企业生物多样性保护驱动路径与模式

doi:10.17520/biods.2025246

生物多样性 ›› 2026, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (1): 25246. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025246 cstr: 32101.14.biods.2025246

• 生物多样性保护融资与企业参与专题 • 上一篇下一篇

企业生物多样性保护驱动路径与模式

蒙仁嘉¹^,², 秦涛¹, 汤心萌¹^,^*()

1.北京林业大学经济管理学院, 北京 100083
2.暨南大学经济与社会研究院, 广州, 510632

收稿日期:2025-06-30 接受日期:2025-12-05 出版日期:2026-01-20 发布日期:2026-02-06
通讯作者: 汤心萌
基金资助:
国家博士后创新人才支持计划(GZC20230251);国家博士后面上项目(2024M750194);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(200-GK122401318);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(YT6000052)

The driving path and mode of enterprises’ biodiversity conservation

Renjia Meng¹^,², Tao Qin¹, Xinmeng Tang¹^,^*()

1 School of Economics and Management, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
2 Institute for Economic and Social Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China

Received:2025-06-30 Accepted:2025-12-05 Online:2026-01-20 Published:2026-02-06
Contact: Xinmeng Tang
Supported by:
Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(GZC20230251);China Postdoctoral Science Foundation General Program(2024M750194);Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(200-GK122401318);Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(YT6000052)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

当前全球生物多样性保护面临严峻的资金缺口问题, 亟需市场资金参与以缓解资金压力。同时, 生物多样性风险已成为企业重要的系统性风险, 迫使企业必须积极应对。因此, 亟需在微观企业层面展开深入研究, 以系统揭示企业生物多样性保护的内在驱动机制, 为我国企业深化生物多样性保护实践提供理论支撑。基于此, 本文构建“技术资源禀赋-组织治理结构-环境情景驱动”三维分析框架, 针对我国沪深A股2006-2022年1,714家上市公司, 运用模糊集定性比较分析(fsQCA)方法, 从组态视角解析企业生物多样性保护的驱动机制。研究发现: (1)技术资源禀赋、组织治理结构和环境情景驱动三者协同构成企业生物多样性保护的必要条件; (2)识别出4种典型企业生物多样性保护驱动路径, 包括企业治理引导型、财务状况驱动型、市场压力倒逼型以及自然禀赋依托型, 其分别能够解释大约14%、16%、18%和23%企业的生物多样性保护策略; (3)我国企业保护行为呈现“外部驱动主导、主动引领为辅”特征; (4)驱动与阻碍路径存在“非对称性”, 低水平保护企业主要受限于内部环境受限型和环境引导失效型两种情境。本研究识别出的差异化驱动路径可为政府部门制定生物多样性保护分类指导政策、精准激励企业参与提供科学依据。本文通过拓展技术-组织-环境框架并运用组态视角, 构建了三维分析框架, 系统揭示了企业生物多样性保护的多元并发驱动机制, 深化了对微观企业环境责任行为的理论认知。

关键词: 生物多样性, 企业保护行为, 驱动路径, 技术-组织-环境理论, 组态分析

Abstract

Background & Aims: Global conservation of biodiversity is currently confronting severe challenges, among which the funding gap is particularly pronounced. There is an urgent need for innovative mechanisms to channel market-based capital into conservation efforts and to stimulate corporate initiative. However, there is a significant structural imbalance exists within the current academic literature. Research at the macro level, focusing on conservation governance philosophies and development models, is relatively abundant. In contrast, studies at the micro level, particularly those investigating the driving mechanisms of corporate behavior, remain scarce. A systematic understanding of the specific pathways and models through which enterprises can enhance their biodiversity conservation performance has yet to be fully developed. Consequently, there is a critical imperative to conduct in-depth research at the micro enterprise level. Such research is essential to systematically unravel the intrinsic driving mechanisms behind corporate biodiversity conservation, thereby providing a theoretical foundation for Chinese enterprises to deepen their practical engagement in biodiversity protection.

Methods: In light of this research gap, this study undertakes dual efforts at both theoretical and methodological levels. First, through a theoretical extension and contextual adaptation of the traditional technology-organization-environment (TOE) framework, we construct a three-dimensional integrated analytical framework termed “technical resource endowment-organizational governance structure-environmental context-driven”. This framework provides a systematic antecedent explanation for corporate biodiversity conservation behaviors. Second, leveraging panel data from 1,714 A-share listed companies on the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges’ (2006-2022), we empirically dissect the multiple driving pathways for corporate biodiversity conservation. This is achieved by applying the fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) method, which allows for an examination from a configurational perspective of causal conditions.

Results: (1) Within the modified TOE theoretical framework, the synergistic interaction of technical resource endowment, organizational governance structure, and environmental context-driven constituted a necessary condition for forming effective pathways driving high levels of corporate biodiversity conservation. No single dimension of these conditions was sufficient to effectively promote corporate biodiversity conservation on its own. (2) We identified several typical configurations leading to high levels of corporate biodiversity conservation. These archetypes included the corporate governance guided model, the financial condition driven model, the market pressure forced model, and the natural endowment reliant model. These configurations could explain the biodiversity conservation strategies of approximately 14%, 16%, 18%, and 23% of the sampled enterprises, respectively. (3) The current state of corporate biodiversity conservation in China was characterized by a distinct predominance of external drivers, with proactive leadership playing a supplementary role. Specifically, enterprises that were passively adapting, driven primarily by market pressures or natural resource endowments, collectively accounted for about 41% of the sample. In contrast, systematically proactive enterprises, characterized by active governance improvements or dedicated financial investments, constituted only 30%. (4) A significant “asymmetry” existed between the pathways that drive high levels of biodiversity conservation and those associated with low levels. Enterprises demonstrating low levels of biodiversity protection were primarily constrained by two specific situational configurations: the internal environment constrained type and the environmental guidance ineffective type.

Implications & Contributions: The differentiated driving pathways identified in this research offer a scientific basis for government agencies to formulate categorized guidance policies for biodiversity conservation. This enables more precise and targeted incentives to encourage corporate participation, moving beyond a one-size-fits-all approach. This study makes significant theoretical contributions by extending the TOE framework and employing a configurational perspective. The construction of the three-dimensional analytical framework systematically uncovers the multiple, concurrent driving mechanisms of corporate biodiversity conservation. This deepens the theoretical understanding of environmental responsibility behaviors at the micro-enterprise level, highlighting the complex interplay of factors that shape corporate action in this critical domain.

Key words: biodiversity, corporate conservation behavior, driving pathways, technology-organization-environment theory, configuration analysis

蒙仁嘉, 秦涛, 汤心萌 (2026) 企业生物多样性保护驱动路径与模式. 生物多样性, 34, 25246. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025246.

Renjia Meng, Tao Qin, Xinmeng Tang (2026) The driving path and mode of enterprises’ biodiversity conservation. Biodiversity Science, 34, 25246. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025246.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2025246

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2026/V34/I1/25246

图/表 7

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变量类型 Variable type	变量名称 Variable name	缩写 Symbols	变量描述 Variable description	来源 Data sources
结果变量 Result variable	企业生物多样性保护指数 Enterprise biodiversity conservation index	BDI	企业生物多样性保护表现 The performance of enterprises in biodiversity conservation	汤心萌和秦涛, 2025
前因变量 Antecedent variable	企业资产规模 Enterprise asset scale	SIZE	年末资产总额(亿元)取自然对数 The total assets at the end of the year (hundred million yuan) are taken as the natural logarithm	https://data.csmar.com/
	企业财务风险 Enterprise financial risk	LEV	年末资产负债率(%) Year-end asset-liability ratio (%)	https://data.csmar.com/
	董事会规模 Board size	BSIZE	董事会年末在职人数(人) The number of people on the board of directors at the end of the year	https://data.csmar.com/
	董事会独立性 Board independence	BI	独立董事年末在职人数占董事会年末在职人数的比例(%) The proportion of independent directors in service at the end of the year to the total number of directors in service at the end of the year (%)	https://data.csmar.com/
	市场认可度 Market recognition	EPS	税后利润比股本总数(%) After-tax profit ratio to total share capital (%)	https://data.csmar.com/
	区域经济水平 Regional economic level	PGDP	各省年度人均地区生产总值(亿元) Annual per capita regional GDP of each province (hundred million yuan)	https://data.csmar.com/
	环境规制强度 Intensity of environmental regulation	ER	工业污染治理投资总额比第二产业增加值(%) Total investment in industrial pollution control to the added value of the secondary industry (%)	https://data.csmar.com/
	国家公园建设 National park construction	NP	以2021年为分界点的5个正式设立国家公园的0-1变量 The 0-1 variable of the five officially established national parks with 2021 as the dividing point	https://www.stats.gov.cn/; https://www.mee.gov.cn/
	自然保护区面积 Area of nature reserve	NRA	各省市当年统计本地各级自然保护区面积总和(10⁴ha) The total area of nature reserves at all levels in each province and municipality as tallied in the current year (10⁴ha)	https://www.stats.gov.cn/; https://www.mee.gov.cn/

变量类型 Variable type	变量名称 Variable name	缩写 Symbols	变量描述 Variable description	来源 Data sources
结果变量 Result variable	企业生物多样性保护指数 Enterprise biodiversity conservation index	BDI	企业生物多样性保护表现 The performance of enterprises in biodiversity conservation	汤心萌和秦涛, 2025
前因变量 Antecedent variable	企业资产规模 Enterprise asset scale	SIZE	年末资产总额(亿元)取自然对数 The total assets at the end of the year (hundred million yuan) are taken as the natural logarithm	https://data.csmar.com/
	企业财务风险 Enterprise financial risk	LEV	年末资产负债率(%) Year-end asset-liability ratio (%)	https://data.csmar.com/
	董事会规模 Board size	BSIZE	董事会年末在职人数(人) The number of people on the board of directors at the end of the year	https://data.csmar.com/
	董事会独立性 Board independence	BI	独立董事年末在职人数占董事会年末在职人数的比例(%) The proportion of independent directors in service at the end of the year to the total number of directors in service at the end of the year (%)	https://data.csmar.com/
	市场认可度 Market recognition	EPS	税后利润比股本总数(%) After-tax profit ratio to total share capital (%)	https://data.csmar.com/
	区域经济水平 Regional economic level	PGDP	各省年度人均地区生产总值(亿元) Annual per capita regional GDP of each province (hundred million yuan)	https://data.csmar.com/
	环境规制强度 Intensity of environmental regulation	ER	工业污染治理投资总额比第二产业增加值(%) Total investment in industrial pollution control to the added value of the secondary industry (%)	https://data.csmar.com/
	国家公园建设 National park construction	NP	以2021年为分界点的5个正式设立国家公园的0-1变量 The 0-1 variable of the five officially established national parks with 2021 as the dividing point	https://www.stats.gov.cn/; https://www.mee.gov.cn/
	自然保护区面积 Area of nature reserve	NRA	各省市当年统计本地各级自然保护区面积总和(10⁴ha) The total area of nature reserves at all levels in each province and municipality as tallied in the current year (10⁴ha)	https://www.stats.gov.cn/; https://www.mee.gov.cn/

条件变量 Condition variable	高水平企业生物多样性保护指数 High-level of enterprise biodiversity conservation index		低水平企业生物多样性保护指数 Low-level of enterprise biodiversity conservation index
条件变量 Condition variable	一致性 Consistency	覆盖率 Coverage rate	一致性 Consistency	覆盖率 Coverage rate
企业资产规模 Enterprise asset scale	0.6527	0.8281	0.6667	0.5267
~企业资产规模 ~ Enterprise asset scale	0.6269	0.7514	0.7824	0.5838
企业财务风险 Enterprise financial risk	0.6434	0.7930	0.6993	0.5365
~企业财务风险 ~ Enterprise financial risk	0.6240	0.7693	0.7301	0.5603
董事会规模 Board size	0.6680	0.8511	0.7605	0.6032
~董事会规模 ~ Board size	0.6886	0.8220	0.8123	0.6036
董事会独立性 Board independence	0.5268	0.7680	0.5686	0.5160
~董事会独立性 ~ Board independence	0.6679	0.7132	0.7443	0.4947
市场认可度 Market recognition	0.6187	0.8156	0.6612	0.5426
~市场认可度 ~ Market recognition	0.6530	0.7559	0.7753	0.5587
区域经济水平 Regional economic level	0.6093	0.8097	0.6661	0.5510
~区域经济水平 ~ Regional economic level	0.6621	0.7611	0.7699	0.5509
环境规制强度 Intensity of environmental regulation	0.6253	0.7707	0.7489	0.5746
~环境规制强度 ~ Intensity of environmental regulation	0.6548	0.8073	0.7011	0.5380
国家公园建设 National park construction	0.0351	0.6447	0.0310	0.3539
~国家公园建设 ~ National park construction	0.9648	0.6153	0.9689	0.3846
自然保护区面积 Area of nature reserve	0.6032	0.7825	0.6841	0.5524
~自然保护区面积 ~Area of nature reserve	0.6549	0.7690	0.7306	0.5340

条件变量 Condition variable	高水平企业生物多样性保护指数 High-level of enterprise biodiversity conservation index		低水平企业生物多样性保护指数 Low-level of enterprise biodiversity conservation index
条件变量 Condition variable	一致性 Consistency	覆盖率 Coverage rate	一致性 Consistency	覆盖率 Coverage rate
企业资产规模 Enterprise asset scale	0.6527	0.8281	0.6667	0.5267
~企业资产规模 ~ Enterprise asset scale	0.6269	0.7514	0.7824	0.5838
企业财务风险 Enterprise financial risk	0.6434	0.7930	0.6993	0.5365
~企业财务风险 ~ Enterprise financial risk	0.6240	0.7693	0.7301	0.5603
董事会规模 Board size	0.6680	0.8511	0.7605	0.6032
~董事会规模 ~ Board size	0.6886	0.8220	0.8123	0.6036
董事会独立性 Board independence	0.5268	0.7680	0.5686	0.5160
~董事会独立性 ~ Board independence	0.6679	0.7132	0.7443	0.4947
市场认可度 Market recognition	0.6187	0.8156	0.6612	0.5426
~市场认可度 ~ Market recognition	0.6530	0.7559	0.7753	0.5587
区域经济水平 Regional economic level	0.6093	0.8097	0.6661	0.5510
~区域经济水平 ~ Regional economic level	0.6621	0.7611	0.7699	0.5509
环境规制强度 Intensity of environmental regulation	0.6253	0.7707	0.7489	0.5746
~环境规制强度 ~ Intensity of environmental regulation	0.6548	0.8073	0.7011	0.5380
国家公园建设 National park construction	0.0351	0.6447	0.0310	0.3539
~国家公园建设 ~ National park construction	0.9648	0.6153	0.9689	0.3846
自然保护区面积 Area of nature reserve	0.6032	0.7825	0.6841	0.5524
~自然保护区面积 ~Area of nature reserve	0.6549	0.7690	0.7306	0.5340

条件组态 Conditional configuration	H1	H2	H3	H4
条件组态 Conditional configuration	H1	H2	H3	H4a	H4b
企业资产规模 Enterprise asset scale	☒	●	☒	●	●
企业财务风险 Enterprise financial risk	⚪	●	☒	●	●
董事会规模 Board size	●	⚪	⚪	●	●
董事会独立性 Board independence	☒	⚪	⚪	☒	■
市场认可度 Market recognition	☒	●	●	☒	●
区域经济水平 Regional economic level	■	■	☒	■	■
环境规制强度 Intensity of environmental regulation	☒	⊗	■	☒	☒
国家公园建设 National park construction	⚪	⊗	☒	⚪	⚪
自然保护区面积 Area of nature reserve	☒	☒	☒	■	■
原始覆盖度 Raw coverage	0.1443	0.1634	0.1754	0.1272	0.0936
唯一覆盖度 Unique coverage	0.0010	0.0020	0.0024	0.0015	0.0006
解的覆盖度 Overall solution coverage	0.8898
解的一致性 Overall solution consistency	0.8238

企业生物多样性保护驱动路径与模式

The driving path and mode of enterprises’ biodiversity conservation

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驱动路径 Driving path	内容阐释 Content explanation	特点 Features
企业治理引导型(H1) Enterprise governance guidance (H1)	多元化、专业化、规模化的董事会管理层作为企业关键治理杠杆, 通过“决策广度-资源整合-长期导向”机制, 引导资源流向生物多样性保护项目, 影响企业生物多样性保护成效 The diversified, professional and large-scale board management team, as a key governance lever of the enterprise, guides resources towards biodiversity conservation projects through the mechanism of “decision-making breadth- resource integration-long-term orientation”, influencing the effectiveness of the enterprise’s biodiversity conservation	发挥“董事会治理效应”, 强调企业治理的主动性和灵活性 Give full play to the “board governance effect” and emphasize the initiative and flexibility of corporate governance
财务状况驱动型(H2) Financial- driven (H2)	规模化、稳健性、风险低的企业财务状况为企业重塑资源竞争优势, 通过“资源规模-风险缓冲-投资韧性”机制, 为企业生物多样性实践项目提供可持续支撑, 驱动企业生物多样性保护 The financial status of large-scale, stable and low-risk enterprises helps them reshape their resource competitive advantages. Through the mechanism of “resource scale-risk buffer-investment resilience”, it provides sustainable support for the enterprise’s biodiversity practice projects and drives the protection of enterprise biodiversity	激活“财务乘数效应”, 强调资金支持的战略性和可持续性 Activate the “financial multiplier effect” and emphasize the strategic and sustainable nature of financial support
市场压力倒逼型(H3) Market pressure-driven (H3)	当企业自身财务和管理能力较弱, 且外部资源竞争激烈时, 市场的生物多样性保护投资偏好迫使企业调整并适应, 通过“投资者预期-竞争压力-市场定位”机制, 倒逼企业调整企业形象和市场定位, 探索生物多样性保护策略 When a company’s own financial and management capabilities are weak and the competition for external resources is fierce, the market’s investment preference for biodiversity conservation forces the company to adjust and adapt. Through the mechanism of “investor expectations- competitive pressure-market positioning”, the company is compelled to adjust its corporate image and market positioning and explore strategies for biodiversity conservation	借势“市场倒逼效应”, 强调压力竞争的革新性和转型性 Taking advantage of the “market-driven effect”, it emphasizes the innovative and transformative nature of pressure competition
自然禀赋依托型(H4a & H4b) Natural endowment dependent (H4a & H4b)	在自身情况稳健基础上, 企业所处区域拥有丰富、独特、密集的生物多样性自然禀赋资源, 形成独具特色的生态资源耦合优势, 通过“生态本底-资源富集-资源溢价”机制, 将企业区位禀赋转化为保护动能, 赋能企业生物多样性保护实践 Based on its own stable situation, the region where the enterprise is located possesses rich, unique and dense natural endowment resources of biodiversity, forming a distinctive ecological resource coupling advantage. Through the mechanism of “ecological background-resource enrichment-resource premium”, the enterprise’s location endowment is transformed into protection momentum, empowering the enterprise’s biodiversity protection practice		释放“自然禀赋效应”, 强调地理区位和自然禀赋的重要性和独特性 Unleash the “natural endowment effect”, emphasizing the significance and uniqueness of geographical location and natural endowment
自然禀赋依托型(H4a & H4b) Natural endowment dependent (H4a & H4b)

限制路径 Restricted path	基本缺失条件 Basic missing conditions	核心缺失条件 Core missing conditions	内容阐释 Content explanations	特点 Features
内生因素约束型(L1 & L2) Endogenous factor constraint (L1 & L2)			企业治理能力欠佳及资产体量有限等企业内生性禀赋缺陷, 作为关键制约瓶颈, 通过“治理短板-资源匮乏-能力受限”传导机制, 削弱企业生物多样性保护的决策效能与执行基础, 导致保护实践难以突破低水平均衡 The inherent endowment deficiencies of enterprises such as poor corporate governance capabilities and limited asset volumes, as key constraints, weaken the decision-making efficiency and implementation foundation of enterprises in biodiversity conservation through the transmission mechanism of “governance shortcomings-resource scarcity-capacity limitations”, making it difficult for conservation practices to break through the low-level equilibrium	受限于“内生因素约束效应”, 强调企业自身短板的限制性和刚性 Constrained by the “endogenous factor constraint effect”, it emphasizes the limitations and rigidity of the enterprise’s own shortcomings
外源因素抑制型(L3 & L4) Exogenous factor inhibitory (L3 & L4)			投资市场低迷与区域经济发展滞后构成的双重外源压力, 通过“需求抑制-投入受限-反馈缺失”作用链条, 削弱企业开展生物多样性保护的经济激励与社会认同, 形成低水平保护的路径依赖, 生物多样性保护呈现弱态 The dual external pressures formed by the sluggish investment market and the lagging regional economic development, through the chain of action of “demand suppression-input limitation-feedback deficiency”, weaken the economic incentives and social recognition for enterprises to carry out biodiversity conservation, resulting in a path dependence of low-level conservation and a weak state of biodiversity conservation	受限于“外源因素抑制效应”, 强调外部因素的叠加性和封锁性 Constrained by the “inhibitory effect of external factors”, it emphasizes the superposition and blocking nature of external factors

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