中国、缅甸、老挝热带香料植物的民族植物学

doi:10.17520/biods.2025041

生物多样性 ›› 2026, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (5): 25041. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025041 cstr: 32101.14.biods.2025041

• 研究报告: 生物文化多样性 • 下一篇

中国、缅甸、老挝热带香料植物的民族植物学

浦瑀璐¹^,²(), 周仕顺²(), 李仁²^,³^,^*()()

¹ 云南民族大学民族医药学院, 昆明 650504
² 中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园, 云南勐腊 666303
³ 中国科学院东南亚生物多样性研究中心, 云南勐腊 666303

收稿日期:2025-01-26 接受日期:2025-10-15 出版日期:2026-05-20 发布日期:2026-07-01
通讯作者: 李仁
基金资助:
中国科学院东南亚生物多样性研究中心(Y4ZK111B01);云南省科技厅建设面向南亚东南亚科技创新中心专项(202203AP140007);云南省“兴滇英才支持计划创新团队”(202405AS350019);青年人才项目(E5YNR07B01);中国科学院西部之光(E3ZK039B01);云南省热带雨林与亚洲象保护重点实验室项目(202305AG070003)

Ethnobotany of tropical spice plants utilized by ethnic groups in China, Myanmar and Laos

Yulu Pu¹^,²(), Shishun Zhou²(), Ren Li²^,³^,^*()()

¹ School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, Yunnan 650504, China
² Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
³ Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China

Received:2025-01-26 Accepted:2025-10-15 Online:2026-05-20 Published:2026-07-01
Contact: Ren Li
Supported by:
The Southeast Asia biodiveristy Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences(Y4ZK111B01);Yunnan Province Science and Technology Department Project(202203AP140007);Yunnan Revitalization Talent Support Program “Innovation Team” Project(202405AS350019);Yunnan Revitalization Talent Support Program “Young Talent” Project(E5YNR07B01);West Light Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(E3ZK039B01);Yunnan Key Laboratory for Conservation of Tropical Rainforests and Asian Elephants(202305AG070003)

1. 附录.pdf(3040KB)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

香料植物是大航海时代以来的主要贸易商品之一, 具有重要的经济和药用价值。开展香料植物的民族植物学研究, 符合现代社会需求和大健康产业的发展趋势。民族植物学对植物资源的开发和民族地区经济的发展有重要的促进作用, 为有关人类安全和具有药理活性的药物筛选工作提供了前所未有的线索。中国、缅甸、老挝三国热带地区是全球生物多样性研究热点地区之一, 具有丰富的香料植物资源和文化多样性。本研究以中国、缅甸、老挝的傣族、哈尼族、瑶族、老族、克木人、缅族、钦族和克钦族等8个民族利用的香料植物为研究对象, 基于民族植物学原理和多学科方法, 通过1985‒2024年中英文文献检索、野外科考、半结构式访谈、市场和村寨调查, 完成了三国热带香料植物的民族植物学研究。结果显示, 该地区民族利用的香料植物414种(含变种), 分属于63个科和206个属。其用途涵盖药用(300种, 含药食两用74种)、蔬菜(123种)、调味(95种)等, 其利用部位以叶(46.62%)、根(20.77%)为主。利用价值超过0.2的植物大多为药食两用的香料植物。资源来源中野生的有178种(43.00%)、栽培的有185种(44.69%), 这其中仅有12%实现了从野生采集到人工栽培再到市场销售的全过程。中缅、中老、缅老边境地区民族利用的香料植物Jaccard相似性指数为0.20‒0.25, 整体偏低, 表明不同地区民族在长期适应各自生态环境和文化背景下形成了各具特色的植物利用传统, 反映了该地区丰富的文化多样性和民族植物学知识的独特性。此外, 调查发现处于保护或受威胁的物种有52种(12.56%), 经评估和筛选, 其中有15种需要重点研究、保护和利用。本研究完成了全球第一份系统全面展示中国、缅甸、老挝三国热带地区民族利用香料植物的民族植物学编目, 既可为三国香料植物资源在食品、药品和化妆品产业的可持续开发和利用提供知识原型, 也为实施跨国境文化多样性和生物多样性保护, 建设绿色“一带一路”提供基础数据和科学案例。

关键词: 香料植物, 民族植物学, 传统知识, 中国、缅甸、老挝三国热带地区, 保护与利用

Abstract

Aims: Spice plants are one of the most significant commodities in global trade since the Age of Exploration and they still hold important economic and medicinal value nowadays. Ethnobotanical research on spice plants meets the needs of modern society and aligns with modern societal demands and the development trends of the “Big Health” industry. Ethnobotany studies play a crucial role in promoting the utilization of plant resources and the economic development of ethnic regions by offering unprecedented clues for screening medicines related to human safety and pharmacological activity. China, Myanmar, and Laos tropical regions are one of the global biodiversity hotspots with abundant spice plants and cultural diversity. This study aims to catalogue the traditional knowledge of spice plants consumed by the ethnic groups in these regions, thereby providing a scientific basis for their conservation and sustainable utilization.
Methods: Based on ethnobotanical principles and multidisciplinary approaches, integrating botany, anthropology, pharmacology, linguistics, ecology, and economics, field surveys were conducted in China, Myanmar and Laos tropical regions. Semi-structured interviews (“5W+H”), village and market investigations, were done among eight ethnic groups, including Dai, Hani, Yao, Lao, Khmu, Burmese, Chin, and Kachin people. Literature on spice plants published in English or Chinese from 1985 to 2024 were reviewed. The spice plants diversity, traditional knowledge, resources origin and conservation status were systematically collected. Use value (UV) and Jaccard index (JI) were analyzed.
Results: A total of 414 spice plant species (including varieties) belonging to 63 families and 206 genera were documented. Among 300 medicinal, 123 edibles, 95 flavoring and 74 dual-purpose (medicinal-edible) species, 54.83% were herbs, with leaves (46.62%) and roots (20.77%) as the main used parts. Spice plants with a UV greater than 0.2 are predominantly multifunctional medicinal-food species. Of all recorded species, 178 could only be collected from wild, 185 were cultivated; however, only about 12% of them have fully completed the transition from wild harvesting to cultivation and market sale. The Jaccard index of spice plants utilization across the three countries is relatively low (JI, 0.20-0.25), indicating the rich cultural diversity and distinct ethnobotanical traditions shaped by long-term adaptation to different ecological and cultural contexts in these regions. There were 52 (12.56%) species under protection or threaten, and 15 nationally protected or rare and endangered spice plants were identified for priority investigation, conservation and utilization.
Conclusions: This study provides the world’s first comprehensive and systematic ethnobotanical catalogue of spice plants utilized by local ethnic communities in the tropical regions of China, Myanmar, and Laos. It not only provides an initial intellectual prototype for the sustainable development and cross-border utilization of spice plant resources in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries, but also offers fundamental data and scientific case for promoting transboundary cultural and biodiversity conservation and contributes to the green development of the Belt and Road.

Key words: spice plants, ethnobotany, traditional knowledge, tropical regions of China, Myanmar and Laos, conservation and utilization

浦瑀璐, 周仕顺, 李仁 (2026) 中国、缅甸、老挝热带香料植物的民族植物学. 生物多样性, 34, 25041. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025041.

Yulu Pu, Shishun Zhou, Ren Li (2026) Ethnobotany of tropical spice plants utilized by ethnic groups in China, Myanmar and Laos. Biodiversity Science, 34, 25041. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025041.

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图/表 10

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国家 Country	地点 Location	经纬度 Coordinates (N, E)
中国 China	云南省西双版纳傣族自治州 Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province 云南省普洱市 Pu’er City, Yunnan Province	21°10′-22°40′, 99°55′-101°50′ 22°02′-24°50′, 99°09′-102°19′
缅甸 Myanmar	钦邦 Chin State 克钦邦 Kachin State	20°40′-24°06′, 92°37′-94°09′ 23°27′-28°25′, 96°0′-98°44′
老挝 Laos	琅南塔省 Luang Namtha Province 丰沙里省 Phongsali Province 乌多姆赛省 Oudomxay Province	19°90′-22°50′, 100°10′-103°35′

国家 Country	地点 Location	经纬度 Coordinates (N, E)
中国 China	云南省西双版纳傣族自治州 Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province 云南省普洱市 Pu’er City, Yunnan Province	21°10′-22°40′, 99°55′-101°50′ 22°02′-24°50′, 99°09′-102°19′
缅甸 Myanmar	钦邦 Chin State 克钦邦 Kachin State	20°40′-24°06′, 92°37′-94°09′ 23°27′-28°25′, 96°0′-98°44′
老挝 Laos	琅南塔省 Luang Namtha Province 丰沙里省 Phongsali Province 乌多姆赛省 Oudomxay Province	19°90′-22°50′, 100°10′-103°35′

科名 Family name	物种数 No. of species	比例 Proportion (%)	主要生长习性 Main growth habits	核心用途 Core uses
姜科 Zingiberaceae	83	20.05	草本 Herb	调味、药用 Seasoning, medicinal
菊科 Asteraceae	51	12.32	草本、半灌木 Herb, subshrub	药用、驱蚊 Medicinal, mosquito repellent
唇形科 Lamiaceae	46	11.11	草本、灌木 Herb, shrub	调味、茶饮 Seasoning, tea
芸香科 Rutaceae	41	9.90	乔木、灌木 Tree, shrub	调味、药用 Seasoning, medicinal
樟科 Lauraceae	26	6.52	乔木、灌木 Tree, shrub	调味、驱虫 Seasoning, insect repellent
胡椒科 Piperaceae	16	3.86	藤本、半灌木 Vine, subshrub	调味、药用 Seasoning, medicinal
伞形科 Apiaceae	16	3.86	草本 Herb	药用、蔬菜 Medicinal, vegetable

科名 Family name	物种数 No. of species	比例 Proportion (%)	主要生长习性 Main growth habits	核心用途 Core uses
姜科 Zingiberaceae	83	20.05	草本 Herb	调味、药用 Seasoning, medicinal
菊科 Asteraceae	51	12.32	草本、半灌木 Herb, subshrub	药用、驱蚊 Medicinal, mosquito repellent
唇形科 Lamiaceae	46	11.11	草本、灌木 Herb, shrub	调味、茶饮 Seasoning, tea
芸香科 Rutaceae	41	9.90	乔木、灌木 Tree, shrub	调味、药用 Seasoning, medicinal
樟科 Lauraceae	26	6.52	乔木、灌木 Tree, shrub	调味、驱虫 Seasoning, insect repellent
胡椒科 Piperaceae	16	3.86	藤本、半灌木 Vine, subshrub	调味、药用 Seasoning, medicinal
伞形科 Apiaceae	16	3.86	草本 Herb	药用、蔬菜 Medicinal, vegetable

生长习性 Growth habit	物种数 No. of species	比例 Proportion (%)	生长习性 Growth habit	物种数 No. of species	比例 Proportion (%)
草本 Herb	227	54.83	藤本 Vine	13	3.14
乔木 Tree	94	22.71	木质藤本 Liana	7	1.69
灌木 Shrub	55	13.29	小乔木 Small tree	5	1.21
半灌木 Subshrub	13	3.14

中国、缅甸、老挝热带香料植物的民族植物学

Ethnobotany of tropical spice plants utilized by ethnic groups in China, Myanmar and Laos

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利用部位 Used part	物种数 No. of species	比例 Proportion (%)	代表物种 Representative species
叶 Leaf	193	46.62	薄荷、蒟叶 Mentha haplocalyx, Piper betle
根 Root	86	20.77	姜黄、当归 Curcuma longa, Angelica sinensis
花 Flower	68	16.43	菊花、金银花 Chrysanthemum morifolium, Lonicera japonica
果实 Fruit	60	14.49	胡椒、花椒 Piper nigrum, Zanthoxylum bungeanum
全草 Whole herb	42	10.14	积雪草、鱼腥草 Centella asiatica, Houttuynia cordata

类别 Category	物种数 No. of species	比例 Proportion (%)	主要用途 Main uses
药用 Medicinal	300	72.46	治疗肠胃、风湿、感冒等(含药食两用74种) Treating gastrointestinal disorders, rheumatism, colds, etc. (including 74 medicinal-edible dual-purpose species)
蔬菜 Vegetable	123	29.71	日常饮食补充 Daily food supplement (including 74 medicinal-edible dual-purpose species)
调味 Seasoning	95	22.95	提升肉类、汤类风味 Enhancing the flavor of meat and soups
驱蚊 Mosquito repellent	25	6.04	燃烧、铺放驱蚊虫 Repelling mosquitoes by burning or placing
茶饮 Tea	16	3.86	泡水作清凉饮料 Making cool drinks by soaking in water

类别 Category	具体方法 Specific methods	物种数 No. of species	比例 Proportion (%)	适用用途 Applicable uses
加热处理 Heat treatment	煮水喝、做汤、炒吃 Boiling for drinking, making soups, stir-frying	323	78.02	药用、蔬菜、调味 Medicinal, vegetable, seasoning
外用处理 External application	捣碎包敷、涂抹、燃烧 Mashing for compressing, smearing, burning	105	25.36	药用、驱蚊 Medicinal, mosquito repellent
生食/凉拌 Raw/eaten cold	凉拌、生吃、沾剁生 Cold mixing, eating raw, dipping in minced raw meat	85	20.53	蔬菜、调味 Vegetable, seasoning
加工利用 Indivece uses	泡茶、泡酒、染色 Making tea, soaking in wine, dyeing	73	17.63	茶饮、染料、药用 Tea, dye, medicinal

来源 Source	物种数 No of species	比例 Proportion (%)
纯野生 Wild	178	43.00
栽培和市场有售 Cultivated and commercially available	65	15.70
野生和市场有售 Wild and commercially available	51	12.32
野生、栽培和市场有售 Wild, cultivated and commercially available	50	12.08
纯栽培 Cultivated	44	10.63
野生和栽培 Wild and cultivated	26	6.28

序号 Serial number	中文名 Chinese name	科 Family	学名 Scientific name	NPLC	TSLCHP	IUCN	UV
1	姜状三七	Araliaceae	Panax zingiberensis	1	EN	EN	0.02
2	香子含笑	Magnoliaceae	Michelia gioii	2	EN	DD	0.06
3	土沉香	Thymelaeaceae	Aquilaria sinensis	2	VU	VU	0.02
4	茴香砂仁	Zingiberaceae	Etlingera yunnanensis	2	VU	LC	0.02
5	紫檀	Leguminosae	Pterocarpus indicus	-	CR	EN	0.07
6	毛叶樟	Lauraceae	Camphora mollifolia	-	EN	EN	0.03
7	云南石梓	Lamiaceae	Gmelina arborea	-	VU	LC	0.20
8	木橘	Rutaceae	Aegle marmelos	-	VU	NT	0.14
9	卡西松	Pinaceae	Pinus kesiya	-	VU	LC	0.06
10	辣椒砂仁	Zingiberaceae	Amomum capsiciforme	-	-	CR	0.08
11	厚叶沉香	Thymelaeaceae	Aquilaria crassna	-	-	CR	0.03
12	黄樟	Lauraceae	Camphora parthenoxylon	-	-	EN	0.06
13	喙花姜	Zingiberaceae	Rhynchanthus beesianus	-	EN	-	0.02
14	毛大叶臭花椒	Rutaceae	Zanthoxylum myriacanthum var. pubescens	-	VU	-	0.12
15	毛姜花	Zingiberaceae	Hedychium villosum	-	VU	-	0.03

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