圈养川金丝猴行为谱、PAE编码系统及行为节律

doi:10.17520/biods.2025133

生物多样性 ›› 2025, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (10): 25133. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025133 cstr: 32101.14.biods.2025133

• 研究报告: 动物多样性 • 上一篇下一篇

圈养川金丝猴行为谱、PAE编码系统及行为节律

罗怀英¹^,^#, 张超¹^,²^,³^,^#, 钱长江¹, 李剑峰¹^,⁴, 程搏幸¹, 何勇¹, 孙悦¹^,⁴^,^*()

1.贵州师范学院生物科学学院, 贵阳 550018
2.广西大学动物科学技术学院, 南宁 530004
3.贵州森林野生动物园, 贵州修文 550200
4.贵州省高等学校生物资源开发利用重点实验室, 贵阳 550018

收稿日期:2025-04-08 接受日期:2025-08-08 出版日期:2025-10-20 发布日期:2025-11-21
通讯作者: * E-mail: sunyue@ioz.ac.cn
作者简介:# 共同第一作者
基金资助:
贵州省林业局科研项目(QLKH〔2023〕11);贵州省林业局科研项目(QLKH〔2025〕11);贵州师范学院博士项目(2021BS041);贵州师范学院博士项目(2021BS042);贵州师范学院博士项目(2024YB005);贵州师范学院博士项目(2024BS011);贵州师范学院博士项目(2024BS006);贵州省高等学校生物资源开发利用重点实验室(QJJ〔2022〕31);贵州省科技计划——优秀青年科技人才计划项目(Qiankehe Platform Talent〔2021〕5625);贵州省科技计划项目(QKHJ〔2020〕1Z077);贵州省重点科技研发计划(2023-225)

Ethogram, PAE coding system, and behavioral rhythm of captive golden snub-nosed monkeys

Huaiying Luo¹^,^#, Chao Zhang¹^,²^,³^,^#, Changjiang Qian¹, Jianfeng Li¹^,⁴, Boxing Cheng¹, Yong He¹, Yue Sun¹^,⁴^,^*()

1 School of Biological Sciences, Guizhou Education University, Guiyang 550018, China
2 College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
3 Guizhou Forest and Wildlife Park, Xiuwen, Guizhou 550200, China
4 Key Laboratory of Biological Resources Exploitation and Utilization in Colleges and Universities of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550018, China

Received:2025-04-08 Accepted:2025-08-08 Online:2025-10-20 Published:2025-11-21
Contact: * E-mail: sunyue@ioz.ac.cn
About author:# Co-first authors
Supported by:
Guizhou Provincial Forestry Bureau Research Project(QLKH〔2023〕11);Guizhou Provincial Forestry Bureau Research Project(QLKH〔2025〕11);Guizhou Education University Doctoral Program(2021BS041);Guizhou Education University Doctoral Program(2021BS042);Guizhou Education University Doctoral Program(2024YB005);Guizhou Education University Doctoral Program(2024BS011);Guizhou Education University Doctoral Program(2024BS006);Key Laboratory of Biological Resources Exploitation and Utilization in Colleges and Universities of Guizhou Province(QJJ〔2022〕31);Excellent Young Scientist Program under Guizhou Science and Technology Plan(Qiankehe Platform Talent〔2021〕5625);Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Plan Project(QKHJ〔2020〕1Z077);Guizhou Province Key Science and Technology Research and Development Program(2023-225)

1. 附录.pdf(629KB)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

圈养动物行为研究对于改善动物福利、优化管理策略、指导濒危物种保护性繁殖以及揭示环境适应机制具有重要的科学价值。2022年10月至2023年12月, 作者在贵州森林野生动物园采用目标动物取样法与瞬时扫描记录法, 对圈养川金丝猴(Rhinopithecus roxellana)的行为内容、发生环境及其时间节律进行了系统观察与记录。基于“姿势-动作-环境” (posture-act-environment, PAE)三维框架, 结合行为的生态功能进行编码, 构建了适用于川金丝猴的PAE行为分类系统, 并据此建立系统的PAE行为谱。研究共记录到20种姿势、99种动作和69种行为, 并将行为划分为觅食、取食、亲密、调温、休息、运动、异常、繁殖、育幼、交配和其他共11个类别。不同年龄组的川金丝猴在日活动时间分配上表现出显著差异: 成年个体的休息行为频率高于青年个体, 而青年个体在运动、取食及游戏行为上的频率更高。在取食高峰期, 川金丝猴的休息频率下降, 运动频率上升; 在非取食高峰期, 其中午前运动频率逐渐降低, 随后缓慢回升至第2个取食高峰前达到峰值, 之后再度下降, 休息频率的变化趋势则与此相反。理毛行为与游戏行为的频率在中午时段达到高峰, 攻击行为及其他行为的整体频率变化较为平缓。本研究结果可为提升圈养川金丝猴的环境丰容水平、基础设施配置及食物供给策略等饲养管理措施提供理论依据。

关键词: 川金丝猴, 行为谱, PAE编码系统, 时间分配, 活动节律

Abstract

Aims: Research on the behavior of captive animals has significant scientific value for improving animal welfare, optimizing management strategies, guiding conservation breeding of endangered species, and revealing mechanisms of environmental adaptation. Golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana), a first-class nationally protected species in China, currently lack systematic behavioral studies across age groups based on individual identification. This research provides a theoretical basis for improving environmental enrichment, enclosure infrastructure, and food supply for captive golden snub-nosed monkeys.

Methods: From October 2022 to December 2023, we observed and recorded the behavior of captive golden snub-nosed monkeys at the Guizhou Forest and Wildlife Park. Based on the current population status of this species in captivity, we systematically documented behavioral expressions of target individuals, established an ethogram for captive golden snub-nosed monkeys, and used the PAE (posture-act-environment) coding system to classify and code the observed behaviors. Behavioral diagrams were constructed, and the time allocation patterns and behavioral rhythms of the monkeys were analyzed.

Results: The constructed PAE ethogram included 20 postures, 99 actions, and 69 distinct behaviors. These were classified into 11 categories: foraging, feeding, intimacy, thermoregulation, rest, movement, abnormal behaviors, reproduction, parenting, mating, and others. The daily activity distribution and rhythms of monkeys of different ages showed resting as the dominant activity, followed by movement, feeding, grooming, play, and aggression. Significant age-related differences were observed: adults rested more frequently, whereas juveniles engaged more often in movement, feeding, and play. During feeding peaks, resting decreased while movement increased. Outside feeding peaks, movement declined before noon, rose again until the second feeding peak, then declined. Grooming and play peaked around midday, while aggression and other behaviors remained relatively stable.

Conclusion: This study systematically documented the daytime behavior of captive golden snub-nosed monkeys, established a standardized classification system based on the PAE coding framework, and analyzed time allocation and behavioral rhythms. The findings indicate that the monkeys’ activity patterns align with the species’ typical energy-saving strategy while also reflecting adaptive adjustments to artificial feeding regimes. The PAE coding system developed here offers a quantifiable, repeatable method for behavioral research in captive primates, enhancing objectivity and comparability in ethological studies. These results provide a scientific basis for optimizing management practices for captive golden snub-nosed monkeys and lay the groundwork for welfare assessment and future behavioral ecology studies of wild populations.

Key words: golden snub-nosed monkey, ethogram, PAE coding system, time allocation, activity rhythm

罗怀英, 张超, 钱长江, 李剑峰, 程搏幸, 何勇, 孙悦 (2025) 圈养川金丝猴行为谱、PAE编码系统及行为节律. 生物多样性, 33, 25133. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025133.

Huaiying Luo, Chao Zhang, Changjiang Qian, Jianfeng Li, Boxing Cheng, Yong He, Yue Sun (2025) Ethogram, PAE coding system, and behavioral rhythm of captive golden snub-nosed monkeys. Biodiversity Science, 33, 25133. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025133.

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https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2025/V33/I10/25133

图/表 6

参考文献 29

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个体 Individual	笼舍 Cage	年龄 Age (year)	性别 Gender	社会关系 Social relations
大王 Dawang	A	> 3	雄性 Male	主雄性 Alpha male
西西 Xixi	A	> 3	雌性 Female	大王配偶 Spouse of Dawang
叮当妈妈 Dingdang mom	A	> 3	雌性 Female	大王配偶 Spouse of Dawang
小23 Xiao 23	A	0.5-1	雌性 Female	叮当妈妈的幼崽 Dingdang mom’s cub
叮当 Dingdang	B	> 3	雄性 Male	主雄性 Alpha male
黑手背 Heishoubei	B	> 3	雌性 Female	大王配偶 Spouse of Dawang
花手背 Huashoubei	B	> 3	雌性 Female	大王配偶 Spouse of Dawang
花花 Huahua	B	1-2	雄性 Male	花手背的幼崽 Huashoubei’s cub
桃桃 Taotao	B	1-2	雌性 Female	黑手背的幼崽 Heishoubei’s cub

个体 Individual	笼舍 Cage	年龄 Age (year)	性别 Gender	社会关系 Social relations
大王 Dawang	A	> 3	雄性 Male	主雄性 Alpha male
西西 Xixi	A	> 3	雌性 Female	大王配偶 Spouse of Dawang
叮当妈妈 Dingdang mom	A	> 3	雌性 Female	大王配偶 Spouse of Dawang
小23 Xiao 23	A	0.5-1	雌性 Female	叮当妈妈的幼崽 Dingdang mom’s cub
叮当 Dingdang	B	> 3	雄性 Male	主雄性 Alpha male
黑手背 Heishoubei	B	> 3	雌性 Female	大王配偶 Spouse of Dawang
花手背 Huashoubei	B	> 3	雌性 Female	大王配偶 Spouse of Dawang
花花 Huahua	B	1-2	雄性 Male	花手背的幼崽 Huashoubei’s cub
桃桃 Taotao	B	1-2	雌性 Female	黑手背的幼崽 Heishoubei’s cub

编码 Code	姿势 Posture	编码 Code	姿势 Posture
1	站 Standing	11	悬挂 Hanging
2	立 Rearing	12	爬跨 Mounting
3	走 Walking	13	匍匐 Crawling
4	爬(攀爬) Climbing	14	臂摆荡 Brachiation
5	坐 Sitting	15	携挂 Carrying
6	跑 Running	16	蹲 Squatting
7	趴 Groveling	17	环抚 Circular stroking
8	跳 Jumping	18	上身展体 Body stretching
9	躺 Lying	19	蜷缩 Crouching
10	抱 Cradling	20	拉尾 Tail pulling

编码 Code	姿势 Posture	编码 Code	姿势 Posture
1	站 Standing	11	悬挂 Hanging
2	立 Rearing	12	爬跨 Mounting
3	走 Walking	13	匍匐 Crawling
4	爬(攀爬) Climbing	14	臂摆荡 Brachiation
5	坐 Sitting	15	携挂 Carrying
6	跑 Running	16	蹲 Squatting
7	趴 Groveling	17	环抚 Circular stroking
8	跳 Jumping	18	上身展体 Body stretching
9	躺 Lying	19	蜷缩 Crouching
10	抱 Cradling	20	拉尾 Tail pulling

部位 Part	编码 Code	动作 Act	部位 Part	编码 Code	动作 Act
头颈部 Head and neck			四肢 Arms and legs
	1	摇头 Shake head		50	按 Press
	2	晃头 Dazzle head		51	抓 Grasp
	3	上抬 Raise head		52	握 Hold
	4	下低 Lower head		53	理毛 Groom
	5	摆头 Swing		54	扒 Strip
	6	左转 Turn left		55	拉 Haul
	7	右转 Turn right		56	抱 Embrace
	8	前倾 Extend forward		57	拍 Slapping
	9	缩头 Shrink head		58	四肢站立 Standing
	10	蹭 Scrape		59	后肢站立 Hindlegs stand
	11	甩头 Throw head		60	摸 Touch
眼耳鼻部 Eyes, ears and nose				61	前迈步 Step forward
	12	闭眼 Close eyes		62	侧迈步 Side diagonally
	13	眨眼 Blink		63	跳 Jump
	14	注视 Watch		64	单前肢弯曲 A foreleg bends
	15	眺望 Overlook		65	单前肢伸展 A foreleg straightens
	16	出气 Exhale		66	前肢弯曲 Forelegs bent
	17	吸气 Inhale		67	打 Impact
	18	嗅 Sniff		68	搓 Rub
腰腹部 Waist and abdomen				69	前肢伸展 Forelegs straight
	19	抖 Shiver		70	单后肢弯曲 A hindleg bends
	20	塌腰 Cave		71	单后肢伸展 A hindleg straightens
	21	弯腰 Bend		72	后肢弯曲 Hindlegs bent
	22	平腰 Plane		73	后肢伸展 Hindlegs straight
	23	弓背 Hunch back		74	前肢抬起 Forelegs raise
	24	左转身 Turn left		75	后肢抬起 Hindlegs raise
	25	右转身 Turn right		76	掀 Uncover
	26	排粪 Defecate		77	踩 Stamp
	27	排尿 Urinate		78	扶 Lean
	28	抬尾 Tail shake		79	揪 Drag
	29	翘尾 Tail raised		80	捏 Pinch
	30	展腰 Stretch		81	抱头 Embrace head
嘴部 Mouth				82	挖 Dig
	31	啃 Gnaw		83	荡 Wander
	32	嚼 Chew		84	勃起 Erect
	33	舔 Lick		85	插入 Insert
	34	咬 Bite		86	射精 Ejaculate
	35	撕 Rip		87	停顿 Pause
	36	衔 Hold in mouth		88	退下 Withdraw
	37	张嘴 Open mouth		89	抽动 Vellicate
	38	露齿 Showing teeth		90	丢 Throw
	39	吞咽 Swallow		91	蹬腿 Drive leg
	40	闭嘴 Close mouth		92	摇 Shake
	41	呵欠 Yawn		93	摘 Pluck
	42	扯 Pull		94	扣 Buckle
	43	喷气 Blow		95	触 Touch
	44	伸舌 Tongue out		96	接住 Catch
	45	嚎叫 Howl		97	揉 Knead
	46	吼叫 Roar		98	揽 Pull into arms
	47	牙齿发颤 Teeth chattering		99	挠 Scratch
	48	吐 Vomit
	49	喝 Drink

圈养川金丝猴行为谱、PAE编码系统及行为节律

Ethogram, PAE coding system, and behavioral rhythm of captive golden snub-nosed monkeys

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环境 Environment	生物环境 Biotic (E1)	非生物环境 Abiotic (E2)	编码 Code	环境 Environment	生物环境 Biotic (E1)	非生物环境 Abiotic (E2)	编码 Code
灌木 Bush	+++		1	幼猴 Infant monkey	+++		12
屋顶 Roof		+++	2	青年雌性 Young female	++		13
平地 Flat ground		++	3	青年雄性 Young male	++		14
铁笼上 On the cage		+	4	单一个体 Single	++		15
铁笼旁 Beside the cage		+	5	混合群 Mixed group	+		16
笼舍顶网 Cage roof wire mesh		++	6	草丛 Grass	+		17
水泥坑 Cement pit		+	7	墙壁笼舍旁 Beside cage on the wall		+	18
雄性 Male	+++		8	乔木低部 Lower arbor	+		19
雌性 Female	+++		9	乔木中部 Middle arbor	+++		20
成年雄性 Adult male	++		10	乔木高处 Higher arbor	+		21
成年雌性 Adult female	++		11	人工木巢穴 Artificial wood nests		+	22

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