中国缅甸老挝热带香料植物的民族植物学研究

doi:10.17520/biods.2025041

生物多样性

中国缅甸老挝热带香料植物的民族植物学研究

浦瑀璐^1,2, 周仕顺², 李仁^2,3*

1.云南民族大学民族医药学院，云南昆明 650500；2. 中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园，云南西双版纳 666303；3. 中国科学院东南亚生物多样性研究中心，云南西双版纳 666303

收稿日期:2025-01-27 修回日期:2025-10-12 接受日期:2025-10-21
通讯作者: 李仁

Ethnobotanical study on tropical spice plants utilized by ethnic groups in China, Myanmar, and Laos

Yulu Pu^1,2, Shishun Zhou², Ren Li^2,3*

1 School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500

2 Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan 666303

3 Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan 666303

Received:2025-01-27 Revised:2025-10-12 Accepted:2025-10-21
Contact: Ren Li

1. 附录1 中国缅甸老挝民族利用香料植物的民族植物学编目.pdf(2785KB)

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 香料植物是大航海时代以来的主要贸易商品之一，具有重要的经济和药用价值。开展香料植物的民族植物学研究，符合现代社会需求和大健康产业的发展趋势。民族植物学对植物资源的开发和民族地区经济的发展有重要的促进作用，为有关人类安全和具有药理活性的药物筛选工作，提供了前所未有的新线索。中国缅甸老挝热带地区是全球生物多样性研究热点地区之一，具有丰富的香料植物资源和文化多样性。本研究以中国、缅甸、老挝的傣族、哈尼族、瑶族、老挝人、克木人、缅族、钦族和克钦族等8个民族利用的香料植物为研究对象，基于民族植物学原理和多学科方法，通过1985-2024年中英文文献检索、野外科考、半结构访谈、市场和村寨调查，完成了中国缅甸老挝热带香料植物的民族植物学研究。结果显示，该地区民族利用的香料植物414种（含变种），分属于63个科和206个属。其用途涵盖药用（300种，含药食两用74种）、蔬菜（123种）、调味（95种）等，其利用部位以叶（46.38%）、根（21.74%）为主。利用价值（UV）超过0.2的植物大多为药食两用的香料植物。资源来源中纯野生有177种（42.75%）、栽培的有185种（44.69%），这其中仅有12%实现了从野生采集到人工栽培再到市场销售的全过程。中缅、中老、缅老地区民族利用的香料植物Jaccard相似性指数为0.20-0.25，整体偏低，表明不同地区民族在长期适应各自生态环境和文化背景下形成了各自的植物利用传统，反映了该地区丰富的文化多样性和民族植物学知识的独特性。此外，调查发现处于保护或受威胁的物种有52 种（12.56%），经评估和筛选，其中有15种需要重点研究、保护和利用。本研究完成了全球第一份系统全面展示中国缅甸老挝热带地区民族利用香料植物的民族植物学编目，既可为中国缅甸老挝三国香料植物资源在食品、药品和化妆品产业的可持续开发和利用提供知识原型，也为实施跨国境文化多样性和生物多样性保护，建设绿色“一带一路”提供基础数据和科学案例。

关键词: 香料植物, 民族植物学, 传统知识, 中缅老热带地区, 保护与利用

Abstract

Aims：Spice plants are one of the most significant commodities in global trade since the Age of Exploration and still have important economic and medicinal value in nowadays. Ethnobotanical research on spice plants meets the needs of modern society and aligns with modern societal demands and the development trends of the "Big Health" industry. Ethnobotany studies play a crucial role in promoting the utilization of plant resources and the economic development of ethnic regions by offering unprecedented clues for screening medicines related to human safety and pharmacological activity. China, Myanmar, and Laos tropical regions are one of the global biodiversity hotspots with abundant spice plants and cultural diversity. This study aims to catalogue the traditional knowledge of spice plants consumed by the ethnic groups in these regions, thus to provide a scientific basis for their conservation and sustainable utilization.

Methods: Based on ethnobotanical principles and multidisciplinary approaches, integrated from botany, anthropology, pharmacology, linguistics, ecology, and economics, field surveys were conducted in China, Myanmar and Laos tropical regions. Semi-structured interviews ("5W+H"), village and market investigations, were done among eight ethnic groups, including Dai, Hani, Yao, Lao, Khmu, Burmese, Chin, and Kachin people. Literatures on spice plants published in English or Chinese from 1985 to 2024 were reviewed. The spice plants diversity, traditional kownledge, resources origin and conservation status were systematically collected. Use value (UV), Jaccard index (JI) were analyzed.

Results: A total of 414 spice plant species (including varieties) belonging to 63 families and 206 genera were documented. Among 300 medicinal, 123 edible, 95 flavoring and 74 dual-purpose (medicinal-edible) species, 54.83% were herbs, with leaves (46.38%) and roots (21.74%) as the main used parts. Spice plants with a UV greater than 0.2 are predominantly multifunctional medicinal-food species. Of all recorded species, 177 could only collected from wild, 185 were cultivated, however, only about 12% of them have fully completed the transition from wild harvesting to cultivation and market sale. The Jaccard index of spice plants utilization across the three countries is relatively low (JI, 0.20-0.25), indicating the rich cultural diversity and distinct ethnobotanical traditions shaped by long-term adaptation to different ecological and cultural contexts in these regions. There were 52 (12.56%) species under protection or threat, and 15 nationally protected or rare and endangered spice plants were identified for priority investigation, conservation and utilization.

Conclusions: This study provides the world’s first comprehensive and systematic ethnobotanical catalogue of spice plants utilized by local ethnic communities in the tropical regions of China, Myanmar, and Laos. It not only initials intellectual prototype for the sustainable development and cross-border utilization of spice plant resources in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries, but also offers fundamental data and scientific case for promoting transboundary cultural and biodiversity conservation and contributes to the construction of a green “Belt and Road” initiative.

Key words: Spice plants, Ethnobotany, Traditional knowledge, Tropical regions of China, Myanmar and Laos, Conservation and utilization

浦瑀璐, 周仕顺, 李仁. 中国缅甸老挝热带香料植物的民族植物学研究. 生物多样性, DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025041.

Yulu Pu, Shishun Zhou, Ren Li. Ethnobotanical study on tropical spice plants utilized by ethnic groups in China, Myanmar, and Laos. Biodiversity Science, DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025041.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2025041

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