“物种”与“个体”: 究竟谁是生物多样性保护的恰当对象?

doi:10.17520/biods.2023140

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

生物多性保护实践涉及到两大基本问题: 一是我们要保护的是什么, 二是我们优先保护什么。从保护对象的角度看, 物种和个体均不是生物多样性保护的恰当对象, 准确的目标是“物种多样性”。所有的物种都在物种分化程度与分化时间上千差万别, 从而导致不可能有统一的标准去划分不同的物种。从多样性或者说物种多样性的目标出发, 作为保护对象的物种必须是独立进化的单元, 同时, 它必须有一个可操作的、相对合理的界定方法, 而整合分类法可能就是一条极具吸引力的道路。生物分类学家应当尽可能利用整合分类思想和整合方法, 建立可操作的、相对合理的物种概念和优先保护级别划分体系, 以避免实际工作中的冲突与困境, 更好地服务于生物多样性保护事业。

关键词: 生物多样性保护, 物种, 个体, 物种多样性, 整合分类

Abstract

Background & Aims: Biodiversity conservation has both scientific and ethical attributes, and it is faced with two basic questions: first, what do we want to conserve, and second, what should we prioritize for conservation? Genes, species, ecosystems and other levels are important targets for biodiversity conservation, and among them, the conservation of species is the most crucial. Species diversity is linked to genetic diversity and ecosystem diversity, which is the foundation of all biodiversity conservation. However, the concept of species and the relationship between species and individuals are still controversial, yet declining biodiversity situation requires urgent action. Therefore, our goal is to define an operational species concept for conservation, rather than a standardized and universal species definition, in order to mitigate the dilemmas that species definition and species delimitation have brought to conservation work.
Perspectives & Conclusion: All species are undergoing speciation and the degree and timing of speciation varies widely. These processes make it impossible to develop uniform criteria for species classification, thus making species and individuals inappropriate targets for biodiversity conservation; the target should instead be “species diversity”. Starting from the goal of diversity, the species that are the objects of conservation must be independently evolving units, with both morphological distinctions and genetic differences. Only when the two basic requirements of morphological differences and genetic differences are met simultaneously can the essential goal of diversity be realized. This delineation also allows for the existence of hybrids or back-cross individuals that do not belong to the two species groups. At the same time, as a conservation target, there must be an operable and relatively reasonable method to define species, and integrated taxonomy may be an attractive path. Biological taxonomists should, on the basis of traditional classification theories and methods, comprehensively utilize multidisciplinary knowledge such as morphology, genetics, cytology, ecology, molecular biology and other cutting-edge technologies like DNA barcoding, artificial intelligence image recognition, and modern machine learning, to provide more evidence for the definition and delimitation of species. In so doing, this will allow for the identification of the most solid basic knowledge to support biodiversity conservation.

Key words: biodiversity conservation, species, individuals, species diversity, integrative taxonomy

杜红 (2023) “物种”与“个体”: 究竟谁是生物多样性保护的恰当对象?. 生物多样性, 31, 23140. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023140.

Hong Du (2023) “Species” versus “individuals”: Which is the right target for biodiversity conservation?. Biodiversity Science, 31, 23140. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023140.

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https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2023/V31/I8/23140

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