生物多样性 ›› 2018, Vol. 26 ›› Issue (3): 315-325. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2017235
• 保护论坛 • 上一篇
收稿日期:
2017-09-01
接受日期:
2018-01-26
出版日期:
2018-03-20
发布日期:
2018-05-05
通讯作者:
崔国发
作者简介:
# 共同第一作者
基金资助:
Yangjing Peng, Jian Fan, Shaohua Xing, Guofa Cui*()
Received:
2017-09-01
Accepted:
2018-01-26
Online:
2018-03-20
Published:
2018-05-05
Contact:
Cui Guofa
About author:
# Co-first authors
摘要:
自1956年我国建立第一个自然保护区以来, 截至2016年底, 我国已建立了约10种类型且数量庞大的自然保护地。随着我国生态文明建设的不断发展,建立以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系不仅是国家提出的重要任务,也是我国自然保护地未来发展的必然趋势。然而, 由于我国目前各类自然保护地尚无统一的分类体系, 已有的自然保护地之间存在着概念界定不清、分类体系混乱、主导功能模糊、地理空间重叠等诸多问题。这不仅严重阻碍了我国现有自然保护地的优化整合和国家公园体制建设,而且不便于开展国际交流。因此迫切需要明确自然保护地的定义, 建立一套适用于我国且有利于国际交流的自然保护地分类体系。本文在介绍自然保护地的概念与内涵,以及我国10类自然保护地建设和分类体系现状的基础上,重点梳理了我国自然保护地的发展历程, 比较了各类自然保护地的定义、内涵以及主要分类依据,并提出了3种能够涵盖目前各类自然保护地的分类体系构想,它们分别基于IUCN保护区分类系统、保护对象自然属性和管理目标社会属性。希望这些构想能在未来自然保护地分类体系的研究中起到抛砖引玉的作用。
彭杨靖, 樊简, 邢韶华, 崔国发 (2018) 中国大陆自然保护地概况及分类体系构想. 生物多样性, 26, 315-325. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2017235.
Yangjing Peng,Jian Fan,Shaohua Xing,Guofa Cui (2018) Overview and classification outlook of natural protected areas in mainland China. Biodiversity Science, 26, 315-325. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2017235.
类型 Type | 国家级 National-level | 省级 Province-level | 市级 City-level | 县级 County-level | 总数 Total | 主管部门 Affiliation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
数量 Number | 面积(万公 顷) Area (×104 ha) | 数量 Num- ber | 面积(万公顷) Area (×104 ha) | 数量 Number | 面积(万公顷) Area (×104 ha) | 数量 Number | 面积(万公顷) Area (×104 ha) | 数量 Number | 面积 (万公顷) Area (×104 ha) | ||
自然保护区 Nature reserve | 446 | 9,695 | 871 | 3,767 | 403 | 445 | 1,030 | 826 | 2,750 | 14,733 | 多部门管理 Multiple authorities |
风景名胜区 Scenic and historical area | 225 | 10.36 | 737 | 9.2 | - | - | - | - | 1,025 | 19.56 | 住房和城乡建设部 MOHURD |
森林公园 Forest park | 827 | 1,251.06 | 1,402 | 417.99 | - | - | 1,005 | 132.66 | 3,234 | 1,801.71 | 国家林业局 SFA |
湿地公园 Wetland park | 正式 Official 98 试点 Pilot 607 | 36 | 274 | 283 | - | - | - | - | 979 | 319 | 国家林业局 SFA |
沙漠公园(试点) Pilot desert park | 55 | 29.73 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 55 | 29.73 | 国家林业局 SFA |
地质公园 Geopark | 批准建立189处, 已授予资格52处 189 were approved and 52 got the qualification | 1,199 | 235 | 缺少数据 Lack of data | - | - | 0 | 0 | 424 | 1,199 + | 国土资源部MOLR |
海洋特别保护区 Special marine reserve | 59 | 696 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - | - | 59 | 696 | 国家海洋局SOA |
水利风景区 Water park | 719 | 缺少数据 Lack of data | 1,781 | 缺少数据 Lack of data | - | - | - | - | 2,500 | 缺少数据Lack of data | 水利部 MOWR |
水产种质资源 保护区 Fishery genetic resources reserve | 523 | 1,330.92 | 缺少 数据Lack of data | 缺少数据Lack of data | - | - | - | - | 523+ | 1,330.92 | 农业部 MOA |
国家公园体制试点 Pilot national park | 9 | 1,685.49 | 10 | 3,059 | - | - | - | - | 19 | 4,744.49 | 发改委牵头 NDRC |
总计 Total | 3,753 | 15,933.56 + (未除去重叠区域) (Did not remove the overlap) | 5,310+ | 7,536.19 (未除去重叠区域) (Did not remove the overlap) | 403 | 445 | 2,035 | 958.66 (未除去重叠区域) (Did not remove the overlap) | 11,568+ | 24,873.41 (未除去重叠区域) (Did not remove the overlap) | |
MOHURD, Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China; SFA, The State Forestry Administration of the People’s Republic of China; MOLR, Ministry of Land and Resources of the People’s Republic of China; SOA, State Oceanic Administration of the People’s Republic of China; MOWR, The Ministry of Water Resources of the People’s Republic of China; MOA, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China; NDRC, National Development and Reform Commission. |
表1 我国大陆自然保护地的数量及面积统计(数据截至2016年底)
Table 1 The number and area of natural protected area (until the end of 2016)
类型 Type | 国家级 National-level | 省级 Province-level | 市级 City-level | 县级 County-level | 总数 Total | 主管部门 Affiliation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
数量 Number | 面积(万公 顷) Area (×104 ha) | 数量 Num- ber | 面积(万公顷) Area (×104 ha) | 数量 Number | 面积(万公顷) Area (×104 ha) | 数量 Number | 面积(万公顷) Area (×104 ha) | 数量 Number | 面积 (万公顷) Area (×104 ha) | ||
自然保护区 Nature reserve | 446 | 9,695 | 871 | 3,767 | 403 | 445 | 1,030 | 826 | 2,750 | 14,733 | 多部门管理 Multiple authorities |
风景名胜区 Scenic and historical area | 225 | 10.36 | 737 | 9.2 | - | - | - | - | 1,025 | 19.56 | 住房和城乡建设部 MOHURD |
森林公园 Forest park | 827 | 1,251.06 | 1,402 | 417.99 | - | - | 1,005 | 132.66 | 3,234 | 1,801.71 | 国家林业局 SFA |
湿地公园 Wetland park | 正式 Official 98 试点 Pilot 607 | 36 | 274 | 283 | - | - | - | - | 979 | 319 | 国家林业局 SFA |
沙漠公园(试点) Pilot desert park | 55 | 29.73 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 55 | 29.73 | 国家林业局 SFA |
地质公园 Geopark | 批准建立189处, 已授予资格52处 189 were approved and 52 got the qualification | 1,199 | 235 | 缺少数据 Lack of data | - | - | 0 | 0 | 424 | 1,199 + | 国土资源部MOLR |
海洋特别保护区 Special marine reserve | 59 | 696 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - | - | 59 | 696 | 国家海洋局SOA |
水利风景区 Water park | 719 | 缺少数据 Lack of data | 1,781 | 缺少数据 Lack of data | - | - | - | - | 2,500 | 缺少数据Lack of data | 水利部 MOWR |
水产种质资源 保护区 Fishery genetic resources reserve | 523 | 1,330.92 | 缺少 数据Lack of data | 缺少数据Lack of data | - | - | - | - | 523+ | 1,330.92 | 农业部 MOA |
国家公园体制试点 Pilot national park | 9 | 1,685.49 | 10 | 3,059 | - | - | - | - | 19 | 4,744.49 | 发改委牵头 NDRC |
总计 Total | 3,753 | 15,933.56 + (未除去重叠区域) (Did not remove the overlap) | 5,310+ | 7,536.19 (未除去重叠区域) (Did not remove the overlap) | 403 | 445 | 2,035 | 958.66 (未除去重叠区域) (Did not remove the overlap) | 11,568+ | 24,873.41 (未除去重叠区域) (Did not remove the overlap) | |
MOHURD, Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China; SFA, The State Forestry Administration of the People’s Republic of China; MOLR, Ministry of Land and Resources of the People’s Republic of China; SOA, State Oceanic Administration of the People’s Republic of China; MOWR, The Ministry of Water Resources of the People’s Republic of China; MOA, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China; NDRC, National Development and Reform Commission. |
IUCN保护区分类体系 IUCN protected area classification system. | 对照类别 Control category | 现有自然保护地归类 Existing natural protected area categories |
---|---|---|
I: Strict Nature Reserve | 严格自然保护区 Strict Nature Reserve 关键特征: 具有极高原真性和完整性的自然生态系统以及极高生物多样性价值; 区域内严格限制人为活动。 Critical features: Natural ecosystems with a high level of authenticity and integrity, high biodiversity value, and strict limits on human activities. | 自然生态系统类型的自然保护区(包括森林、草原与草甸、荒漠、内陆湿地和水域、海洋和海岸带生态系统5个类型); 海洋特别保护区中的海洋生态保护区类型 Nature reserve protecting natural ecosystem (including five ecosystem types: forest, grass land and meadow, desert, inland wetlands and waters, marine and coastal zone); Marine ecological reserve in marine special reserve. |
II: National Park | 国家公园 National Park 关键特征: 具有国家代表性的大面积自然生态系统; 可实现自然资源科学保护和合理利用的特定陆地或海洋区域。 Critical features: Specific land or marine areas which have large-scale natural ecosystems with national representation; and natural resources that can be scientifically protected and rationally used. | 国家公园体制试点中将被正式批准的国家公园 National park pilots that will be approved as a formal national park |
III: Natural Monument or Feature | 自然遗迹保护区 Natural Relic Reserve 关键特征: 地质遗迹或古生物遗迹 Critical features: Geological relics or paleontological relics | 自然遗迹类自然保护区(包括地质遗迹类型自然保护区和古生物遗迹类型自然保护区); 地质公园 Nature reserve protecting nature relics (including geological relics and paleontological relics); Geopark |
IV: Habitat/Species Management Area | 野生生物保护区 Wildlife Reserve 关键特征: 重点保护野生动植物的集中分布地及其生境 Critical features: The concentration area of key protected wild plants, animals and their habitats | 野生生物类自然保护区(包括野生动物类型的自然保护区; 野生植物类型的自然保护区) Wildlife nature reserve protecting wildlife (including wild animals and wild plants) |
V: Protected Landscape/ Seascape | 自然景观保护区 Natural Landscape Protected Area 关键特征: 拥有优美、突出的自然景观, 在保护自然景观和自然生态过程的同时, 可开展一定的观赏游憩活动。 Critical features: Areas with beautiful, outstanding natural landscapes and in the preservation of the natural landscape and ecological process, certain ornamental recreation activities are available. | 风景名胜区(仅包括自然景观类); 森林公园; 湿地公园; 水利风景区(仅包括水库型、湿地型、自然河湖型); 海洋公园; 沙漠公园 Scenic and history area (including natural landscape); Forest park; Wetland park; Water park (Including reservoirs, wetlands and natural lakes); Ocean park; Desert park |
VI: Protected Area with Sustainable Use of Natural Resources | 自然资源保护区 Natural Resources Protected Area 关键特征: 用于保持资源的可持续利用 Critical features: Maintain the sustainable use of resources | 海洋特别保护区中的海洋资源保护区; 海洋特别保护区中的海洋特殊地理条件保护区; 水产种质资源保护区 Marine resources reserve in marine special reserve; Special geographic marine reserve in marine special reserve; Fishery genetic resources reserve |
表2 基于IUCN保护区分类系统提出的中国自然保护地分类体系
Table 2 The natural protected area classification system based on IUCN protected area categories
IUCN保护区分类体系 IUCN protected area classification system. | 对照类别 Control category | 现有自然保护地归类 Existing natural protected area categories |
---|---|---|
I: Strict Nature Reserve | 严格自然保护区 Strict Nature Reserve 关键特征: 具有极高原真性和完整性的自然生态系统以及极高生物多样性价值; 区域内严格限制人为活动。 Critical features: Natural ecosystems with a high level of authenticity and integrity, high biodiversity value, and strict limits on human activities. | 自然生态系统类型的自然保护区(包括森林、草原与草甸、荒漠、内陆湿地和水域、海洋和海岸带生态系统5个类型); 海洋特别保护区中的海洋生态保护区类型 Nature reserve protecting natural ecosystem (including five ecosystem types: forest, grass land and meadow, desert, inland wetlands and waters, marine and coastal zone); Marine ecological reserve in marine special reserve. |
II: National Park | 国家公园 National Park 关键特征: 具有国家代表性的大面积自然生态系统; 可实现自然资源科学保护和合理利用的特定陆地或海洋区域。 Critical features: Specific land or marine areas which have large-scale natural ecosystems with national representation; and natural resources that can be scientifically protected and rationally used. | 国家公园体制试点中将被正式批准的国家公园 National park pilots that will be approved as a formal national park |
III: Natural Monument or Feature | 自然遗迹保护区 Natural Relic Reserve 关键特征: 地质遗迹或古生物遗迹 Critical features: Geological relics or paleontological relics | 自然遗迹类自然保护区(包括地质遗迹类型自然保护区和古生物遗迹类型自然保护区); 地质公园 Nature reserve protecting nature relics (including geological relics and paleontological relics); Geopark |
IV: Habitat/Species Management Area | 野生生物保护区 Wildlife Reserve 关键特征: 重点保护野生动植物的集中分布地及其生境 Critical features: The concentration area of key protected wild plants, animals and their habitats | 野生生物类自然保护区(包括野生动物类型的自然保护区; 野生植物类型的自然保护区) Wildlife nature reserve protecting wildlife (including wild animals and wild plants) |
V: Protected Landscape/ Seascape | 自然景观保护区 Natural Landscape Protected Area 关键特征: 拥有优美、突出的自然景观, 在保护自然景观和自然生态过程的同时, 可开展一定的观赏游憩活动。 Critical features: Areas with beautiful, outstanding natural landscapes and in the preservation of the natural landscape and ecological process, certain ornamental recreation activities are available. | 风景名胜区(仅包括自然景观类); 森林公园; 湿地公园; 水利风景区(仅包括水库型、湿地型、自然河湖型); 海洋公园; 沙漠公园 Scenic and history area (including natural landscape); Forest park; Wetland park; Water park (Including reservoirs, wetlands and natural lakes); Ocean park; Desert park |
VI: Protected Area with Sustainable Use of Natural Resources | 自然资源保护区 Natural Resources Protected Area 关键特征: 用于保持资源的可持续利用 Critical features: Maintain the sustainable use of resources | 海洋特别保护区中的海洋资源保护区; 海洋特别保护区中的海洋特殊地理条件保护区; 水产种质资源保护区 Marine resources reserve in marine special reserve; Special geographic marine reserve in marine special reserve; Fishery genetic resources reserve |
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