生物多样性 ›› 2019, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (7): 735-742. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2019119
王国萍1,2, 薛达元3, 闻苡3, 成功3, 闵庆文1,*()
收稿日期:
2019-04-08
接受日期:
2019-07-31
出版日期:
2019-07-20
发布日期:
2019-08-20
通讯作者:
闵庆文
基金资助:
Guoping Wang1,2, Dayuan Xue3, Yi Wen3, Gong Cheng3, Qingwen Min1,*()
Received:
2019-04-08
Accepted:
2019-07-31
Online:
2019-07-20
Published:
2019-08-20
Contact:
Qingwen Min
摘要:
生物资源利用相关的传统知识是对生物资源进行识别和利用的传统知识系统。随着现代生物技术的发展, 这类传统知识显示出其在科学、经济、文化乃至粮食安全战略方面的价值。本研究根据《生物多样性相关传统知识分类、调查与编目技术规定(试行)》, 对我国青海省土族聚集区的土族生物资源利用相关的传统知识进行了系统调查与编目, 并借鉴生物多样性测度方法, 创建了传统知识多样性指数计算方法, 对土族生物资源利用相关传统知识多样性进行分析。结果如下: (1)编目现存的土族生物资源利用相关的传统知识词条共424条; (2)土族传统知识的α多样性指数DTK = 0.67, 表明其传统知识多样性较高; 土族传统知识的βwtk多样性指数在不同的县域差异较大, 表明其在县域之间存在差异, 在空间上分布不连续、不均匀。本研究利用生物多样性指数验证了传统知识的定量研究方法, 说明传统知识多样性指数不仅可用于定量研究表征区域传统知识的多样性, 揭示不同空间区域内的分布特征, 还可为未来构建传统知识的定量研究体系提供重要的参考依据。
王国萍, 薛达元, 闻苡, 成功, 闵庆文 (2019) 土族生物资源利用相关的传统知识多样性. 生物多样性, 27, 735-742. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2019119.
Guoping Wang, Dayuan Xue, Yi Wen, Gong Cheng, Qingwen Min (2019) Diversity of traditional knowledge related to utilization of biological resources by Tu nationality in China. Biodiversity Science, 27, 735-742. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2019119.
行政县 County | 行政乡镇 Town | 土族人口占比 Percentage of Tu population | 调查村落 Study villages |
---|---|---|---|
互助土族自治县 Huzhu Tu Autonomous County | 五十镇 Wushi Town | 57% | 土观村、大庄村 Tuguan Village, Dazhuang Village |
丹麻镇 Danma Town | 36% | 索卜滩村、哇麻村 Suobotan Village, Wama Village | |
民和回族土族自治县 Minhe Hui and Tu Autonomous County | 中川乡 Zhongchuan Town | 74% | 红崖村、草滩村 Hongya Village, Caotan Village |
官亭镇 Guanting Town | 89.1% | 赵木川村、鲍家村 Zhaomuchuan Village, Baojia Village | |
大通回族土族自治县 Datong Hui and Tu Autonomous County | 逊让乡 Xunrang Town | 72.9% | 后拉村、白土牙合村 Houla Village, Baituyahe Village |
宝库乡 Baoku Town | 70.9% | 巴彦村、俄博图村 Bayan Village, Ebotu Village |
表1 土族传统知识调查点
Table 1 The investigation sites of Tu nationality’s traditional knowledge
行政县 County | 行政乡镇 Town | 土族人口占比 Percentage of Tu population | 调查村落 Study villages |
---|---|---|---|
互助土族自治县 Huzhu Tu Autonomous County | 五十镇 Wushi Town | 57% | 土观村、大庄村 Tuguan Village, Dazhuang Village |
丹麻镇 Danma Town | 36% | 索卜滩村、哇麻村 Suobotan Village, Wama Village | |
民和回族土族自治县 Minhe Hui and Tu Autonomous County | 中川乡 Zhongchuan Town | 74% | 红崖村、草滩村 Hongya Village, Caotan Village |
官亭镇 Guanting Town | 89.1% | 赵木川村、鲍家村 Zhaomuchuan Village, Baojia Village | |
大通回族土族自治县 Datong Hui and Tu Autonomous County | 逊让乡 Xunrang Town | 72.9% | 后拉村、白土牙合村 Houla Village, Baituyahe Village |
宝库乡 Baoku Town | 70.9% | 巴彦村、俄博图村 Bayan Village, Ebotu Village |
编目类别 Category | 编目子类别 Subcategory | 数量 Number |
---|---|---|
传统选育农业遗传 资源的相关知识 Traditional knowledge of breeding agricultural genetic resources | 传统选育农作物遗传资源的相关知识 TKs related to breeding crop varieties | 84 |
传统选育家养动物遗传资源的相关知识 TKs related to breeding domestic animal breeds | 15 | |
传统选育林木遗传资源的相关知识 TKs related to forest tree genetic resources conservation | 46 | |
传统选育观赏植物遗传资源的相关知识 TKs related to breeding ornamental genetic resources | 10 | |
传统选育野生植物遗传资源的相关知识 TKs related to wild plant genetic resources conservation | 38 | |
传统选育陆生野生动物遗传资源的相关知识 TKs related to conservation of terrestrial wildlife | 8 | |
传统选育微生物遗传资源的相关知识 TKs related to breeding microbial genetic resources | 7 | |
传统医药相关知识 Traditional medicinal and its related knowledge | 传统药用生物资源驯化、栽培和保育知识 TKs related to the domestication, cultivation and conservation of traditional medicinal biological resources | 57 |
传统医药理论 Traditional medicine theories | 8 | |
传统疗法 Traditional therapy | 6 | |
传统药材加工炮制技术 Traditional processing technology of medicinal materials | 6 | |
传统方剂 Traditional prescriptions | 25 | |
传统养生和疾病预防知识 TKs of health preservation and disease prevention | 1 | |
与生物资源可持续 利用相关传统技术 Traditional technologies of sustainable use of biological resources | 传统农业生产技术 Traditional agricultural production technologies | 5 |
传统印纺工艺与技术 Traditional printing and dyeing and textile technologies | 7 | |
传统食品加工技术 Traditional food processing techniques | 7 | |
传统建筑工艺 Traditional architectural technologies | 4 | |
其他传统技术 Other traditional technologies | 5 | |
与生物资源利用 相关的传统文化 Traditional culture related to utilization of biological resources | 宗教信仰与生态伦理 Religious belief and ecological ethics | 12 |
传统节庆 Traditional festivals | 17 | |
习惯法 Customary law | 6 | |
传统文学艺术 Traditional literature | 18 | |
传统饮食文化 Traditional dietary cultures | 5 | |
其他传统文化 Other traditional cultures | 2 | |
传统生物地理标志 产品相关传统知识 Traditional biogeographic indicators products and related knowledge | 食品类标志产品相关知识 Traditional food biogeographic indicators products and related knowledge | 23 |
药品类标志产品相关知识 Traditional medicine biogeographic indicators products and related knowledge | 1 | |
工艺类标志产品相关知识 Traditional craftwork biogeographic indicators products and related knowledge | 1 |
表2 土族生物资源利用相关的传统知识(TK)概况
Table 2 Number of traditional knowledge (TK) related to utilization of biological resources of Tu nationality
编目类别 Category | 编目子类别 Subcategory | 数量 Number |
---|---|---|
传统选育农业遗传 资源的相关知识 Traditional knowledge of breeding agricultural genetic resources | 传统选育农作物遗传资源的相关知识 TKs related to breeding crop varieties | 84 |
传统选育家养动物遗传资源的相关知识 TKs related to breeding domestic animal breeds | 15 | |
传统选育林木遗传资源的相关知识 TKs related to forest tree genetic resources conservation | 46 | |
传统选育观赏植物遗传资源的相关知识 TKs related to breeding ornamental genetic resources | 10 | |
传统选育野生植物遗传资源的相关知识 TKs related to wild plant genetic resources conservation | 38 | |
传统选育陆生野生动物遗传资源的相关知识 TKs related to conservation of terrestrial wildlife | 8 | |
传统选育微生物遗传资源的相关知识 TKs related to breeding microbial genetic resources | 7 | |
传统医药相关知识 Traditional medicinal and its related knowledge | 传统药用生物资源驯化、栽培和保育知识 TKs related to the domestication, cultivation and conservation of traditional medicinal biological resources | 57 |
传统医药理论 Traditional medicine theories | 8 | |
传统疗法 Traditional therapy | 6 | |
传统药材加工炮制技术 Traditional processing technology of medicinal materials | 6 | |
传统方剂 Traditional prescriptions | 25 | |
传统养生和疾病预防知识 TKs of health preservation and disease prevention | 1 | |
与生物资源可持续 利用相关传统技术 Traditional technologies of sustainable use of biological resources | 传统农业生产技术 Traditional agricultural production technologies | 5 |
传统印纺工艺与技术 Traditional printing and dyeing and textile technologies | 7 | |
传统食品加工技术 Traditional food processing techniques | 7 | |
传统建筑工艺 Traditional architectural technologies | 4 | |
其他传统技术 Other traditional technologies | 5 | |
与生物资源利用 相关的传统文化 Traditional culture related to utilization of biological resources | 宗教信仰与生态伦理 Religious belief and ecological ethics | 12 |
传统节庆 Traditional festivals | 17 | |
习惯法 Customary law | 6 | |
传统文学艺术 Traditional literature | 18 | |
传统饮食文化 Traditional dietary cultures | 5 | |
其他传统文化 Other traditional cultures | 2 | |
传统生物地理标志 产品相关传统知识 Traditional biogeographic indicators products and related knowledge | 食品类标志产品相关知识 Traditional food biogeographic indicators products and related knowledge | 23 |
药品类标志产品相关知识 Traditional medicine biogeographic indicators products and related knowledge | 1 | |
工艺类标志产品相关知识 Traditional craftwork biogeographic indicators products and related knowledge | 1 |
品种名 Local cultivar names | 用途及相关传统知识 Usage and related knowledge |
---|---|
白浪散 Hordeum vulgare ‘Bai Lang San’ | 酿酒、祭祀、食用、药用和饲用 Vintage, sacrifice, edible, medicinal and feeding |
白六棱 Hordeum vulgare ‘Bai Lang San’ | 酿酒、祭祀、食用、药用、饲用和民俗活动 Vintage, sacrifice, edible, medicinal, feeding and folkways |
黑老鸦 Hordeum vulgare ‘Black Crows’ | 酿酒、祭祀、药用、饲用和民俗活动 Vintage, sacrifice, medicinal, feeding and folkways |
门源亮蓝 Hordeum vulgare ‘Men Yuan Liang Lan’ | 酿酒、祭祀、食用、药用、饲用和民俗活动 Vintage, sacrifice, edible, medicinal, feeding and folkways |
红胶泥 Hordeum vulgare ‘Hong Jiao Ni’ | 酿酒、祭祀、药用、饲用和民俗活动 Vintage, sacrifice, medicinal, feeding and folkways |
白长芒青稞 Hordeum vulgare ‘White Long Awn’ | 酿酒、祭祀、食用、药用和饲用 Vintage, sacrifice, edible, medicinal and feeding |
紫六棱 Hordeum vulgare ‘Zi Liu Leng’ | 酿酒、祭祀、食用、药用和民俗活动 Vintage, sacrifice, edible, medicinal and folkways |
藏青稞 Hordeum vulgare var. trifurcatum (Schlecht.) Alef. Landw. | 酿酒、祭祀、食用、药用和民俗活动 Vintage, sacrifice, edible, medicinal and folkways |
六棱白大麦 Hordeum vulgare ‘Liuleng White Barley’ | 酿酒、祭祀、食用、药用、饲用和民俗活动 Vintage, sacrifice, edible, medicinal, feeding and folkways |
六棱黑大麦 Hordeum vulgare ‘Liuleng Black Barley’ | 酿酒、祭祀、食用、药用和民俗活动 Vintage, sacrifice, edible, medicinal and folkways |
四棱白大麦 Hordeum vulgare ‘Sileng White Barley’ | 酿酒、祭祀、食用、药用、饲用和民俗活动 Vintage, sacrifice, edible, medicinal, feeding and folkways |
四棱黑大麦 Hordeum vulgare ‘Sileng Black Barley’ | 酿酒、祭祀、食用、药用和民俗活动 Vintage, sacrifice, edible, medicinal and folkways |
表3 土族聚集区传统选育的青稞品种及其用途
Table 3 Traditional barley varieties and their usage in Tu nationality areas
品种名 Local cultivar names | 用途及相关传统知识 Usage and related knowledge |
---|---|
白浪散 Hordeum vulgare ‘Bai Lang San’ | 酿酒、祭祀、食用、药用和饲用 Vintage, sacrifice, edible, medicinal and feeding |
白六棱 Hordeum vulgare ‘Bai Lang San’ | 酿酒、祭祀、食用、药用、饲用和民俗活动 Vintage, sacrifice, edible, medicinal, feeding and folkways |
黑老鸦 Hordeum vulgare ‘Black Crows’ | 酿酒、祭祀、药用、饲用和民俗活动 Vintage, sacrifice, medicinal, feeding and folkways |
门源亮蓝 Hordeum vulgare ‘Men Yuan Liang Lan’ | 酿酒、祭祀、食用、药用、饲用和民俗活动 Vintage, sacrifice, edible, medicinal, feeding and folkways |
红胶泥 Hordeum vulgare ‘Hong Jiao Ni’ | 酿酒、祭祀、药用、饲用和民俗活动 Vintage, sacrifice, medicinal, feeding and folkways |
白长芒青稞 Hordeum vulgare ‘White Long Awn’ | 酿酒、祭祀、食用、药用和饲用 Vintage, sacrifice, edible, medicinal and feeding |
紫六棱 Hordeum vulgare ‘Zi Liu Leng’ | 酿酒、祭祀、食用、药用和民俗活动 Vintage, sacrifice, edible, medicinal and folkways |
藏青稞 Hordeum vulgare var. trifurcatum (Schlecht.) Alef. Landw. | 酿酒、祭祀、食用、药用和民俗活动 Vintage, sacrifice, edible, medicinal and folkways |
六棱白大麦 Hordeum vulgare ‘Liuleng White Barley’ | 酿酒、祭祀、食用、药用、饲用和民俗活动 Vintage, sacrifice, edible, medicinal, feeding and folkways |
六棱黑大麦 Hordeum vulgare ‘Liuleng Black Barley’ | 酿酒、祭祀、食用、药用和民俗活动 Vintage, sacrifice, edible, medicinal and folkways |
四棱白大麦 Hordeum vulgare ‘Sileng White Barley’ | 酿酒、祭祀、食用、药用、饲用和民俗活动 Vintage, sacrifice, edible, medicinal, feeding and folkways |
四棱黑大麦 Hordeum vulgare ‘Sileng Black Barley’ | 酿酒、祭祀、食用、药用和民俗活动 Vintage, sacrifice, edible, medicinal and folkways |
种类 Type | 数目 Number | 代表性文化 Representative culture |
---|---|---|
宗教信仰与生态伦理类 Religious belief and ecological ethics | 12 | “猫鬼神”崇拜、动物崇拜、植物崇拜、神山崇拜等 Cat ghost worship, animal worship, plant worship, holy mountain worship, etc |
传统节庆类 Traditional festival | 17 | 三川“纳顿”节、年都乎“於菟”、丹麻“花儿”会、鸡蛋会、梆梆会等 Sanchuan Nadun Festival, Wutu in Nianduhu, Danma Hua’er Fair, Egg Fair, Bangbang Fair, etc |
习惯 Customary law | 6 | 护青苗、长者调节、饮食禁忌等 Huqingmiao, Adjustment through elders, Dietary strictures, etc |
传统文学艺术 Traditional literature and arts | 18 | 库咕笳、安昭、《拉仁布与吉门索》、《霍尼》、欠木等 Kugujia, Anzhao dance, Larenbu and Jimensuo, Song of Huoni, Qianmu dance, etc |
传统饮食文化 Traditional dietary culture | 5 | 青稞酒文化、面食文化、肉食文化、茶文化、小吃文化等 Highland barley wine culture, pasta culture, meat culture, tea culture, snack culture, etc |
其他传统文化 Other traditional culture | 2 | 传统体育文化、服饰文化 Traditional sports culture and traditional costume culture |
表4 与生物资源保护与持续利用相关的土族传统文化子分类表
Table 4 Number of sub-categories of traditional culture related to biological resources conservation and sustainable usage
种类 Type | 数目 Number | 代表性文化 Representative culture |
---|---|---|
宗教信仰与生态伦理类 Religious belief and ecological ethics | 12 | “猫鬼神”崇拜、动物崇拜、植物崇拜、神山崇拜等 Cat ghost worship, animal worship, plant worship, holy mountain worship, etc |
传统节庆类 Traditional festival | 17 | 三川“纳顿”节、年都乎“於菟”、丹麻“花儿”会、鸡蛋会、梆梆会等 Sanchuan Nadun Festival, Wutu in Nianduhu, Danma Hua’er Fair, Egg Fair, Bangbang Fair, etc |
习惯 Customary law | 6 | 护青苗、长者调节、饮食禁忌等 Huqingmiao, Adjustment through elders, Dietary strictures, etc |
传统文学艺术 Traditional literature and arts | 18 | 库咕笳、安昭、《拉仁布与吉门索》、《霍尼》、欠木等 Kugujia, Anzhao dance, Larenbu and Jimensuo, Song of Huoni, Qianmu dance, etc |
传统饮食文化 Traditional dietary culture | 5 | 青稞酒文化、面食文化、肉食文化、茶文化、小吃文化等 Highland barley wine culture, pasta culture, meat culture, tea culture, snack culture, etc |
其他传统文化 Other traditional culture | 2 | 传统体育文化、服饰文化 Traditional sports culture and traditional costume culture |
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