生物多样性 ›› 2018, Vol. 26 ›› Issue (4): 333-345. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2017251
所属专题： 物种形成与系统进化
赵耀1, 陈家宽1,2,*(
)
收稿日期:2017-09-14
接受日期:2018-02-06
出版日期:2018-04-20
发布日期:2018-09-11
通讯作者:
陈家宽
作者简介:# 共同第一作者
基金资助:
Yao Zhao1, Jiakuan Chen1,2,*()
Received:2017-09-14
Accepted:2018-02-06
Online:2018-04-20
Published:2018-09-11
Contact:
Chen Jiakuan
About author:# Co-first authors
摘要：
长江流域的农耕文明是中华文明的重要组成部分。作为世界著名的农作物起源中心之一, 长江流域拥有丰富的生物多样性, 孕育了大量的栽培植物。本文梳理了起源于长江流域的农作物的资料以及新石器时代文化遗址的植物遗存信息; 结合对长江流域的自然环境特征与全新世以来植被变化的总结, 尝试厘清长江流域对植物资源利用的动态变化, 探讨本地栽培植物与生物多样性的关联。结果表明长江流域农耕文明以稻作为最主要的生产方式, 驯化了大量果树与水生蔬菜, 反映出对本地亚热带常绿阔叶林与湿地的依赖与适应。与其他流域相比, 长江流域具有相对优越的生态要素配置, 其驯化作物类型表现出典型的亚热带湿润森林植被区特征。研究长江流域农作物驯化相关的自然与人类因素, 有助于我们更好地把握长江流域农耕文明的起源。本文不但可为长江流域植物遗传资源的保护与开发提供参考, 而且对于推进长江流域的生态文明建设和可持续发展具有指导作用。
赵耀, 陈家宽 (2018) 长江流域农作物起源及其与生物多样性特征的关联. 生物多样性, 26, 333-345. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2017251.
Yao Zhao, Jiakuan Chen (2018) The origin of crops in the Yangtze River Basin and its relevance for biodiversity. Biodiversity Science, 26, 333-345. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2017251.
图1 长江流域起源的四种主要类型的作物数量(灰色条)及其与中国起源的同类型作物数量(白色条)的对比
Fig.1 Comparisons between the number of four main crop types originated in Yangtze River Basin (gray bar) and those originated in China (white bar)
| 驯化时间 Time of domestication (year BP) | 参考资料 Reference | |
|---|---|---|
| 水稻 Rice | 12,000-7,000 | Fuller & Qin, 2010; Huang et al, 2012 |
| 荞麦 Buckwheat | 7,000-4,000 | Konishi et al, 2005 |
| 茶 Tea | 3,000-2,000 | Xia et al, 2017 |
| 苎麻 Ramie | 4,000-3,000 | Zhu et al, 2017 |
| 油茶 Oil-tea camellia | < 1,000 | Cui et al, 2016 |
| 油桐 Tung oil tree | < 1,500 | Zhang et al, 2015 |
| 莲 Lotus | 3,000-2,000 | Yang et al, 2013 |
| 菱 Water chestnut | 3,000-2,500 | Dong & Liu, 2008 |
| 柑橘 Orange | 4,000-3,000 | Dong & Liu, 2008 |
| 李 Plum | 3,000-2,000 | Dong & Liu, 2008 |
| 枇杷 Loquat | 2,000-1,500 | Wang et al, 2017 |
| 中国樱桃 Chinese cherry | 3,000-2,000 | Li et al, 2009 |
| 猕猴桃 Kiwifruit | < 100 | Huang & Liu, 2014 |
表1 长江流域起源的代表性作物的驯化时间
Table 1 The domestication time of typical crops originated in the Yangtze River Basin
| 驯化时间 Time of domestication (year BP) | 参考资料 Reference | |
|---|---|---|
| 水稻 Rice | 12,000-7,000 | Fuller & Qin, 2010; Huang et al, 2012 |
| 荞麦 Buckwheat | 7,000-4,000 | Konishi et al, 2005 |
| 茶 Tea | 3,000-2,000 | Xia et al, 2017 |
| 苎麻 Ramie | 4,000-3,000 | Zhu et al, 2017 |
| 油茶 Oil-tea camellia | < 1,000 | Cui et al, 2016 |
| 油桐 Tung oil tree | < 1,500 | Zhang et al, 2015 |
| 莲 Lotus | 3,000-2,000 | Yang et al, 2013 |
| 菱 Water chestnut | 3,000-2,500 | Dong & Liu, 2008 |
| 柑橘 Orange | 4,000-3,000 | Dong & Liu, 2008 |
| 李 Plum | 3,000-2,000 | Dong & Liu, 2008 |
| 枇杷 Loquat | 2,000-1,500 | Wang et al, 2017 |
| 中国樱桃 Chinese cherry | 3,000-2,000 | Li et al, 2009 |
| 猕猴桃 Kiwifruit | < 100 | Huang & Liu, 2014 |
| 流域 Basin | 区域 Region | 古文化 遗迹 Archaeological site | 年代 Age (year BP) | 植物遗存 Plant remains | 动物遗存 Animal remains | 生产方式 Mode of production | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 长江中 上游 Middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River | 三峡地区、洞庭湖以及江汉平原 Three Gorges region, Dongting Lake and Jianghan Plain | 玉蟾岩 Yuchanyan | 10,000 | 稻谷、朴树籽 Rice and nettle tree seed | 大量哺乳动物, 鸟类, 水生动物 Mammals, birds, and aquatic animals | 采集与渔猎, 水稻种植 Gathering, fishing and hunting; rice cultivation | |
| 彭头山 Pengtoushan | 9,100-8,200 | 稻谷、莲子、菱角、薏苡 Rice, lotus seed, water chestnut and Job’s tears | 水牛 Buffalo | 采集与渔猎, 水稻种植, 家畜饲养 Gathering, fishing and hunting; rice cultivation; livestock breeding | |||
| 皂市 Zaoshi | 8,000-7,000 | 稻谷 Rice | 水牛, 猪, 鹿 Buffalo, boar and deer | 原始农业, 家畜饲养, 采集与渔猎 Primitive farming; livestock breeding; gathering, fishing and hunting | |||
| 城背溪 Chengbeixi | 8,000-7,000 | 稻谷、果核 Rice and fruit seeds | 水牛, 猪, 鹿 Buffalo, boar and deer | 原始农业, 家畜饲养, 采集与渔猎 Primitive farming; livestock breeding; gathering, fishing and hunting | |||
| 大溪 Daxi | 6,300-5,300 | 稻谷 Rice | 牛, 猪, 狗以及大量水生动物 Cattle, boar, dog and aquatic animals | 水稻种植, 采集与渔猎 Rice cultivation; gathering, hunting and fishing | |||
| 屈家岭 Qujialing | 5,000-4,000 | 稻谷、粟、 猕猴桃 Rice, millet and kiwifruit | 饲养的猪、 狗、羊 Domesticated pig, dog and goat | 稻作农业, 家畜饲养, 采集与渔猎, 纺织业发达 Rice farming; livestock breeding; fishing and hunting; textiles are developed | |||
| 流域 Basin | 区域 Region | 古文化 遗迹 Archaeological site | 年代 Age (year BP) | 植物遗存 Plant remains | 动物遗存 Animal remains | 生产方式 Mode of production | |
| 鄱阳湖区域 The areas around the Poyang Lake | 仙人洞 Xianrendong | 12,000 | 稻谷 Rice | 哺乳动物、鱼、螺、蚌 Mammals, fishes, snails and mussels | 采集与渔猎 Gathering, fishing and hunting | ||
| 山背 Shanbei | 5,000-4,500 | 稻谷、粟 Rice and millet | 水稻种植 Rice cultivation | ||||
| 筑卫城 Zhuweicheng | 5,000-4,500 | 稻谷、粟 Rice and millet | 水稻种植 Rice cultivation | ||||
| 长江下游 Lower reaches of the Yangtze River | 杭州湾以及太湖区域 The areas around the Hangzhou Bay and Taihu Lake | 河姆渡 Hemudu | 7,000-5,000 | 稻谷、橡子、菱角、芡实、慈姑、桃、南酸枣、葫芦、柿、紫苏 Rice, acorn, water chestnut, gorgon fruit, arrowhead, peach, axillary choerospondias fruit, gourd, persimmon and perilla | 狗、猪、鹿、象、犀牛、四不象、猴和鱼类 Dog, boar, deer, elephant, rhino, Milu-deer, monkey and fishes | 稻作农业, 家畜饲养, 采集与渔猎, 出现纺织业 Rice farming; livestock breeding; gathering, fishing and hunting; textiles occurred | |
| 马家浜 Majiabang | 7,000-5,000 | 稻谷、橡子、菱角、桃、葫芦 Rice, acorn, water chestnut, peach and gourd | 水牛、鹿、野猪、狐狸、麝、龟、蚌、螺蛳与各种鱼类 Buffalo, deer, boar, fox, musk, turtle, mussel, snail and fishes | 稻作农业, 家畜饲养, 采集与渔猎, 纺织业发达 Rice farming; livestock breeding; gathering, fishing and hunting; textiles were developed | |||
| 良渚 Liangzhu | 4,000 | 稻谷、小豆、苎麻、甜瓜子、南酸枣、桃、葫芦、菱角 Rice, legume, ramie, melon, axillary choerospondias fruit, peach, gourd and water chestnut | 水牛、鹿、野猪、蚌、螺蛳与各种鱼类 Buffalo, deer, boar, mussel, snail and fishes | 稻作农业, 家畜饲养, 采集与渔猎, 纺织业发达, 出现丝织品 Rice farming, livestock breeding; gathering, fishing and hunting; textiles were developed; silks occurred | |||
表2 长江流域主要古文化遗迹的考古遗存统计与生产方式小结 (据游修龄, 2009; 笪浩波, 2010; 潘艳, 2011)
Table 2 A summary of archaeological remains statistics and production mode speculation for major archaeological sites in Yangtze River Basin (According to You, 2009; Da, 2010; Pan, 2011)
| 流域 Basin | 区域 Region | 古文化 遗迹 Archaeological site | 年代 Age (year BP) | 植物遗存 Plant remains | 动物遗存 Animal remains | 生产方式 Mode of production | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 长江中 上游 Middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River | 三峡地区、洞庭湖以及江汉平原 Three Gorges region, Dongting Lake and Jianghan Plain | 玉蟾岩 Yuchanyan | 10,000 | 稻谷、朴树籽 Rice and nettle tree seed | 大量哺乳动物, 鸟类, 水生动物 Mammals, birds, and aquatic animals | 采集与渔猎, 水稻种植 Gathering, fishing and hunting; rice cultivation | |
| 彭头山 Pengtoushan | 9,100-8,200 | 稻谷、莲子、菱角、薏苡 Rice, lotus seed, water chestnut and Job’s tears | 水牛 Buffalo | 采集与渔猎, 水稻种植, 家畜饲养 Gathering, fishing and hunting; rice cultivation; livestock breeding | |||
| 皂市 Zaoshi | 8,000-7,000 | 稻谷 Rice | 水牛, 猪, 鹿 Buffalo, boar and deer | 原始农业, 家畜饲养, 采集与渔猎 Primitive farming; livestock breeding; gathering, fishing and hunting | |||
| 城背溪 Chengbeixi | 8,000-7,000 | 稻谷、果核 Rice and fruit seeds | 水牛, 猪, 鹿 Buffalo, boar and deer | 原始农业, 家畜饲养, 采集与渔猎 Primitive farming; livestock breeding; gathering, fishing and hunting | |||
| 大溪 Daxi | 6,300-5,300 | 稻谷 Rice | 牛, 猪, 狗以及大量水生动物 Cattle, boar, dog and aquatic animals | 水稻种植, 采集与渔猎 Rice cultivation; gathering, hunting and fishing | |||
| 屈家岭 Qujialing | 5,000-4,000 | 稻谷、粟、 猕猴桃 Rice, millet and kiwifruit | 饲养的猪、 狗、羊 Domesticated pig, dog and goat | 稻作农业, 家畜饲养, 采集与渔猎, 纺织业发达 Rice farming; livestock breeding; fishing and hunting; textiles are developed | |||
| 流域 Basin | 区域 Region | 古文化 遗迹 Archaeological site | 年代 Age (year BP) | 植物遗存 Plant remains | 动物遗存 Animal remains | 生产方式 Mode of production | |
| 鄱阳湖区域 The areas around the Poyang Lake | 仙人洞 Xianrendong | 12,000 | 稻谷 Rice | 哺乳动物、鱼、螺、蚌 Mammals, fishes, snails and mussels | 采集与渔猎 Gathering, fishing and hunting | ||
| 山背 Shanbei | 5,000-4,500 | 稻谷、粟 Rice and millet | 水稻种植 Rice cultivation | ||||
| 筑卫城 Zhuweicheng | 5,000-4,500 | 稻谷、粟 Rice and millet | 水稻种植 Rice cultivation | ||||
| 长江下游 Lower reaches of the Yangtze River | 杭州湾以及太湖区域 The areas around the Hangzhou Bay and Taihu Lake | 河姆渡 Hemudu | 7,000-5,000 | 稻谷、橡子、菱角、芡实、慈姑、桃、南酸枣、葫芦、柿、紫苏 Rice, acorn, water chestnut, gorgon fruit, arrowhead, peach, axillary choerospondias fruit, gourd, persimmon and perilla | 狗、猪、鹿、象、犀牛、四不象、猴和鱼类 Dog, boar, deer, elephant, rhino, Milu-deer, monkey and fishes | 稻作农业, 家畜饲养, 采集与渔猎, 出现纺织业 Rice farming; livestock breeding; gathering, fishing and hunting; textiles occurred | |
| 马家浜 Majiabang | 7,000-5,000 | 稻谷、橡子、菱角、桃、葫芦 Rice, acorn, water chestnut, peach and gourd | 水牛、鹿、野猪、狐狸、麝、龟、蚌、螺蛳与各种鱼类 Buffalo, deer, boar, fox, musk, turtle, mussel, snail and fishes | 稻作农业, 家畜饲养, 采集与渔猎, 纺织业发达 Rice farming; livestock breeding; gathering, fishing and hunting; textiles were developed | |||
| 良渚 Liangzhu | 4,000 | 稻谷、小豆、苎麻、甜瓜子、南酸枣、桃、葫芦、菱角 Rice, legume, ramie, melon, axillary choerospondias fruit, peach, gourd and water chestnut | 水牛、鹿、野猪、蚌、螺蛳与各种鱼类 Buffalo, deer, boar, mussel, snail and fishes | 稻作农业, 家畜饲养, 采集与渔猎, 纺织业发达, 出现丝织品 Rice farming, livestock breeding; gathering, fishing and hunting; textiles were developed; silks occurred | |||
| 谷类 Grains | 豆类 Legumes | 蔬菜作物 Vegetable crop | 经济作物 Economic crop | 果树作物 Fruit crop | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 中国黄河 流域 The Yellow River Basin, China | 粟 Setaria italica 黍 Panicum miliaceum | 大豆 Glycine max | 白菜 Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis 韭 Allium tuberosum | 杏 Armeniaca vulgaris 海棠 Malus prunifolia 山楂 Crataegua pinnatifida | |
| 中国长江 流域 The Yangtze River Basin, China | 稻 Oryza sativa 荞麦 Fagopyrum esculentum | 藠 Allium chinense 蕹菜 Ipomoea aquatica 慈姑 Sagittaria trifolia 茭白 Zizania latifolia | 苎麻 Boehmeria nivea 桑 Morus alba 茶 Camellia sinensis | 柑橘 Citrus reticulata 猕猴桃 Actinidia chinensis 李 Prunus salicina 梅 Armeniaca mume | |
| 两河流域 Mesopotamia | 大麦 Hordeum vulgare 小麦 Triticum aestivum 燕麦 Avena sativa | 扁豆 Lablab purpureus 豌豆 Pisum sativum 蚕豆 Vicia faba | 洋葱 Allium cepa 大蒜 Allium sativum | 芝麻 Sesamum indicum 亚麻 Linum usitatissimum 枣椰 Phoenix dactylifera 油橄榄 Olea europaea | 无花果 Ficus carica |
| 尼罗河流域 The Nile Valley | 大麦 Hordeum vulgare 小麦 Triticum aestivum | 蚕豆 Vicia faba | 芝麻 Sesamum indicum 亚麻 Linum usitatissimum | 无花果 Ficus carica | |
| 印度河流域 The India River Basin | 稻 Oryza sativa | 绿豆 Vigna radiata | 黄瓜 Cucumis sativus 丝瓜 Luffa cylindrical 茄子 Solanum melongena 菠菜 Spinacia oleracea | 木棉 Bombax malabaricum 胡椒 Piper nigrum | 甜瓜 Cucumis melo |
表3 不同流域农耕文明的主要农作物(旧大陆)
Table 3 The major crops of agricultural civilizations in different basins (Old World)
| 谷类 Grains | 豆类 Legumes | 蔬菜作物 Vegetable crop | 经济作物 Economic crop | 果树作物 Fruit crop | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 中国黄河 流域 The Yellow River Basin, China | 粟 Setaria italica 黍 Panicum miliaceum | 大豆 Glycine max | 白菜 Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis 韭 Allium tuberosum | 杏 Armeniaca vulgaris 海棠 Malus prunifolia 山楂 Crataegua pinnatifida | |
| 中国长江 流域 The Yangtze River Basin, China | 稻 Oryza sativa 荞麦 Fagopyrum esculentum | 藠 Allium chinense 蕹菜 Ipomoea aquatica 慈姑 Sagittaria trifolia 茭白 Zizania latifolia | 苎麻 Boehmeria nivea 桑 Morus alba 茶 Camellia sinensis | 柑橘 Citrus reticulata 猕猴桃 Actinidia chinensis 李 Prunus salicina 梅 Armeniaca mume | |
| 两河流域 Mesopotamia | 大麦 Hordeum vulgare 小麦 Triticum aestivum 燕麦 Avena sativa | 扁豆 Lablab purpureus 豌豆 Pisum sativum 蚕豆 Vicia faba | 洋葱 Allium cepa 大蒜 Allium sativum | 芝麻 Sesamum indicum 亚麻 Linum usitatissimum 枣椰 Phoenix dactylifera 油橄榄 Olea europaea | 无花果 Ficus carica |
| 尼罗河流域 The Nile Valley | 大麦 Hordeum vulgare 小麦 Triticum aestivum | 蚕豆 Vicia faba | 芝麻 Sesamum indicum 亚麻 Linum usitatissimum | 无花果 Ficus carica | |
| 印度河流域 The India River Basin | 稻 Oryza sativa | 绿豆 Vigna radiata | 黄瓜 Cucumis sativus 丝瓜 Luffa cylindrical 茄子 Solanum melongena 菠菜 Spinacia oleracea | 木棉 Bombax malabaricum 胡椒 Piper nigrum | 甜瓜 Cucumis melo |
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