中亚荒漠区沙拐枣属的分布格局与物种多样性

doi:10.17520/biods.2025086

生物多样性 ›› 2025, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (8): 25086. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025086 cstr: 32101.14.biods.2025086

• 遗传多样性及保护专题 • 上一篇下一篇

中亚荒漠区沙拐枣属的分布格局与物种多样性

冯缨¹, 宋凤², 金光照³, 葛学军³^,^*()

¹ 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所荒漠与绿洲生态国家重点实验室, 乌鲁木齐 830011, 中国
² 中南林业科技大学生命与环境科学学院, 长沙 410004, 中国
³ 中国科学院华南植物园, 广州 510650, 中国
⁴ Laboratory of Geobotany, Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100125, Uzbekistan

收稿日期:2025-03-13 接受日期:2025-09-23 出版日期:2025-08-20 发布日期:2025-10-16
通讯作者: *E-mail: xjge@scbg.ac.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(42271072);中国科学院战略生物资源计划和中青年教师(科研类)培养项目(USYJSPY24-70)

Distribution patterns and species diversity of the genus Calligonum in the desert regions of Central Asia

Ying Feng¹, Feng Song², Guangzhao Jin³, Komiljon Tojibaev⁴, Xuejun Ge³^,^*()

¹ State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
² School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
³ South China National Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
⁴ Laboratory of Geobotany, Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100125, Uzbekistan

Received:2025-03-13 Accepted:2025-09-23 Online:2025-08-20 Published:2025-10-16
Contact: *E-mail: xjge@scbg.ac.cn
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42271072);Biological Resources Programme of Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Mentoring Program for Mid-Career Faculty in Research(USYJSPY24-70)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本研究旨在系统解析沙拐枣属(Calligonum)的物种多样性、分布格局及环境适应机制, 为其分类修订提供科学依据。研究方法包括: 整合全球分类学数据及全球生物多样性信息网络(GBIF)等多源数据库, 以厘清其全球分布格局; 基于Tashkent Plant Herbarium (TASH)馆藏标本开展中亚地区瘦果形态测量与比较; 结合多学科文献, 探讨其系统发育关系、染色体变异及生态适应机制。结果表明: 沙拐枣属广泛分布于自撒哈拉至中亚的干旱区域, 其中中亚为分布与多样性中心(共记载34种), 中国作为分布东缘共发现23种, 与中亚共有种有17种, 呈现典型的环古地中海间断分布格局, 这可能与喜马拉雅隆升等地质事件相关。该属分布受水分、温度和土壤因子的共同影响, 主要集中于年降水量低于200 mm的干旱区, 物种间水分利用策略差异显著, 低温与季节性温度变化限制其向北扩散, 土壤偏好低盐、强碱性及沙壤类型。通过生理调节与化学计量等多层次策略适应干旱环境, 并表现出明显的生态位分化。依据传统形态分类可将其划分为4个组, 但分子系统学研究表明其组间存在交叉与嵌入, 传统分类体系亟待修订。果实形态变异显著, 基翅组可能为杂交起源, 表现为果实偏大。细胞遗传学分析显示染色体以二倍体和四倍体为主, 二倍体多分布于环境稳定区域, 而多倍体更常见于生境异质性较高的地区。系统发育分析支持该属为单系群, 但种间关系复杂, 存在高遗传分化、有限基因流及非单系起源等现象, 干旱加剧可能进一步促进了种系分化。沙拐枣属作为中亚干旱区关键类群, 具有丰富的物种多样性及快速演化潜力。今后需整合基因组学与生态学等多学科方法, 深化对其物种形成与适应机制的认识, 并推进以种质保存与生态修复为核心的综合保护策略, 以实现该属及其生态功能的长期可持续存续。

关键词: 中亚荒漠区, 沙拐枣属, 分布中心, 物种多样性

Abstract

Background & Aim: This study aims to clarify the species diversity, distribution patterns, and environmental adaptation mechanisms of the genus Calligonum, in order to provide a scientific basis for its taxonomic revision. Global taxonomic data and multi-source databases including Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) were integrated to clarify its global distribution pattern; morphological measurements and comparative analyses of achenes from Central Asian specimens in the Tashkent Plant Herbarium (TASH) collection were conducted; a systematic investigation of its phylogenetic relationships, chromosomal variations, and ecological adaptation mechanisms was carried out through a multidisciplinary literature review.

Review Results: Calligonumwas widely distributed across arid regions from the Sahara to Central Asia, with Central Asia serving as its distribution and diversity center (34 recorded species). As the eastern margin of its distribution, China hosted 23 species, 17 of which were shared with Central Asia. This disjunct circum-Mediterranean distribution pattern may be associated with geological events such as the uplift of the Himalayas. The distribution of Calligonum was co-influenced by moisture, temperature, and soil factors. It was primarily found in arid zones with annual precipitation below 200 mm, exhibiting significant interspecific divergence in water-use strategies. Low temperatures and seasonal variations restricted its northward expansion, and it showed a preference for low-salinity, highly alkaline, and sandy soil types. The genus employed multi-level adaptive strategies, including physiological regulation and stoichiometric adjustments, to cope with arid conditions, thereby demonstrating clear ecological niche differentiation.

Perspectives: As a keystone taxon in the arid regions of Central Asia, Calligonum exhibits rich species diversity and rapid evolutionary potential. Future studies should integrate multidisciplinary approaches such as genomics and ecology to enhance understanding of its speciation and adaptation mechanisms. Furthermore, comprehensive conservation strategies focusing on germplasm preservation and ecological restoration should be promoted to ensure the long-term sustainability of the genus and its ecological functions.

Key words: Central Asian desert region, Calligonum, distribution center, species diversity

冯缨, 宋凤, 金光照, 葛学军 (2025) 中亚荒漠区沙拐枣属的分布格局与物种多样性. 生物多样性, 33, 25086. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025086.

Ying Feng, Feng Song, Guangzhao Jin, Komiljon Tojibaev, Xuejun Ge (2025) Distribution patterns and species diversity of the genus Calligonum in the desert regions of Central Asia. Biodiversity Science, 33, 25086. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025086.

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https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2025/V33/I8/25086

图/表 2

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组名 Section name	种名 Species	种的合并 Taxonomic synonymization
泡果组 Sect. Calliphysa	泡果沙拐枣 C. junceum	C. juncea, C. calliphysa, C. bykovii
刺果组 Sect. Medusa	精河沙拐枣 C. ebinuricum	三列沙拐枣 C. trifarium
	C. rubescens	C. rubens, C. comosum, C. alaschanicum, C. prszewalskii, 小沙拐枣 C. pumilum, C. griseum, C. pellucidum, C. turkestanicum, C. amoenum, C. intertextum, C. jimunaicum
	C. microcarpum	C. minimum, C. elatum
	C. litwinowii	戈壁沙拐枣 C. gobicum, 蒙古沙拐枣 C. mongolicum, C. koslovii, 河西沙拐枣 C. potaninii, 甘肃沙拐枣 C. chinense, 柴达木沙拐枣 C. zaidamense, 塔里木沙拐枣 C. roborowskii, C. ferganense, 库尔勒沙拐枣 C. korlaense, 英吉沙沙拐枣 C. yengisaricum
	头状沙拐枣 C. caput-medusae	C. cancellatum, 密刺沙拐枣 C. densum
翅果组 Sect. Pterococcus	C. tetrapterum	C. bungei, C. denticulatum, C. stenopterum, C. tripterum
	淡枝沙拐枣 C. leucocladum	C. aralense, C. batiola, C. gracile, C. lipsky, C. membranaceum var. nudum, C. obtusum, C. patens, C. litvinovii, C. acanthopterum var. subnudum, C. alatiforme, C. alatiforme var. aculeolatum, C. lanciculatum, C. physopterum, C. plicatum, C. rigidum var. australe, C. undulatum var. australe, C. cordipterum, C. elegans, C. integrum, C. karakalpakense, C. margelanicum, C. parvulum, C. uzunachmatense
	C. leucocladum subsp. persicum	C. persicum, C. quadripterum, C. golbeckii, C. gypsaceum, C. leucocladiforme, C. orthocarpum, C. roseum, C. elegans subsp. tadshikistanicum, C. alatiforme subsp. roseum, C. patens subsp. pamiroalaicum
	无叶沙拐枣 C. aphyllum	C. cartilagineum, C. eugenii-korovinii, C. spinulosum, C. tenue, C. membranaceum, C. alatum, C. alatum var. dentatum, C. borszczowii, C. humile, C. rigidum, C. undulatum, C. aculeatum, C. rigidum var. aculeatum, C. commune, C. aphyllum var. commune, C. crispatum, C. aphyllum var. crispatum, C. lamellaturn, C. aphyllum var. lamellatum, C. palibinii, C. aphyllum var. androssowii, C. alatum var. involutum, C. oxiciam, C. pseudohumile, C. tortile, C. ustjurtense
	红果沙拐枣 C. rubicundum	C. crispum, C. affine, C. dissectum, C. spinosissimum, C. pavlovii, C. dissectum, C. affine, C. flavidum, C. flavidum var. sectatum, C. russanovii, C. involutum, C. coriaceum, C. aequilaterale var. pyramidatum, C. babakiamim, C. connivens, C. cordiforme, C. diversiforme, C. durum, C. falcilobum, C. inaequale, C. irtyschense, C. josephii, C. kurotschkinae, C. nudatum, C. ozunraicum, C. pappii, C. parvum, C. pseudotenue, C. rubidum, C. sinuoso-aculeolatum, C. subcomplanatum
	Calligonum turbineum	C. flavidum var. iliense, C. cartilagineum, C. eugenii-korovinii, C. tenu, C. turbineum var. subulatum, C. aphyllum subsp. heptapotamicum
基翅组 Sect. Calligonum	Calligonum polygonoides	C. comosum, C. intertextum, C. polygonoides subsp. comosum
	Calligonum laristanicum	C. polygonoides sub. laristanicum
	Calligonum setosum	C. densiforme, C. rotovii, C. acanthopterum var. setosum, C. molle, C. setosum var. majus, C. pulcherrimum, C. kzyl-kumi, C. fragile, C. nardinae, C. aciferum
	Calligonum acanthopterum	C. rotula, C. compactum, C. repetekense, C. rotovii
	Calligonum bakuense	C. petunnikowii
	Calligonum crispum	C. spinosissimum, C. pavlovii, C. crispum var. recticarpum

组名 Section name	种名 Species	种的合并 Taxonomic synonymization
泡果组 Sect. Calliphysa	泡果沙拐枣 C. junceum	C. juncea, C. calliphysa, C. bykovii
刺果组 Sect. Medusa	精河沙拐枣 C. ebinuricum	三列沙拐枣 C. trifarium
	C. rubescens	C. rubens, C. comosum, C. alaschanicum, C. prszewalskii, 小沙拐枣 C. pumilum, C. griseum, C. pellucidum, C. turkestanicum, C. amoenum, C. intertextum, C. jimunaicum
	C. microcarpum	C. minimum, C. elatum
	C. litwinowii	戈壁沙拐枣 C. gobicum, 蒙古沙拐枣 C. mongolicum, C. koslovii, 河西沙拐枣 C. potaninii, 甘肃沙拐枣 C. chinense, 柴达木沙拐枣 C. zaidamense, 塔里木沙拐枣 C. roborowskii, C. ferganense, 库尔勒沙拐枣 C. korlaense, 英吉沙沙拐枣 C. yengisaricum
	头状沙拐枣 C. caput-medusae	C. cancellatum, 密刺沙拐枣 C. densum
翅果组 Sect. Pterococcus	C. tetrapterum	C. bungei, C. denticulatum, C. stenopterum, C. tripterum
	淡枝沙拐枣 C. leucocladum	C. aralense, C. batiola, C. gracile, C. lipsky, C. membranaceum var. nudum, C. obtusum, C. patens, C. litvinovii, C. acanthopterum var. subnudum, C. alatiforme, C. alatiforme var. aculeolatum, C. lanciculatum, C. physopterum, C. plicatum, C. rigidum var. australe, C. undulatum var. australe, C. cordipterum, C. elegans, C. integrum, C. karakalpakense, C. margelanicum, C. parvulum, C. uzunachmatense
	C. leucocladum subsp. persicum	C. persicum, C. quadripterum, C. golbeckii, C. gypsaceum, C. leucocladiforme, C. orthocarpum, C. roseum, C. elegans subsp. tadshikistanicum, C. alatiforme subsp. roseum, C. patens subsp. pamiroalaicum
	无叶沙拐枣 C. aphyllum	C. cartilagineum, C. eugenii-korovinii, C. spinulosum, C. tenue, C. membranaceum, C. alatum, C. alatum var. dentatum, C. borszczowii, C. humile, C. rigidum, C. undulatum, C. aculeatum, C. rigidum var. aculeatum, C. commune, C. aphyllum var. commune, C. crispatum, C. aphyllum var. crispatum, C. lamellaturn, C. aphyllum var. lamellatum, C. palibinii, C. aphyllum var. androssowii, C. alatum var. involutum, C. oxiciam, C. pseudohumile, C. tortile, C. ustjurtense
	红果沙拐枣 C. rubicundum	C. crispum, C. affine, C. dissectum, C. spinosissimum, C. pavlovii, C. dissectum, C. affine, C. flavidum, C. flavidum var. sectatum, C. russanovii, C. involutum, C. coriaceum, C. aequilaterale var. pyramidatum, C. babakiamim, C. connivens, C. cordiforme, C. diversiforme, C. durum, C. falcilobum, C. inaequale, C. irtyschense, C. josephii, C. kurotschkinae, C. nudatum, C. ozunraicum, C. pappii, C. parvum, C. pseudotenue, C. rubidum, C. sinuoso-aculeolatum, C. subcomplanatum
	Calligonum turbineum	C. flavidum var. iliense, C. cartilagineum, C. eugenii-korovinii, C. tenu, C. turbineum var. subulatum, C. aphyllum subsp. heptapotamicum
基翅组 Sect. Calligonum	Calligonum polygonoides	C. comosum, C. intertextum, C. polygonoides subsp. comosum
	Calligonum laristanicum	C. polygonoides sub. laristanicum
	Calligonum setosum	C. densiforme, C. rotovii, C. acanthopterum var. setosum, C. molle, C. setosum var. majus, C. pulcherrimum, C. kzyl-kumi, C. fragile, C. nardinae, C. aciferum
	Calligonum acanthopterum	C. rotula, C. compactum, C. repetekense, C. rotovii
	Calligonum bakuense	C. petunnikowii
	Calligonum crispum	C. spinosissimum, C. pavlovii, C. crispum var. recticarpum

中亚荒漠区沙拐枣属的分布格局与物种多样性

Distribution patterns and species diversity of the genus Calligonum in the desert regions of Central Asia

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