 繁殖前期 Early breeding period | 繁殖中期 Middle breeding period | 繁殖后期 Late breeding period | 迁徙前期 Early migration period |
---|---|---|---|---|
斑头雁 Anser indicus | 3月初至4月下旬 Early Mar. to late Apr. | 5月初至6月中旬 Early May to mid-June | 6月下旬至7月下旬 Late June to late July | 8月初至10月底 Early Aug. to end of Oct. |
棕头鸥 Larus brunnicephalus | 3月初至5月初 Early Mar. to early May | 5月中旬至6月中旬 Mid-May to mid-June | 6月下旬至7月中旬 Late June to mid-July | 7月下旬至8月初 Late July to early Aug. |
渔鸥 L. ichthyaetus | 3月初至4月下旬 Early Mar. to late Apr. | 5月初至6月中旬 Early May to mid-June | 6月下旬至7月中旬 Late June to mid-July | 7月下旬至8月初 Late July to early Aug. |
鸬鹚 Phalacrocorax carbo | 3月初至4月初 Early Mar. to early Apr. | 4月中旬至5月上旬 Mid-Apr. to early May | 5月中旬至7月初 Mid-May to early July | 7月中旬至9月底 Mid-July to end of Sep. |
表4 青海湖重要水鸟不同繁殖阶段的时间划分
Table 4 Different breeding periods of four waterbird species at the Qinghai Lake
物种 Species | 繁殖前期 Early breeding period | 繁殖中期 Middle breeding period | 繁殖后期 Late breeding period | 迁徙前期 Early migration period |
---|---|---|---|---|
斑头雁 Anser indicus | 3月初至4月下旬 Early Mar. to late Apr. | 5月初至6月中旬 Early May to mid-June | 6月下旬至7月下旬 Late June to late July | 8月初至10月底 Early Aug. to end of Oct. |
棕头鸥 Larus brunnicephalus | 3月初至5月初 Early Mar. to early May | 5月中旬至6月中旬 Mid-May to mid-June | 6月下旬至7月中旬 Late June to mid-July | 7月下旬至8月初 Late July to early Aug. |
渔鸥 L. ichthyaetus | 3月初至4月下旬 Early Mar. to late Apr. | 5月初至6月中旬 Early May to mid-June | 6月下旬至7月中旬 Late June to mid-July | 7月下旬至8月初 Late July to early Aug. |
鸬鹚 Phalacrocorax carbo | 3月初至4月初 Early Mar. to early Apr. | 4月中旬至5月上旬 Mid-Apr. to early May | 5月中旬至7月初 Mid-May to early July | 7月中旬至9月底 Mid-July to end of Sep. |
腿部彩色标记的颜色和编码 Color and code | 捕捉地点 Capture site | 观察时间 Resight date | 观察地点 Resight site | 次数 Frequency |
---|---|---|---|---|
上红下白 Red ring on tibia and white ring on tarsus | 鸬鹚岛 LI | 2006-05-11 | 蛋岛 EI | 3 |
上红下白 Red ring on tibia and white ring on tarsus | 鸬鹚岛 LI | 2006-05-16 | 鸬鹚岛 LI | 1 |
红底白字, 01 White number on red background, 01 | 鸬鹚岛 LI | 2006-05-15 | 鸬鹚岛 LI | 1 |
红底白字, 03 White number on red background, 03 | 鸬鹚岛 LI | 2006-05-11,17,21,22 | 蛋岛 EI | 4 |
红底白字, 03 White number on red background, 03 | 鸬鹚岛 LI | 2006-05-15 | 鸬鹚岛 LI | 1 |
红底白字, 05 White number on red background, 05 | 鸬鹚岛 LI | 2006-05-17 | 鸬鹚岛 LI | 1 |
红底白字, 07 White number on red background, 07 | 鸬鹚岛 LI | 2006-05-15 | 蛋岛 EI | 1 |
红底白字, 07 White number on red background, 07 | 鸬鹚岛 LI | 2006-05-17,20,21,22 | 鸬鹚岛 LI | 3 |
红底白字, 07 White number on red background, 07 | 鸬鹚岛 LI | 2007-05 | 鸬鹚岛 LI | 5 |
—* | 布哈河口 BHK | 2007-05 | 鸬鹚岛 LI | 2 |
表5 青海湖繁殖前期和中期棕头鸥彩色标记的观察
Table 5 Resightings of color-marked brown-headed gull during early and mid-breeding periods at the Qinghai Lake
腿部彩色标记的颜色和编码 Color and code | 捕捉地点 Capture site | 观察时间 Resight date | 观察地点 Resight site | 次数 Frequency |
---|---|---|---|---|
上红下白 Red ring on tibia and white ring on tarsus | 鸬鹚岛 LI | 2006-05-11 | 蛋岛 EI | 3 |
上红下白 Red ring on tibia and white ring on tarsus | 鸬鹚岛 LI | 2006-05-16 | 鸬鹚岛 LI | 1 |
红底白字, 01 White number on red background, 01 | 鸬鹚岛 LI | 2006-05-15 | 鸬鹚岛 LI | 1 |
红底白字, 03 White number on red background, 03 | 鸬鹚岛 LI | 2006-05-11,17,21,22 | 蛋岛 EI | 4 |
红底白字, 03 White number on red background, 03 | 鸬鹚岛 LI | 2006-05-15 | 鸬鹚岛 LI | 1 |
红底白字, 05 White number on red background, 05 | 鸬鹚岛 LI | 2006-05-17 | 鸬鹚岛 LI | 1 |
红底白字, 07 White number on red background, 07 | 鸬鹚岛 LI | 2006-05-15 | 蛋岛 EI | 1 |
红底白字, 07 White number on red background, 07 | 鸬鹚岛 LI | 2006-05-17,20,21,22 | 鸬鹚岛 LI | 3 |
红底白字, 07 White number on red background, 07 | 鸬鹚岛 LI | 2007-05 | 鸬鹚岛 LI | 5 |
—* | 布哈河口 BHK | 2007-05 | 鸬鹚岛 LI | 2 |
彩环 Color ring | 捕捉地点 Capture site | 观察时间 Resighting date | 观察地点 Resighting site | 频次 Frequency |
---|---|---|---|---|
C00 | 泉湾 Quanwan | 2006-04-04 | 泉湾 Quanwan | 1 |
C01 | 泉湾 Quanwan | 2007-03-22 | 哈达滩 Hadatan | 1 |
A11 | 泉湾 Quanwan | 2006-05-17,20 | 蛋岛 Egg Island | 2 |
A12 | 泉湾 Quanwan | 2006-04-29 2006-05-11,15,16,17,19,21,22,23 | 蛋岛 Egg Island | 9 |
A13 | 泉湾 Quanwan | 2006-04-29 2006-05-11,15,16,21,22,23 | 蛋岛 Egg Island | 7 |
A15 | 泉湾 Quanwan | 2006-05-18,21 | 蛋岛 Egg Island | 2 |
A17 | 泉湾 Quanwan | 2006-05-19 | 泉湾 Quanwan | 1 |
A21 | 泉湾 Quanwan | 2006-05-16,21 | 蛋岛 Egg Island | 2 |
A22 | 泉湾 Quanwan | 2006-05-16 | 蛋岛 Egg Island | 1 |
A26 | 泉湾 Quanwan | 2006-05-11,15,22 | 蛋岛 Egg Island | 3 |
A10 | 泉湾 Quanwan | 2007-05 | 蛋岛 Egg Island | 多次 Many times |
A15 | 泉湾 Quanwan | 2007-05 | 蛋岛 Egg Island | 多次 Many times |
A12 | 泉湾 Quanwan | 2007-05 | 蛋岛 Egg Island | 多次 Many times |
A13 | 泉湾 Quanwan | 2007-05 | 蛋岛 Egg Island | 多次 Many times |
A26 | 泉湾 Quanwan | 2007-05 | 蛋岛 Egg Island | 多次 Many times |
A32 | 泉湾 Quanwan | 2007-04-29 | 蛋岛 Egg Island | 多次 Many times |
表6 青海湖繁殖前期和中期斑头雁彩色标记的观察
Table 6 Resightings of color-marked bar-headed goose during early and middle breeding periods at the Qinghai Lake
彩环 Color ring | 捕捉地点 Capture site | 观察时间 Resighting date | 观察地点 Resighting site | 频次 Frequency |
---|---|---|---|---|
C00 | 泉湾 Quanwan | 2006-04-04 | 泉湾 Quanwan | 1 |
C01 | 泉湾 Quanwan | 2007-03-22 | 哈达滩 Hadatan | 1 |
A11 | 泉湾 Quanwan | 2006-05-17,20 | 蛋岛 Egg Island | 2 |
A12 | 泉湾 Quanwan | 2006-04-29 2006-05-11,15,16,17,19,21,22,23 | 蛋岛 Egg Island | 9 |
A13 | 泉湾 Quanwan | 2006-04-29 2006-05-11,15,16,21,22,23 | 蛋岛 Egg Island | 7 |
A15 | 泉湾 Quanwan | 2006-05-18,21 | 蛋岛 Egg Island | 2 |
A17 | 泉湾 Quanwan | 2006-05-19 | 泉湾 Quanwan | 1 |
A21 | 泉湾 Quanwan | 2006-05-16,21 | 蛋岛 Egg Island | 2 |
A22 | 泉湾 Quanwan | 2006-05-16 | 蛋岛 Egg Island | 1 |
A26 | 泉湾 Quanwan | 2006-05-11,15,22 | 蛋岛 Egg Island | 3 |
A10 | 泉湾 Quanwan | 2007-05 | 蛋岛 Egg Island | 多次 Many times |
A15 | 泉湾 Quanwan | 2007-05 | 蛋岛 Egg Island | 多次 Many times |
A12 | 泉湾 Quanwan | 2007-05 | 蛋岛 Egg Island | 多次 Many times |
A13 | 泉湾 Quanwan | 2007-05 | 蛋岛 Egg Island | 多次 Many times |
A26 | 泉湾 Quanwan | 2007-05 | 蛋岛 Egg Island | 多次 Many times |
A32 | 泉湾 Quanwan | 2007-04-29 | 蛋岛 Egg Island | 多次 Many times |
物种 Species | 捕捉地点 Capture site | 时间 Breeding period | 活动地点 Locations |
---|---|---|---|
斑头雁 Anser indicus | 泉湾 QW | 繁殖前期 Early breeding period | 蛋岛、布哈河口、铁卜恰河口、尕日拉 EI, BHK, TBK, GRL |
繁殖中期 Middle breeding period | 蛋岛、布哈河口、深河口、铁卜恰河口、尕日拉、黑马河 EI, BHK, SHK, TBK, GRL, HM | ||
繁殖后期 Late breeding period | 蛋岛、布哈河口、深河口、铁卜恰河口、尕日拉、黑马河 EI, BHK, SHK, TBK, GRL, HM | ||
棕头鸥 Larus brunnicephalus | 鸬鹚岛 LI | 繁殖前期 Early breeding period | 鸬鹚岛、蛋岛、布哈河口、泉湾 LI, EI, BHK, QW |
繁殖中期 Middle breeding period | 蛋岛、布哈河口、泉湾 EI, BHK, QW | ||
繁殖后期 Late breeding period | 布哈河口、泉湾 BHK, QW | ||
迁徙前期 Early migration period | 布哈河口、泉湾 BHK, QW | ||
渔鸥 L. ichthyaetus | 鸬鹚岛 LI | 繁殖前期 Early breeding period | 鸬鹚岛 LI |
繁殖中期 Middle breeding period | 鸬鹚岛、布哈河口、泉湾、蛋岛 LI, BHK, QW, EI | ||
繁殖后期 Late breeding period | 蛋岛、布哈河口 EI, BHK | ||
迁徙前期 Early migration period | 布哈河口、泉湾、泉吉河口 BHK, QW, QJH | ||
鸬鹚 Phalacrocorax carbo | 鸬鹚岛 LI | 繁殖中期和后期 Middle and later breeding periods | 蛋岛、布哈河口 EI, BHK |
迁徙前期 Early migration period | 布哈河口、泉湾、泉吉河口、布哈河天峻段 BHK, QW, QJH, TJBHK |
表7 无线电遥测青海湖4种繁殖水鸟的活动
Table 7 Movement of four radio-tracked breeding waterbirds at the Qinghai Lake
物种 Species | 捕捉地点 Capture site | 时间 Breeding period | 活动地点 Locations |
---|---|---|---|
斑头雁 Anser indicus | 泉湾 QW | 繁殖前期 Early breeding period | 蛋岛、布哈河口、铁卜恰河口、尕日拉 EI, BHK, TBK, GRL |
繁殖中期 Middle breeding period | 蛋岛、布哈河口、深河口、铁卜恰河口、尕日拉、黑马河 EI, BHK, SHK, TBK, GRL, HM | ||
繁殖后期 Late breeding period | 蛋岛、布哈河口、深河口、铁卜恰河口、尕日拉、黑马河 EI, BHK, SHK, TBK, GRL, HM | ||
棕头鸥 Larus brunnicephalus | 鸬鹚岛 LI | 繁殖前期 Early breeding period | 鸬鹚岛、蛋岛、布哈河口、泉湾 LI, EI, BHK, QW |
繁殖中期 Middle breeding period | 蛋岛、布哈河口、泉湾 EI, BHK, QW | ||
繁殖后期 Late breeding period | 布哈河口、泉湾 BHK, QW | ||
迁徙前期 Early migration period | 布哈河口、泉湾 BHK, QW | ||
渔鸥 L. ichthyaetus | 鸬鹚岛 LI | 繁殖前期 Early breeding period | 鸬鹚岛 LI |
繁殖中期 Middle breeding period | 鸬鹚岛、布哈河口、泉湾、蛋岛 LI, BHK, QW, EI | ||
繁殖后期 Late breeding period | 蛋岛、布哈河口 EI, BHK | ||
迁徙前期 Early migration period | 布哈河口、泉湾、泉吉河口 BHK, QW, QJH | ||
鸬鹚 Phalacrocorax carbo | 鸬鹚岛 LI | 繁殖中期和后期 Middle and later breeding periods | 蛋岛、布哈河口 EI, BHK |
迁徙前期 Early migration period | 布哈河口、泉湾、泉吉河口、布哈河天峻段 BHK, QW, QJH, TJBHK |
物种 Species | 繁殖前期 Early breeding period | 繁殖中期 Middle breeding period | 繁殖后期 Late breeding period | 迁徙前期 Early migration period |
---|---|---|---|---|
斑头雁 (n=6) Anser indicus | 83.98±43.61 | 196.58±113.41 | 247.20±199.60 | 190.03±81.05 |
棕头鸥 (n=6) Larus brunnicephalus | 15.48±4.54 | 1.61±0.41 | 7.89±3.44 | 11.61±9.36 |
表8 无线电遥测物种在不同繁殖阶段的平均活动区大小(km2)
Table 8 Average home range size of two radio-tracked waterbirds during different breeding periods at the Qinghai Lake
物种 Species | 繁殖前期 Early breeding period | 繁殖中期 Middle breeding period | 繁殖后期 Late breeding period | 迁徙前期 Early migration period |
---|---|---|---|---|
斑头雁 (n=6) Anser indicus | 83.98±43.61 | 196.58±113.41 | 247.20±199.60 | 190.03±81.05 |
棕头鸥 (n=6) Larus brunnicephalus | 15.48±4.54 | 1.61±0.41 | 7.89±3.44 | 11.61±9.36 |
物种 Species | 捕捉地点 Capture site | 时间 Breeding period | 活动地点 Location |
---|---|---|---|
斑头雁 Anser indicus | 泉湾 QW | 迁徙前期 Early migration period | 布哈河口、深河口、泉湾、黑马河、铁卜恰河口、尕日拉、三块石 BHK, SHK, QW, HM, TBK, GRL, SKS |
尕日拉 GRL | 繁殖后期 Late breeding period | 泉湾、尕日拉 QW, GRL | |
迁徙前期 Early migration period | 布哈河口、泉湾、尕日拉、黑马河、三块石、泉吉河口 BHK, QW, GRL, HM, SKS, QJH | ||
布哈河口 BHK | 繁殖后期 Late breeding period | 布哈河口、乌兰尕秀沟 BHK, GXG | |
迁徙前期 Early migration period | 布哈河口、铁卜恰河口、泉湾、尕日拉、黑马河 BHK, TBK, QW, GRL, HM | ||
渔鸥 Larus ichthyaetus | 泉湾 QW | 繁殖后期 Late breeding period | 布哈河口、深河口、铁卜恰河口、泉湾、茶卡盐湖、布哈河天峻段 BHK, SHK, TBK, QW, SL, TJBHK |
迁徙前期 Early migration period | 布哈河口 BHK | ||
布哈河口 BHK | 繁殖后期 Late breeding period | 鸬鹚岛、布哈河口 LI, BHK | |
迁徙前期 Early migration period | 鸬鹚岛、布哈河口 LI, BHK | ||
三块石 SKS | 繁殖后期 Late breeding period | 布哈河口、铁卜恰河口、泉湾、泉吉河口、沙柳河口 BHK, TBK, QW, QJH, SLH | |
迁徙前期 Early migration period | 泉湾、泉吉河口 QW, QJH | ||
鸬鹚 Phalacrocorax carbo | 鸬鹚岛 LI | 迁徙前期 Early migration period | 蛋岛、布哈河口、深河口、铁卜恰河口、泉湾、泉吉河口、海心山、三块石、布哈河保护区段 EI, BHK, SHK, TBK, QW, QJH, HXS, SKS, NRBHK |
表9 卫星跟踪青海湖3种繁殖水鸟的活动地点
Table 9 Movement routes of three waterbirds tracked by satellite at the Qinghai Lake
物种 Species | 捕捉地点 Capture site | 时间 Breeding period | 活动地点 Location |
---|---|---|---|
斑头雁 Anser indicus | 泉湾 QW | 迁徙前期 Early migration period | 布哈河口、深河口、泉湾、黑马河、铁卜恰河口、尕日拉、三块石 BHK, SHK, QW, HM, TBK, GRL, SKS |
尕日拉 GRL | 繁殖后期 Late breeding period | 泉湾、尕日拉 QW, GRL | |
迁徙前期 Early migration period | 布哈河口、泉湾、尕日拉、黑马河、三块石、泉吉河口 BHK, QW, GRL, HM, SKS, QJH | ||
布哈河口 BHK | 繁殖后期 Late breeding period | 布哈河口、乌兰尕秀沟 BHK, GXG | |
迁徙前期 Early migration period | 布哈河口、铁卜恰河口、泉湾、尕日拉、黑马河 BHK, TBK, QW, GRL, HM | ||
渔鸥 Larus ichthyaetus | 泉湾 QW | 繁殖后期 Late breeding period | 布哈河口、深河口、铁卜恰河口、泉湾、茶卡盐湖、布哈河天峻段 BHK, SHK, TBK, QW, SL, TJBHK |
迁徙前期 Early migration period | 布哈河口 BHK | ||
布哈河口 BHK | 繁殖后期 Late breeding period | 鸬鹚岛、布哈河口 LI, BHK | |
迁徙前期 Early migration period | 鸬鹚岛、布哈河口 LI, BHK | ||
三块石 SKS | 繁殖后期 Late breeding period | 布哈河口、铁卜恰河口、泉湾、泉吉河口、沙柳河口 BHK, TBK, QW, QJH, SLH | |
迁徙前期 Early migration period | 泉湾、泉吉河口 QW, QJH | ||
鸬鹚 Phalacrocorax carbo | 鸬鹚岛 LI | 迁徙前期 Early migration period | 蛋岛、布哈河口、深河口、铁卜恰河口、泉湾、泉吉河口、海心山、三块石、布哈河保护区段 EI, BHK, SHK, TBK, QW, QJH, HXS, SKS, NRBHK |
[1] | ARGOS (1992) User Manual. Service Argos, Toulouse, France. |
[2] | Chen H, Smith GJD, Zhang SY (2005) H5N1 virus outbreak in migratory waterfowl. Nature, 436,191-192. |
[3] | Dixon KR, Chapman JA (1980) Harmonic mean measure of animal activity areas. Ecology, 5,1040-1044. |
[4] | Elise J, Gallerani L, Rodgers AR (1997) Difference in home range size computed in commonly used software programs. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 25,721-729. |
[5] | Freifeld HB (1999) Habitat relationships of forest birds on Tutuila Island, American Samoa. Journal of Biogeography, 26,1191-1198. |
[6] | Li DH (李德浩) (1989) Qinghai Fauna Economica (青海经济动物志). Qinghai People Press, Qinghai. (in Chinese) |
[7] | Li LX (李来兴) (1994) The foraging behavior and daily timing of black-necked crane in breeding season—A preliminary study. Waterbird Research in China (中国水鸟研究). East China Normal University Press, Shanghai, pp.49-53. (in Chinese) |
[8] | Li LX (李来兴) (1996) Wetland bird lists and conservation at Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Qinghai Environment (青海环境), 6,19-26. (in Chinese) |
[9] | Li LX (李来兴) (1997) Investigation history and a systematic list of vertebrate in Qinghai Lake basin. Acta Biologica Plateau Sinica (高原生物学集刊), 13,133-146. (in Chinese) |
[10] | Liu J, Xiao H, Lei F, Zhu Q, Qin K, Zhang XW, Zhang XL, Zhao D, Wang G, Feng Y, Ma J, Liu W, Wang J, Gao GF (2005) Highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus infection in migratory birds. Science, 309,1206. |
[11] | Ma SL (马生林), Liu JH (刘景华) (2003) The Researches on the Ecology of Qinghai Lake (青海湖区生态环境研究). Qinghai People Press, Xining. (in Chinese) |
[12] | Matthew DJ, Thomas WS (2001) Effects of food availability on the distribution of migratory warblers among habitats in Jamaica. Journal of Animal Ecology, 70,546-551. |
[13] | Odum EP (1983) Basic Ecology, pp.231-245. Holt-Saunders International Editions, Philadelphia. |
[14] | Osamu KM, Kawada M (2002) The effects of individual interactions and habitat preferences on spatial structure in grassland birds community. Ecography, 25,200-206. |
[15] | Sun YH (孙悦华) (1996) Flocking characteristics of hazel grouse in different habitat of Changbai Mountain. Acta Zoologica Sinica (动物学报), 42 (Suppl.),150-151. (in Chinese) |
[16] | Wang X (王侠) (1981) The observation of breeding ecology of bar-headed goose. Chinese Wildlife (野生动物), (3),29-31. (in Chinese) |
[17] | Wang ZX (王祖祥) (1987) The bird lists of Qinghai Lake. Qinghai Environment (青海环境), 15,53-58. (in Chinese) |
[18] | Webster RG, Guan Y, Peiris M (2002) Characterization of H5N1 influenza virus that continue to circulate in geese in Southeastern China. Journal of Virology, 76,118-126. |
[19] | Worton BJ (1995) Using Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate kernel-based home range estimators. Journal of Wildlife Management, 59,794-800. |
[20] | Xian YH (冼耀华) (1964) The observation of breeding ecology of bar-headed goose at Qinghai Lake. Chinese Journal of Zoology (动物学杂志), 1,12. (in Chinese) |
[21] | Xian YH (冼耀华) (1974) The observation of breeding ecology of brown-headed gull at Qinghai Lake. Chinese Wildlife (野生动物), (3),9. (in Chinese) |
[22] | Zheng GM (郑光美) (1995) Ornithology (鸟类学), pp.220-237. Beijing Normal University Press, Beijing. (in Chinese) |
[23] | Zheng J (郑杰), He YB (何玉邦) (2006) The some ideas on the avian influenza of wild birds at Qinghai Lake. Qinghai Wildlife Conservation (青海野生动植物保护), 27,19-21. (in Chinese) |
[1] | 涂文娜, 易嘉伟, 杜云艳, 王楠, 千家乐, 黄胜, 王晓悦. 青海湖自然保护区人类数字足迹及草地生物量的人类活动暴露度的时空模式分析[J]. 生物多样性, 2022, 30(6): 21310-. |
[2] | 夏昕, 任静, 李立, 王海燕, 宋玉成, 杨道德, 蒋志刚. 洞庭湖区麋鹿再野化初期秋冬季生境选择[J]. 生物多样性, 2021, 29(8): 1087-1096. |
[3] | 孙工棋, 张明祥, 雷光春. 黄河流域湿地水鸟多样性保护对策[J]. 生物多样性, 2020, 28(12): 1469-1482. |
[4] | 郎雪敏, Gankhuyag Purev-Ochir, Oyunchimeg Terbish, Dashdorj Khurelbaatar, Baasansuren Erdenechimeg, Amarkhuu Gungaa, 宓春荣, 郭玉民. 滦河上游——白枕鹤西部种群的重要停歇地[J]. 生物多样性, 2020, 28(10): 1213-1221. |
[5] | 唐卓, 杨建, 刘雪华, 王鹏彦, 李周园. 基于红外相机技术对四川卧龙国家级自然保护区 雪豹(Panthera uncia)的研究[J]. 生物多样性, 2017, 25(1): 62-70. |
[6] | 罗晓, 李峰, 陈静, 蒋志刚. 青海湖地区狗獾分类地位和狗獾属进化历史探讨[J]. 生物多样性, 2016, 24(6): 694-700. |
[7] | 刘云珠, 史林鹭, 朵海瑞, 彭波涌, 吕偲, 朱轶, 雷光春. 人为干扰下西洞庭湖湿地景观格局变化及冬季水鸟的响应[J]. 生物多样性, 2013, 21(6): 666-676. |
[8] | 朱德锐, 刘建, 韩睿, 沈国平, 杨芳, 龙启福, 刘德立. 青海湖嗜盐微生物系统发育与种群多样性[J]. 生物多样性, 2012, 20(4): 495-504. |
[9] | 杨灿朝, 蔡燕, 梁伟, 张国钢, 史海涛. 海南北黎湾和后水湾湿地水鸟的季节动态、物种丰富度和种间相关性[J]. 生物多样性, 2009, 17(3): 226-232. |
[10] | 刘丙万, 蒋志刚. 青海湖草原围栏对植物群落的影响兼论濒危动物普氏原羚的保护[J]. 生物多样性, 2002, 10(3): 326-331. |
[11] | 张淑萍, 张正旺, 徐基良, 孙全辉, 刘冬平. 天津地区水鸟区系组成及多样性分析[J]. 生物多样性, 2002, 10(3): 280-285. |
[12] | 周放, 房慧伶. 长洲水利枢纽建坝后对库区水鸟影响的预测分析[J]. 生物多样性, 1998, 06(1): 42-48. |
阅读次数 | ||||||
全文 |
|
|||||
摘要 |
|
|||||
备案号:京ICP备16067583号-7
Copyright © 2022 版权所有 《生物多样性》编辑部
地址: 北京香山南辛村20号, 邮编:100093
电话: 010-62836137, 62836665 E-mail: biodiversity@ibcas.ac.cn