小麦族国家重点保护野生植物多样性与濒危等级评估

doi:10.17520/biods.2025510

生物多样性 ›› 2026, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (7): 25510. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025510 cstr: 32101.14.biods.2025510

• 研究报告: 植物多样性 • 上一篇下一篇

小麦族国家重点保护野生植物多样性与濒危等级评估

张谢勇¹^,²^,³^,^#(), 刘昊¹^,²^,³^,^#(), 田雨薇¹^,^#(), 岑鑫¹^,¹³^,^#, 蔡竞⁴^,⁵^,^#, 李宇格¹^,²^,³^,^#, 张云玲⁷, 赵利清⁶, 刘艳春⁸, 寻路路⁹, 刘磊¹⁰, 陈天翔¹, 周廉¹, 阎平¹¹, 覃海宁¹^,²^,³, 袁良琛¹², 刘慧圆¹^,^*(), 马洪峥¹³^,^*()(), 陈文俐¹^,²^,³^,^*()()

¹ 中国科学院植物研究所植物多样性与特色经济作物全国重点实验室, 北京 100093
² 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
³ 国家植物园, 北京 100093
⁴ 兰州大学生态学院, 兰州 730020
⁵ 兰州大学草种创新与草地农业生态系统全国重点实验室, 兰州 730020
⁶ 内蒙古大学生态与环境学院, 呼和浩特 010021
⁷ 新疆维吾尔自治区草原总站, 乌鲁木齐 830000
⁸ 上海植物园, 上海 200231
⁹ 陕西省西安植物园/陕西省植物研究所, 西安 710061
¹⁰ 中国农业科学院草原研究所, 呼和浩特 010010
¹¹ 石河子大学生命科学学院, 新疆石河子 832003
¹² 国家林业和草原局野生动植物保护司, 北京 100714
¹³ 天津农学院园艺园林学院, 天津 300392

收稿日期:2025-12-23 接受日期:2026-03-09 出版日期:2026-07-20 发布日期:2026-09-21
通讯作者: 刘慧圆,马洪峥,陈文俐
作者简介:第一联系人：^# 共同第一作者
基金资助:
中国科学院战略生物资源计划生物分类岗位科学家项目(CAS-TAX-24-011);国家自然科学基金(31970207);国家植物标本资源库精准采集项目(NPSRC E0117G1001)

Diversity and threatened categories assessment of national key protected wild plants of the Triticeae (Poaceae)

Xieyong Zhang¹^,²^,³^,^#(), Hao Liu¹^,²^,³^,^#(), Yuwei Tian¹^,^#(), Xin Cen¹^,¹³^,^#, Jing Cai⁴^,⁵^,^#, Yuge Li¹^,²^,³^,^#, Yunling Zhang⁷, Liqing Zhao⁶, Yanchun Liu⁸, Lulu Xun⁹, Lei Liu¹⁰, Tianxiang Chen¹, Lian Zhou¹, Ping Yan¹¹, Haining Qin¹^,²^,³, Liangchen Yuan¹², Huiyuan Liu¹^,^*(), Hongzheng Ma¹³^,^*()(), Wenli Chen¹^,²^,³^,^*()()

¹ State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
² University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
³ China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
⁴ College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
⁵ State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
⁶ School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
⁷ General Grassland Station of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830000, China
⁸ Shanghai Botanical Garden, Shanghai 200231, China
⁹ Xi’an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province/Institute of Botany of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an, 710061, China
¹⁰ Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010010, China
¹¹ College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
¹² Wildlife Conservation Department, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100714, China
¹³ College of Horticulture and Landscape, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China

Received:2025-12-23 Accepted:2026-03-09 Online:2026-07-20 Published:2026-09-21
Contact: Huiyuan Liu, Hongzheng Ma, Wenli Chen
About author:First author contact:^# Co-first author
Supported by:
Biological Resources Programme of Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS-TAX-24-011);National Natural Science Foundation of China(31970207);National Plant Specimen Resource Center(NPSRC E0117G1001)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

禾本科小麦族包含众多作物的野生近缘种与优质牧草资源, 在农业育种、畜牧业发展与生态修复中具有不可替代的战略价值。中国拥有丰富的小麦族野生植物资源, 但《国家重点保护野生植物名录》(2021版)收录的5属12种小麦族植物中, 普遍存在基础数据缺失、物种鉴定困难等问题, 严重制约其保护与利用。本研究基于馆藏标本查阅与系统的野外调查, 综合研究了该类保护植物的地理分布、形态学、细胞学及亚基因组组成等关键特征, 填补了基础数据缺口, 可为物种精准鉴定提供可靠依据。此外, 参照世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)物种红色名录濒危等级和标准重新评估其濒危状况, 发现沙芦草(Agropyron mongolicum)等10个物种受威胁等级上调, 其中内蒙古大麦(Hordeum innermongolicum)上调为极危, 疑似野外灭绝; 华山新麦草(Psathyrostachys huashanica)等级下调; 毛披碱草(Elymus villifer)保持不变; 栖息地退化与破碎化、自然种群过少是主要威胁。基于此, 本文提出分物种差异化就地保护、种质资源系统性收集保藏、建立名录物种动态评估更新机制的整合性保护策略, 以期为该类资源的保护与可持续利用提供科学支撑。

关键词: 小麦族, 国家重点保护野生植物, 地理分布, 亚基因组, 染色体核型, 濒危等级评估

Abstract

Aims: The tribe Triticeae (Poaceae) is a vital repository of wild crop relatives and forage germplasm, with irreplaceable value in agriculture, pastoralism, and ecological conservation. China boasts rich diversity of wild Triticeae taxa. However, the 5 genera and 12 species of Triticeae plants listed in the National Key Protected Wild Plants List (2021) generally suffer from insufficient basic data and difficulties in species identification, which severely restrict their conservation and utilization. This study aims to improve the basic dataset of these nationally protected Triticeae species and provide scientific support for their conservation and sustainable utilization.
Methods: This study integrated curated herbarium specimen reviews and systematic field surveys to comprehensively analyze key traits of the target taxa, including morphological diagnostic features, geographical distribution, chromosome karyotype, and subgenomic composition. Meanwhile, molecular datasets were constructed to support accurate species identification based on subgenomic signatures and DNA sequence polymorphisms. The threatened categories of each species was re-assessed in accordance with the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List Categories and Criteria, combined with quantitative data on population size, threat severity, and distribution range.
Results: Our study clarified the morphological profiles and distribution characteristics of the 12 national key protected wild plants of the Triticeae. We obtained chromosome numbers and karyotypes for 10 species across 4 genera through cytological experiments. We successfully identified the subgenomic composition of 10 species via alignment coverage analysis of whole-genome resequencing data. Our k-mer-based phylogenetic analysis proved effective for molecular identification, while plastid genome “super-barcodes” showed poor resolution between different subgenomes. Studies on reproductive and dispersal capacity showed that species with large and heavy seeds have weak dispersal ability, narrow distribution ranges, and higher extinction risk. After reassessment according to IUCN criteria, the threat status of 10 species was upgraded (e.g. Agropyron mongolicum), 1 was downgraded (Psathyrostachys huashanica), and 1 remained unchanged (Elymus villifer), among which Hordeum innermongolicum was upgraded to Critically Endangered (CR) and was suspected to be extinct in the wild; habitat degradation and fragmentation caused by overgrazing were identified as the main threat factors. We finally proposed conservation recommendations, including implementing differentiated in situ protection management for each species, strengthening systematic collection and preservation of germplasm resources, and establishing a dynamic assessment and update mechanism for species in the National Key Protected Wild Plants List (2021).
Conclusion: Through the integration of multidisciplinary data, this study clarified the taxonomic basis of national key protected wild plants of the Triticeae, revealed the intrinsic relationship between species adaptability and distribution patterns, and assessed their actual threatened status. These results provide core scientific evidence for formulating evidence-based conservation actions. Facing the dual demands of agricultural sustainable development and biodiversity conservation, the research, conservation, and rational utilization of this important wild genetic resource bank require sustained scientific investment and cross-sectoral collaborative management.

Key words: Triticeae, national key protected wild plants, geographical distribution, subgenome, chromosome karyotype, threatened categories assessment

张谢勇, 刘昊, 田雨薇, 岑鑫, 蔡竞, 李宇格, 张云玲, 赵利清, 刘艳春, 寻路路, 刘磊, 陈天翔, 周廉, 阎平, 覃海宁, 袁良琛, 刘慧圆, 马洪峥, 陈文俐 (2026) 小麦族国家重点保护野生植物多样性与濒危等级评估. 生物多样性, 34, 25510. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025510.

Xieyong Zhang, Hao Liu, Yuwei Tian, Xin Cen, Jing Cai, Yuge Li, Yunling Zhang, Liqing Zhao, Yanchun Liu, Lulu Xun, Lei Liu, Tianxiang Chen, Lian Zhou, Ping Yan, Haining Qin, Liangchen Yuan, Huiyuan Liu, Hongzheng Ma, Wenli Chen (2026) Diversity and threatened categories assessment of national key protected wild plants of the Triticeae (Poaceae). Biodiversity Science, 34, 25510. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025510.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2025510

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2026/V34/I7/25510

图/表 17

表1 小麦族国家重点保护野生植物的染色体数目、核型与亚基因组组成鉴定实验结果。所有未标注文献的数据均来自本研究。-指未获得研究材料, 也没有文献报道。

Table 1 Results of chromosome number, karyotype and subgenome composition characterization of national key protected wild plants of the Triticeae. Data without cited references were obtained from this study. -indicates that neither experimental materials were acquired nor relevant records have been reported in published literature.

物种 Species	核型 Karyotype	染色体相对长度 Relative length of chromosomes	亚基因组成 Subgenome composition
沙芦草 Agropyron mongolicum	1A, 2n = 2x = 14 = 12m + 2sm	12.28%-16.20%	P (颜济等, 2006)
阿拉善披碱草 Elymus alashanicus	2A, 2n = 4x = 28 = 20m (2sat) + 8sm	5.07%-8.87%	St
黑紫披碱草 E. atratus	1A, 2n = 6x = 42 = 38m (6sat) + 4sm (2sat)	3.56%-6.70%	StHY
短柄披碱草 E. brevipes	1A, 2n = 4x = 28 = 24m + 4sm	5.31%-9.21%	StY
内蒙披碱草 E. intramongolicus	2A, 2n = 4x = 28 = 22m (2sat) + 6sm	5.12%-8.68%	StH
紫芒披碱草 E. purpuraristatus	1A, 2n = 6x = 42 = 32m (2sat) + 10sm	3.48%-6.22%	StHY
新疆披碱草 E. sinkiangensis	2A, 2n = 4x = 28 = 24m + 4sm	5.72%-9.41%	StY
无芒披碱草 E. sinosubmuticus	2A, 2n = 6x = 42 = 28m + 14sm (2sat)	3.68%-6.11%	StHY
毛披碱草 E. villifer	1A, 2n = 6x = 42 = 30m + 12sm (6sat) (刘玉红, 1985)	-	StHY
内蒙古大麦 Hordeum innermongolicum	-	-	-
青海以礼草 Kengyilia kokonorica	1B, 2n = 6x = 42 = 30m + 12sm	3.02%-7.75%	StYP
华山新麦草 Psathyrostachys huashanica	2A, 2n = 2x = 14 = 10m (4sat) + 4sm (2sat)	12.30%-19.53%	Ns (Li et al., 2025)

图1 10种小麦族国家重点保护野生植物的染色体核型图。因内蒙古大麦没有获得成熟种子, 毛披碱草种子未能成功萌发, 故未能开展实验。

Fig. 1 Chromosome karyotype plates of 10 national key protected wild plants of the Triticeae. No mature seeds were obtained for Hordeum innermongolicum, whereas seeds of Elymus villifer failed to germinate, precluding further experimental analyses.

图2 小麦族国家重点保护野生植物分子鉴定。(A)基于全基因组k-mer (k = 21)分析的邻接法系统发育树和基于全基因组比对的亚基因组组成分析, 分别统计St、H、Y、P亚基因组上50 kb无重叠窗口的覆盖度; (B)基于质体基因组的最大似然法系统发育树, 使用IQ-TREE构建, 节点上的数字为分别使用SH-aLRT/UFBoot模式计算的节点支持率。分支的颜色代表不同的亚基因组组成, 同时提供了每种亚基因组组成的花序特征。

Fig. 2 Molecular identification of national key protected wild plants of the Triticeae. (A) Phylogenetic tree inferred from the neighbor-joining analysis based on whole-genome k-mer (k = 21) and subgenome constitution inferred from whole-genome mapping coverage, 50-kb non-overlapping windows was calculated for the St, H, Y and P subgenomes, respectively. (B) Phylogenetic tree inferred from the maximum likelihood analysis based on plastid genomes, numbers at nodes indicate support values obtained by IQ-TREE under SH-aLRT/UFBoot schemes. Branch colors denote different subgenome compositions, and inflorescence characters are provided on the left for each type of subgenome composition.

表2 小麦族国家重点保护野生植物的有性生殖与传播能力。因内蒙古大麦没有采集到成熟种子, 故未能开展实验。

Table 2 Sexual reproduction and dispersal abilities of national key protected wild plants of the Triticeae. Mature seeds of Hordeum innermongolicum were unavailable, and relevant experiments were therefore not performed.

物种 Species	结实率 Seed setting rate (%)	千粒重 Thousand kernel weight (g)	种子大小 Seed size (mm²)
沙芦草 Agropyron mongolicum	24	1.63	5.7
阿拉善披碱草 Elymus alashanicus	10	2.87	9.6
黑紫披碱草 E. atratus	60	1.87	10.5
短柄披碱草E. brevipes	77	3.59	9.8
内蒙披碱草 E. intramongolicus	73	4.00	17.9
紫芒披碱草 E. purpuraristatus	86	3.53	12.3
新疆披碱草 E. sinkiangensis	19	3.94	14.6
无芒披碱草 E. sinosubmuticus	67	3.44	9.7
毛披碱草 E. villifer	21	1.38	11.6
青海以礼草 Kengyilia kokonorica	35	5.31	12.2
华山新麦草 Psathyrostachys huashanica	47	5.21	16.5

图3 小麦族国家重点保护野生植物结实率、千粒重、种子大小与物种分布区面积(EOO) (km2)及占有面积(AOO) (km2)的相关性分析。因内蒙古大麦没有获得成熟种子, 故未能开展实验。

Fig. 3 Correlation analysis among seed setting rate, thousand kernal weight, seed size, and extent of occurrence (EOO) (km2) as well as area of occupancy (AOO) (km2) for the national key protected wild plants of the Triticeae. Mature seeds of Hordeum innermongolicum were unavailable, and relevant experiments were therefore not performed.

图4 沙芦草的形态特征、生境与地理分布。(A)植株; (B)、(C)小穗; (D)花序; (E)小花; (F)叶片; (G)茎节; (H)叶舌; (I)生境; (J)地理分布。

Fig. 4 Morphological characteristics, habitat, and geographic distribution of Agropyron mongolicum. (A) Plant; (B), (C) Spikelet; (D) Inflorescence; (E) Floret; (F) Leaf blade; (G) Culm node; (H) Ligule; (I) Habitat; (J) Geographic distribution.

图5 阿拉善披碱草的形态特征、生境与地理分布。(A)植株; (B)、(C)小穗; (D)花序; (E)小花; (F)叶片; (G)茎节; (H)叶舌; (I)生境; (J)地理分布。

Fig. 5 Morphological characteristics, habitat, and geographic distribution of Elymus alashanicus. (A) Plant; (B), (C) Spikelet; (D) Inflorescence; (E) Floret; (F) Leaf blade; (G) Culm node; (H) Ligule; (I) Habitat; (J) Geographic distribution.

图6 黑紫披碱草的形态特征、生境与地理分布。(A)植株; (B)、(C)小穗; (D)花序; (E)小花; (F)叶片; (G)茎节; (H)叶舌; (I)生境; (J)地理分布。

Fig. 6 Morphological characteristics, habitat, and geographic distribution of Elymus atratus. (A) Plant; (B), (C) Spikelet; (D) Inflorescence; (E) Floret; (F) Leaf blade; (G) Culm node; (H) Ligule; (I) Habitat; (J) Geographic distribution.

图7 短柄披碱草的形态特征、生境与地理分布。(A)植株; (B)、(C)小穗; (D)花序; (E)小花; (F)叶片; (G)茎节; (H)叶舌; (I)生境; (J)地理分布。

Fig. 7 Morphological characteristics, habitat, and geographic distribution of Elymus brevipes. (A) Plant; (B), (C) Spikelet; (D) Inflorescence; (E) Floret; (F) Leaf blade; (G) Culm node; (H) Ligule; (I) Habitat; (J) Geographic distribution.

图8 内蒙披碱草的形态特征、生境与地理分布。(A)植株; (B)、(C)小穗; (D)花序; (E)小花; (F)叶片; (G)茎节; (H)叶舌; (I)生境; (J)地理分布。

Fig. 8 Morphological characteristics, habitat, and geographic distribution of Elymus intramongolicus. (A) Plant; (B), (C) Spikelet; (D) Inflorescence; (E) Floret; (F) Leaf blade; (G) Culm node; (H) Ligule; (I) Habitat; (J) Geographic distribution

图9 紫芒披碱草的形态特征、生境与地理分布。(A)植株; (B)、(C)小穗; (D)花序; (E)小花; (F)叶片; (G)茎节; (H)叶舌; (I)生境; (J)地理分布。

Fig. 9 Morphological characteristics, habitat, and geographic distribution of Elymus purpuraristatus. (A) Plant; (B), (C) Spikelet; (D) Inflorescence; (E) Floret; (F) Leaf blade; (G) Culm node; (H) Ligule; (I) Habitat; (J) Geographic distribution.

图10 新疆披碱草的形态特征、生境与地理分布。(A)植株; (B)、(C)小穗; (D)花序; (E)小花; (F)叶片; (G)茎节; (H)叶舌; (I)生境; (J)地理分布。

Fig. 10 Morphological characteristics, habitat, and geographic distribution of Elymus sinkiangensis. (A) Plant; (B), (C) Spikelet; (D) Inflorescence; (E) Floret; (F) Leaf blade; (G) Culm node; (H) Ligule; (I) Habitat; (J) Geographic distribution.

图11 无芒披碱草的形态特征、生境与地理分布。(A)植株; (B)、(C)小穗; (D)花序; (E)小花; (F)叶片; (G)茎节; (H)叶舌; (I)生境; (J)地理分布。

Fig. 11 Morphological characteristics, habitat, and geographic distribution of Elymus sinosubmuticus. (A) Plant; (B), (C) Spikelet; (D) Inflorescence; (E) Floret; (F) Leaf blade; (G) Culm node; (H) Ligule; (I) Habitat; (J) Geographic distribution.

图12 毛披碱草的形态特征、生境与地理分布。(A)植株; (B)、(C)小穗; (D)花序; (E)小花; (F)茎节; (G)叶鞘; (H)叶舌; (I)叶片; (J)生境; (K)地理分布。

Fig. 12 Morphological characteristics, habitat, and geographic distribution of Elymus villifer. (A) Plant; (B), (C) Spikelet; (D) Inflorescence; (E) Floret; (F) Culm node; (G) Leaf sheath; (H) Ligule; (I) Leaf blade; (J) Habitat; (K) Geographic distribution.

图13 内蒙古大麦的形态特征与地理分布。(A)全株; (B)线描图(引自蔡联炳和郭本兆, 1987); (C)地理分布。

Fig. 13 Morphological characteristics and geographic distribution of Hordeum innermongolicum. (A) Plant; (B) Line drawing, cited from Cai & Guo (1987); (C) Geographic distribution.

图14 青海以礼草的形态特征、生境与地理分布。(A)植株; (B)茎节; (C)叶舌; (D)叶片; (E)、(G)小穗; (F)颖片; (H)小花; (I)花序; (J)生境; (K)地理分布。

Fig. 14 Morphological characteristics, habitat, and geographic distribution of Kengyilia kokonorica. (A) Plant; (B) Culm node; (C) Ligule; (D) Leaf blade; (E), (G) Spikelets; (F) Glumes; (H) Floret; (I) Inflorescence; (J) Habitat; (K) Geographic distribution.

图15 华山新麦草的形态特征、生境与地理分布。(A)植株; (B)、(C)小穗; (D)花序; (E)叶片; (F)茎节; (G)叶舌; (H)生境; (I)地理分布。

Fig. 15 Morphological characteristics, habitat, and geographic distribution of Psathyrostachys huashanica. (A) Plant; (B), (C) Spikelet; (D) Inflorescence; (E) Leaf blade; (F) Culm node; (G) Ligule; (H) Habitat; (I) Geographic distribution.

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小麦族国家重点保护野生植物多样性与濒危等级评估

Diversity and threatened categories assessment of national key protected wild plants of the Triticeae (Poaceae)

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