《联合国气候变化框架公约》与《生物多样性公约》的关系

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2014.14082

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

气候变化和生物多样性损失是人类面临的两个严峻的全球性环境挑战, 有关应对气候变化和生物多样性保护国际公约的协作在全球范围内也越来越受重视。本文系统梳理了《联合国气候变化框架公约》下保护生物多样性和《生物多样性公约》下应对气候变化的发展脉络, 探讨了两公约下各缔约方针对相关议题的谈判立场及未来走向, 并对两公约进行了综合评价。《联合国气候变化框架公约》下涉及生物多样性保护的焦点议题主要有土地利用、土地利用变化和林业(Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry, LULUCF)、减少毁林和森林退化的碳排放机制(Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation, REDD)及损失和损害国际机制, 《生物多样性公约》下涉及应对气候变化的焦点议题主要有协同增效、减少毁林和森林退化的碳排放机制(REDD)和地球工程及相关问题。本文最后还就我国应对气候变化和生物多样性国际谈判及国内履约提出了建议: (1)整合谈判团队力量, 促进两公约协同增效; (2)做好交叉议题的研判和谈判预案, 主动引领谈判进程; (3)为《联合国气候变化框架公约》谈判提供损失和损害风险评估数据; (4)加强《生物多样性公约》下地球工程议题的科学研究与国际交流。

关键词: 气候变化, 生物多样性, 谈判进展, 协同增效

Abstract

Climate change and biodiversity loss are two of the most serious global environmental challenges faced by humans. As these challenges involve global public goods, it is crucially important that the global society should strive to make synergies between the two most influential United Nations (UN) conventions, which are the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Convention on Biodiversity. This paper reviews the negotiation process under the two conventions, especially focusing on cross-boundary issues. By analyzing the focal concerns of main parties, this paper evaluates possible future scenarios on cross-boundary issues under the two conventions. For the UNFCCC, focal issues related to biodiversity are as follows: LULUCF (Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry); REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation); and the international mechanism for Loss and Damage. For the Biodiversity Convention, the major issues related to climate change are: Synergy; REDD; Geo-engineering and related issues. In the end, we propose the following strategies: (1) Integrate the forces of our negotiating team, and promote synergistic actions under two conventions; (2) Plan for negotiations about cross-boundary issues, and take the initiative in the negotiation process; (3) Provide data for risk assessment associated with loss and damage; and (4) Strengthen scientific research and international exchange on geo-engineering issues.

Key words: climate change, biodiversity, negotiations, synergetic effects

王敏, 刘哲, 冯相昭, 田春秀 (2014) 《联合国气候变化框架公约》与《生物多样性公约》的关系. 生物多样性, 22, 431-437. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2014.14082.

Min Wang, Zhe Liu, Xiangzhao Feng, Chunxiu Tian (2014) Cross-boundary issues under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and Convention on Biodiversity. Biodiversity Science, 22, 431-437. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2014.14082.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1003.2014.14082

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2014/V22/I4/431

缔约方大会 (COPs)	土地利用、土地利用变化和林业Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF)	减少毁林和森林退化的碳排放 Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD)	损失和损害 Loss and Damage
1998, COP4	首次出现LULUCF议题 Raised a new issue of LULUCF at the first time	-	-
2000, COP6	明确了相关定义, 决定将植树造林和重新造林包括在清洁发展机制(Clean Development Mechanism, CDM)项目下 Defined some terms, took afforestation and reforestation carbon sink projects as a qualified CDM project	-	-
2001, COP7	明确了适用于第一承诺期的LULUCF规则 Clarified LULUCF rules for the first commitment period	-	-
2003, COP9	确认了第一个承诺期CDM下造林和再造林项目活动模式和程序 Confirmed activity patterns and procedures of afforestation and reforestation projects for the first commitment period	-	-
2005, COP11	-	建议在临时议程中增加REDD议题 Advised to increase REDD issue in the Provisional Agenda	-
2007, COP13	-	由REDD扩展到REDD+(在REDD基础上增加了保护和可持续管理森林以增加森林碳汇部分), 有关政策方针和激励办法纳入“巴厘岛行动计划” Broadened REDD to REDD+( “REDD+” goes beyond deforestation and forest degradation, and includes the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks), and related policies and incentive measures were included into Bali Action Plan	要求缔约方考虑损失和损害的方法与策略 Required parties to consider methods and strategies of loss and damage
2008, COP14	-	-	提出应对气候变化损失和损害的多窗口机制 Raised multi-window mechanism to address Loss and Damage from climate change impacts
2009, COP15	-	首次审议REDD+议题, 通过了“关于REDD+的方法学指导意见” First review of REDD+ issue and adopted the methodological guidance for activities relating to REDD+	-
2010, COP16	明确了议定书二期减排中的核算活动类型及核算原则 Clarified the accounting activity type and rule in the second commitment period of Kyoto Protocol	在REDD+行动的具体范围、行动原则和资金支持方面达成共识 Made agreements on the detailed scale, principle and financial support of REDD+ action	决定建立损失和损害工作计划 Decided to build the work programme on Loss and Damage
2011, COP17	明确了发达国家2012年后二期减排中必须强制和可自行选择纳入核算的活动类型 Confirmed the kind of activity that should be taken by developed countries in a mandate or selectively, in the second commitment period of Kyoto Protocol since 2012	在REDD+行动的政策激励机制和技术方法上达成协议 Made agreements on policy incentive mechanism and technology of REDD+ action	确立了《损失和损害问题工作方案》 Established the work programme on Loss and Damage
2012, COP18	-	决定在2013年执行基于REDD+行动效果进行融资的工作方案 Decided to execute the financing plan in 2013 based on REDD+ action effect	首次将“损失和损害”问题列入条款, 决定设立应对损失和损害的机构安排 Listed loss and damage on the provisions for the first time, created an institutional arrangement on Loss and Damage
2013, COP19	-	决定建立“REDD+华沙框架” Decided to establish the Warsaw Framework for REDD+	建立“华沙损失和损害国际机制” Established the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage

缔约方大会 (COPs)	土地利用、土地利用变化和林业Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF)	减少毁林和森林退化的碳排放 Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD)	损失和损害 Loss and Damage
1998, COP4	首次出现LULUCF议题 Raised a new issue of LULUCF at the first time	-	-
2000, COP6	明确了相关定义, 决定将植树造林和重新造林包括在清洁发展机制(Clean Development Mechanism, CDM)项目下 Defined some terms, took afforestation and reforestation carbon sink projects as a qualified CDM project	-	-
2001, COP7	明确了适用于第一承诺期的LULUCF规则 Clarified LULUCF rules for the first commitment period	-	-
2003, COP9	确认了第一个承诺期CDM下造林和再造林项目活动模式和程序 Confirmed activity patterns and procedures of afforestation and reforestation projects for the first commitment period	-	-
2005, COP11	-	建议在临时议程中增加REDD议题 Advised to increase REDD issue in the Provisional Agenda	-
2007, COP13	-	由REDD扩展到REDD+(在REDD基础上增加了保护和可持续管理森林以增加森林碳汇部分), 有关政策方针和激励办法纳入“巴厘岛行动计划” Broadened REDD to REDD+( “REDD+” goes beyond deforestation and forest degradation, and includes the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks), and related policies and incentive measures were included into Bali Action Plan	要求缔约方考虑损失和损害的方法与策略 Required parties to consider methods and strategies of loss and damage
2008, COP14	-	-	提出应对气候变化损失和损害的多窗口机制 Raised multi-window mechanism to address Loss and Damage from climate change impacts
2009, COP15	-	首次审议REDD+议题, 通过了“关于REDD+的方法学指导意见” First review of REDD+ issue and adopted the methodological guidance for activities relating to REDD+	-
2010, COP16	明确了议定书二期减排中的核算活动类型及核算原则 Clarified the accounting activity type and rule in the second commitment period of Kyoto Protocol	在REDD+行动的具体范围、行动原则和资金支持方面达成共识 Made agreements on the detailed scale, principle and financial support of REDD+ action	决定建立损失和损害工作计划 Decided to build the work programme on Loss and Damage
2011, COP17	明确了发达国家2012年后二期减排中必须强制和可自行选择纳入核算的活动类型 Confirmed the kind of activity that should be taken by developed countries in a mandate or selectively, in the second commitment period of Kyoto Protocol since 2012	在REDD+行动的政策激励机制和技术方法上达成协议 Made agreements on policy incentive mechanism and technology of REDD+ action	确立了《损失和损害问题工作方案》 Established the work programme on Loss and Damage
2012, COP18	-	决定在2013年执行基于REDD+行动效果进行融资的工作方案 Decided to execute the financing plan in 2013 based on REDD+ action effect	首次将“损失和损害”问题列入条款, 决定设立应对损失和损害的机构安排 Listed loss and damage on the provisions for the first time, created an institutional arrangement on Loss and Damage
2013, COP19	-	决定建立“REDD+华沙框架” Decided to establish the Warsaw Framework for REDD+	建立“华沙损失和损害国际机制” Established the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage

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《联合国气候变化框架公约》与《生物多样性公约》的关系

Cross-boundary issues under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and Convention on Biodiversity

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