中国生物多样性相关传统知识调查与评估指标体系构建

doi:10.17520/biods.2018257

生物多样性 ›› 2018, Vol. 26 ›› Issue (12): 1350-1357. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2018257

中国生物多样性相关传统知识调查与评估指标体系构建

刘冬梅¹, 薛达元^2,^*(), 蔡蕾³, 李俊生^1,^*(), 肖能文¹

1 中国环境科学研究院国家环境保护区域生态过程与功能评估重点实验室, 北京 100012
2 中央民族大学生命与环境科学学院, 北京 100081
3 生态环境部自然生态保护司, 北京 100035

收稿日期:2018-09-21 接受日期:2018-12-05 出版日期:2018-12-20 发布日期:2019-02-12
通讯作者: 薛达元,李俊生
作者简介:# 共同第一作者
基金资助:
生态环境部生物多样性保护专项(2096001006)

Establishing a national indicator system in China for the assessment of traditional knowledge associated with biodiversity

Dongmei Liu¹, Dayuan Xue^2,^*(), Lei Cai³, Junsheng Li^1,^*(), Nengwen Xiao¹

1 State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Eco-process and Function Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012
2 College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081
3 Department of Nature and Ecology Conservation, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100035

Received:2018-09-21 Accepted:2018-12-05 Online:2018-12-20 Published:2019-02-12
Contact: Xue Dayuan,Li Junsheng
About author:# 同等贡献作者 Contributed equally to this work

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

基于调查获得的数据开展生物多样性相关传统知识评估, 明确面临的主要压力和保护空缺, 可为相关管理部门决策提供科学依据。指标是开展评估的主要工具, 但是目前尚未有关于生物多样性相关传统知识评估指标体系的文献报道。我们基于压力-状态-响应(pressure-state-response, PSR)模型, 充分考虑生物多样性相关传统知识的基本特征、主要威胁因子、保护和传承措施, 初步构建了区域和国家尺度的生物多样性相关传统知识评估指标体系。然后通过专家咨询, 确定了30项指标, 其中压力指标7项、状态指标14项、响应指标9项。这些指标不仅可以用于生物多样性相关传统知识的综合评估, 还可以对其基本状况、受威胁状况、保护与传承状况、相关遗传资源进行单独评价。此外, 基于评估参数计算的数据需求, 我们借鉴国内外民族植物学和生物多样性相关传统知识调查的主要研究成果, 建立了“全国生物多样性相关传统知识调查技术方法体系”, 并通过试点调查进行修改完善。 “全国生物多样性相关传统知识调查”以关键人物访谈、问卷调查和参与观察为主, 并辅以生物学和生态学调查; 采用滚雪球抽样法对目标群体进行抽样, 确定访谈对象。

关键词: 生物多样性相关传统知识, 评估, 指标, PSR, 调查

Abstract

More data needs to be collected to assess the wide range of traditional knowledge associated with biodiversity to identify the key pressures on diversity today and also highlight protection gaps for decision makers in biodiversity conservation. An indicator system is a useful tool in scientific assessments, yet few studies have made use of them. An indicator system to assess traditional knowledge associated with biodiversity was preliminarily established at a regional and national scale based on the Pressure-State-Response (PSR) model, taking into account major players, species threats, existing measures for protection and transmission of traditional knowledge associated with biodiversity. Through expert consultation, 30 indicators were identified, including 7 pressure indicators, 14 status indicators and 9 response indicators. These indicators could be used for a comprehensive assessment of traditional knowledge associated with biodiversity, and also could also be applied to a separate assessment concerning the basic status of threats to biodiversity, current protections, the transmission of traditional knowledge associated with biodiversity and relevant genetic resources. Moreover, “The National Technology and Methodology System for Surveying Traditional Knowledge Associated with Biodiversity” was developed based on the results of “The National Survey on Traditional Knowledge Associated with Biodiversity”, which combined interviews with key figures, questionnaire responses and participatory observations and was supplemented by scientifically-derived biological and ecological knowledge. Interviewees were identified from target groups using snowball sampling. This system was developed according to parameters drawing on the results of surveys on ethnobotanical and traditional knowledge associated with biodiversity at home and abroad. The system was then piloted and modified accordingly.

Key words: traditional knowledge associated with biodiversity, assessment, indicator, PSR, survey

刘冬梅, 薛达元, 蔡蕾, 李俊生, 肖能文 (2018) 中国生物多样性相关传统知识调查与评估指标体系构建. 生物多样性, 26, 1350-1357. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2018257.

Dongmei Liu, Dayuan Xue, Lei Cai, Junsheng Li, Nengwen Xiao (2018) Establishing a national indicator system in China for the assessment of traditional knowledge associated with biodiversity. Biodiversity Science, 26, 1350-1357. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2018257.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2018257

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2018/V26/I12/1350

图/表 1

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指标类别 Indicator categories	评估指标 Assessment indicators	评估参数 Assessment parameters
压力 Pressure	经济效益影响 Impact of economic benefits	因经济效益差而遭淘汰的传统知识数量 Number of the TK (traditional knowledge) entries eliminated due to poor economic benefits
	外来文化影 Influence of foreign cultures	受外来文化严重影响的传统知识数量 Number of the TK entries influenced seriously by foreign cultures
	生境丧失 Habitat loss	因外来种入侵和环境污染等破坏相关遗传资源的生境, 导致其生境丧失的传统知识数量 Number of the TK entries lost along with deteriorated habitats, which relevant genetic resources depend on. The root causes for habitat deteriorating include alien invasive species, environmental pollution, etc.
	过度开发利用影响 Eeffect of overexploitation	已遭受过度开发利用影响的传统知识数量 Number of the TK entries affected by overexploitation
	土地利用变化 Land use change	受土地利用变化影响的传统知识数量 Number of the TK entries affected by land use change
	自然灾害影响 Impact of natural disasters	已遭受自然灾害影响的传统知识数量 Number of the TK entries impacted by natural disasters
	传承有效性 Validity of inheritance	尚无传承措施的传统知识数量 Number of the TK entries without inheritance measures
状态 State	丰富度 Diversity	传统知识总数量 Number of total TK entries
	历史悠久性 History	具有100年以上历史的传统知识数量 Number of the TK entries which could date back to more than 100 years
	分布特征 Distribution patterns	仅在1-2个乡镇分布的传统知识数量 Number of the TK entries distributed only in 1-2 townships
	经济价值 Economic value	具有高、中等级经济价值的传统知识数量 Number of the TK entries with high or medium economic value
	社会文化价值 Socio-cultural value	具有高、中等级社会文化价值传统知识数量 Number of the TK entries with high or medium socio-cultural value
	特有性 Endemism	区域特有的传统知识数量 Number of the TK entries endemic to the region
	开发利用现状 Exploitation status	已具备规模商业化开发的传统知识数量 Number of the TK entries involved in large-scale commercialized development
	传承情况 Inheritance situation	已认定传承人的传统知识的数量 Number of the TK entries that have been identified as inheritors
	民族拥有情况 Ownership by ethnic minorities	少数民族创造并持有的传统知识数量 Number of the TK entries created and owned by ethnic minorities
	社区拥有情况 Ownership by local communities	已明确地方社区拥有的传统知识数量 Number of the TK entries with clear ownership by local communities
	濒危程度 Degree of extinction risk	相关遗传资源受到严重威胁呈濒危状态的传统知识数量 Number of the TK entries which associated genetic resources are threatened and endangered
	丧失情况 Extinct TK	近30年已丧失的传统知识数量 Number of the extinct TK entries in past 30 years
	流失情况 Be lost abroad	已流失国外的传统知识数量 Number of the TK entries that have been lost abroad
	保护传承空缺 Gaps in protection and inheritance measures	无任何保护和传承措施的传统知识数量 Number of the TK entries without any protection and inheritance measures
响应 Response	国际法保护 Protected by international laws and agreements	受CITES、《生物多样性公约》、《保护世界文化与自然遗产公约》、《波恩公约》等国际法保护的传统知识数量 Number of the TK entries protected by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, Bonn Convention, etc.
响应 Response	国家法规保护 Protected by domestic laws and regulations	受野生动物保护法、野生植物保护条例、非物质文化遗产法、自然保护区条例、畜牧法、种子法、中医药法等国家法规保护的传统知识数量 Number of the TK entries protected by Law of Wild Animal Protection, Wild Plants Protection Regulation, Intangible Cultural Heritage Law, Nature Reserve Regulation, Animal Industry Law, Seed Law, Traditional Chinese Medicine Law, etc.
标类别 Indicator categories	评估指标 Assessment indicators	评估参数 Assessment parameters
响应 Response	知识产权保护 Protected by intellectual property rights	具有知识产权(专利、地理标志、商标、著作权等)保护的传统知识数量 Number of the TK entries protected by intellectual property legislation of patents, geographical indications, trademarks, copyrights, etc.
	政策措施 Policy measures	具有国家和地方政策保护(资金投入机制、激励政策、惠益分享等)的传统知识数量 Number of the TK entries protected by national and local policies, including investment mechanism, incentive policy, benefit sharing, etc.
	文化保护 Cultural protection	受传统文化(如习惯法、节庆等)、宗教方式(如祭祀、神山、神林等)保护的传统知识数量 Number of the TK entries protected by traditional culture (customary law, rituals, etc.) and religious beliefs (sacrifice, sacred mountain, sacred forest, etc.)
	工程措施 Engineering measures	受自然保护区、国家公园、风景名胜区、自然遗产地、农业文化遗产地、森林公园、湿地公园、自然保护点等就地保护措施和动物园、植物园、种质资源圃、人工繁育基地、水族馆等迁地保护措施保护的传统知识数量 Number of the TK entries protected by in situ conservation (nature reserves, national parks, scenic spots, natural heritage sites, agricultural and cultural heritage sites, forest parks, wetland parks, natural protection zones, etc.) and ex situ conservation (zoos, botanical gardens, germplasm resource gardens, artificial breeding bases, aquariums, etc.)
	社区保护 Local community protection	受传统知识所在地方社区群体自发保护的传统知识数量 Number of the TK entries voluntarily protected by local communities
	家族保护 Protected by clanship protection	受家族保护(祖传秘方等)的传统知识数量 Number of the TK entries protected by clans, such as the ancestral secret recipe
	社会组织 Social organization	受民间非政府组织和私营企业等社会团体保护的传统知识数量 Number of the TK entries protected by social groups such as non-governmental organizations and private enterprises

指标类别 Indicator categories	评估指标 Assessment indicators	评估参数 Assessment parameters
压力 Pressure	经济效益影响 Impact of economic benefits	因经济效益差而遭淘汰的传统知识数量 Number of the TK (traditional knowledge) entries eliminated due to poor economic benefits
	外来文化影 Influence of foreign cultures	受外来文化严重影响的传统知识数量 Number of the TK entries influenced seriously by foreign cultures
	生境丧失 Habitat loss	因外来种入侵和环境污染等破坏相关遗传资源的生境, 导致其生境丧失的传统知识数量 Number of the TK entries lost along with deteriorated habitats, which relevant genetic resources depend on. The root causes for habitat deteriorating include alien invasive species, environmental pollution, etc.
	过度开发利用影响 Eeffect of overexploitation	已遭受过度开发利用影响的传统知识数量 Number of the TK entries affected by overexploitation
	土地利用变化 Land use change	受土地利用变化影响的传统知识数量 Number of the TK entries affected by land use change
	自然灾害影响 Impact of natural disasters	已遭受自然灾害影响的传统知识数量 Number of the TK entries impacted by natural disasters
	传承有效性 Validity of inheritance	尚无传承措施的传统知识数量 Number of the TK entries without inheritance measures
状态 State	丰富度 Diversity	传统知识总数量 Number of total TK entries
	历史悠久性 History	具有100年以上历史的传统知识数量 Number of the TK entries which could date back to more than 100 years
	分布特征 Distribution patterns	仅在1-2个乡镇分布的传统知识数量 Number of the TK entries distributed only in 1-2 townships
	经济价值 Economic value	具有高、中等级经济价值的传统知识数量 Number of the TK entries with high or medium economic value
	社会文化价值 Socio-cultural value	具有高、中等级社会文化价值传统知识数量 Number of the TK entries with high or medium socio-cultural value
	特有性 Endemism	区域特有的传统知识数量 Number of the TK entries endemic to the region
	开发利用现状 Exploitation status	已具备规模商业化开发的传统知识数量 Number of the TK entries involved in large-scale commercialized development
	传承情况 Inheritance situation	已认定传承人的传统知识的数量 Number of the TK entries that have been identified as inheritors
	民族拥有情况 Ownership by ethnic minorities	少数民族创造并持有的传统知识数量 Number of the TK entries created and owned by ethnic minorities
	社区拥有情况 Ownership by local communities	已明确地方社区拥有的传统知识数量 Number of the TK entries with clear ownership by local communities
	濒危程度 Degree of extinction risk	相关遗传资源受到严重威胁呈濒危状态的传统知识数量 Number of the TK entries which associated genetic resources are threatened and endangered
	丧失情况 Extinct TK	近30年已丧失的传统知识数量 Number of the extinct TK entries in past 30 years
	流失情况 Be lost abroad	已流失国外的传统知识数量 Number of the TK entries that have been lost abroad
	保护传承空缺 Gaps in protection and inheritance measures	无任何保护和传承措施的传统知识数量 Number of the TK entries without any protection and inheritance measures
响应 Response	国际法保护 Protected by international laws and agreements	受CITES、《生物多样性公约》、《保护世界文化与自然遗产公约》、《波恩公约》等国际法保护的传统知识数量 Number of the TK entries protected by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, Bonn Convention, etc.
响应 Response	国家法规保护 Protected by domestic laws and regulations	受野生动物保护法、野生植物保护条例、非物质文化遗产法、自然保护区条例、畜牧法、种子法、中医药法等国家法规保护的传统知识数量 Number of the TK entries protected by Law of Wild Animal Protection, Wild Plants Protection Regulation, Intangible Cultural Heritage Law, Nature Reserve Regulation, Animal Industry Law, Seed Law, Traditional Chinese Medicine Law, etc.
标类别 Indicator categories	评估指标 Assessment indicators	评估参数 Assessment parameters
响应 Response	知识产权保护 Protected by intellectual property rights	具有知识产权(专利、地理标志、商标、著作权等)保护的传统知识数量 Number of the TK entries protected by intellectual property legislation of patents, geographical indications, trademarks, copyrights, etc.
	政策措施 Policy measures	具有国家和地方政策保护(资金投入机制、激励政策、惠益分享等)的传统知识数量 Number of the TK entries protected by national and local policies, including investment mechanism, incentive policy, benefit sharing, etc.
	文化保护 Cultural protection	受传统文化(如习惯法、节庆等)、宗教方式(如祭祀、神山、神林等)保护的传统知识数量 Number of the TK entries protected by traditional culture (customary law, rituals, etc.) and religious beliefs (sacrifice, sacred mountain, sacred forest, etc.)
	工程措施 Engineering measures	受自然保护区、国家公园、风景名胜区、自然遗产地、农业文化遗产地、森林公园、湿地公园、自然保护点等就地保护措施和动物园、植物园、种质资源圃、人工繁育基地、水族馆等迁地保护措施保护的传统知识数量 Number of the TK entries protected by in situ conservation (nature reserves, national parks, scenic spots, natural heritage sites, agricultural and cultural heritage sites, forest parks, wetland parks, natural protection zones, etc.) and ex situ conservation (zoos, botanical gardens, germplasm resource gardens, artificial breeding bases, aquariums, etc.)
	社区保护 Local community protection	受传统知识所在地方社区群体自发保护的传统知识数量 Number of the TK entries voluntarily protected by local communities
	家族保护 Protected by clanship protection	受家族保护(祖传秘方等)的传统知识数量 Number of the TK entries protected by clans, such as the ancestral secret recipe
	社会组织 Social organization	受民间非政府组织和私营企业等社会团体保护的传统知识数量 Number of the TK entries protected by social groups such as non-governmental organizations and private enterprises

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中国生物多样性相关传统知识调查与评估指标体系构建

Establishing a national indicator system in China for the assessment of traditional knowledge associated with biodiversity

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