连续13年稻鸭共作兼秸秆还田的稻麦连作麦田杂草种子库物种多样性变化

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2014.13264

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

稻鸭共作能有效控制稻田杂草的危害, 但是它对后茬小麦田杂草的影响及其控制作用尚没有详细的报道。我们于2000-2012年对江苏丹阳稻鸭共作兼秸秆还田的有机稻麦连作田土壤杂草种子库进行了连续13年的观察实验。结果显示, 稻鸭共作兼秸秆还田的措施使看麦娘(Alopecurus aequalis)、通泉草(Mazus japonicus)、碎米荠(Cardamine hirsuta)等18种麦田主要杂草的种子库均有较大幅度的降低, 总体的降低幅度高达97%。除了Pielou指数处于小幅波动状态外, 麦田杂草群落多样性指数整体呈下降趋势。丰富度下降表明杂草种子库向种类少、多样性低的方向演变。从Bray-Curtis指数和Jaccard相似性指数也可以得到同样的结论。可见, 连续稻鸭共作兼秸秆还田能够降低下茬的麦田土壤里杂草种子密度及多样性, 控制杂草危害。

关键词: 稻鸭共作, 秸秆还田, 有机稻麦轮作, 种子库动态, 物种多样性, 杂草群落相似性, 杂草综合管理

Abstract

Research has shown that rice-duck farming systems can effectively control weed infestations in rice paddy fields, but it remains elusive how this type of system influences the dynamics and density of weeds in wheat fields. In order to explore the diversity of weeds in wheat field seed banks, we conducted a long-term experiment (13 consecutive years) to observe changes in weed seed bank diversity in rice-wheat rotated wheat fields in Danyang, Jiangsu Province. Results showed that the density of weed seeds in wheat field seed banks decreased continuously. The seed density of 18 weed species, including Alopecurus aequalis, Mazus japonicus, and Cardamine hirsuta, all decreased gradually with some annual fluctuations, and the overall rate of decrease for seeds of all weed species was 97%. Furthermore, rice-duck and wheat rotation farming decreased the richness, diversity, and evenness of weed species in wheat fields. Ecological indices implied a gradual change, which included fewer species, lower density, and lower diversity after adopting rice-duck and wheat return farming. The same conclusions could be drawn from both Jaccard’s similarity indices and Bray-Curtis coefficient of weed communities in wheat fields. Consecutive implementation of rice-duck and wheat rotation farming can significantly decrease both density and biodiversity of weeds in the seed bank of these ecosystems.

Key words: rice-duck farming, straw returning, organic rice-wheat cropping, weed seed bank dynamics, species diversity, weed community similarities, integrated weed management

赵灿, 戴伟民, 李淑顺, 魏守辉, 韦继光, 章超斌, 强胜 (2014) 连续13年稻鸭共作兼秸秆还田的稻麦连作麦田杂草种子库物种多样性变化. 生物多样性, 22, 366-374. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2014.13264.

Can Zhao, Weimin Dai, Shushun Li, Shouhui Wei, Jiguang Wei, Chaobin Zhang, Sheng Qiang (2014) Change in weed seed bank diversity over 13 consecutive years of rice- duck and straw returning farming system in the rice-wheat rotated wheat fields. Biodiversity Science, 22, 366-374. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2014.13264.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1003.2014.13264

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2014/V22/I3/366

图/表 5

图1 稻鸭共作兼秸秆还田体系中麦田杂草种子密度动态回归模型

Fig. 1 Regression model of the dynamics of the weed seed density under rice-duck with straw returning system in wheat fields

图2 连续13年稻鸭共作兼秸秆还田措施下麦田主要禾本科杂草种子密度的变化

Fig. 2 Changes in weed seed density of major grass weed species in wheat fields under continuous 13 years of rice-duck and straw returning system

图3 连续13年稻鸭共作兼秸秆还田下麦田主要阔叶杂草种子密度的变化。(A)最大值大于5,000粒/m2; (B)最大值小于1,300粒/m2; (C)最大值介于1,300-5,000粒/m2之间。由图可见, 除个别年略有波动外, 主要麦田阔叶杂草种子密度都呈下降趋势。

Fig. 3 Changes in the density of weed seed of major broad-leaf weed species in wheat fields under the consecutive 13 years of rice-duck and straw returning system. (A) With the maximum density above 5,000 seeds/m2; (B) With the maximum density below 1,300 seeds/m2; (C) With the maximum density between 1,300 and 5,000 seeds/m2. The density of weed seed of major broad-leaf weed species decreased gradually.

图4 连续13年稻鸭共作兼秸秆还田体系中麦田杂草种子库群落的多样性指数。H': Shannon-Wiener指数; R: Margalef丰富度指数; E: Pielou均匀度指数; D: Simpson优势度指数。

Fig. 4 Species diversity of the weed seed bank in the wheat field during 13 years’ rice-duck and straw returning system. H', Shannon-Wiener index ; R, Margalef richness index ; E, Pielou evenness index ; D, Simpson’s diversity index.

表1 连续13年稻鸭共作兼秸秆还田对麦田杂草群落相似性的影响(对角线下方的数值为Bray-Curtis指数, 对角线上方的数值为Jaccard相似性指数)

Table 1 Influence of consecutive 13 years’ rice-duck and straw returning system on the similarity of weed seed communities in wheat fields. Figures at the lower-left corner are the values of the Bray-Curtis coefficient, and those at the upperright corner are the values of the Jaccard’s similarity index.

Jaccard Bray-Curtis	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012
2000	/	0.86	0.77	0.45	0.52	0.43	0.41	0.28	0.22	0.14	0.18	0.18	0.14
2001	0.11	/	0.81	0.55	0.55	0.52	0.43	0.35	0.29	0.15	0.25	0.25	0.14
2002	0.18	0.12	/	0.61	0.6	0.5	0.47	0.38	0.32	0.17	0.28	0.28	0.16
2003	0.40	0.30	0.24	/	0.56	0.64	0.4	0.47	0.38	0.17	0.33	0.33	0.15
2004	0.35	0.30	0.25	0.27	/	0.73	0.5	0.32	0.31	0.13	0.27	0.27	0.12
2005	0.42	0.33	0.33	0.22	0.16	/	0.57	0.35	0.27	0.15	0.31	0.31	0.14
2006	0.47	0.43	0.37	0.42	0.34	0.27	/	0.4	0.31	0.3	0.36	0.36	0.17
2007	0.59	0.50	0.46	0.38	0.52	0.47	0.42	/	0.64	0.27	0.45	0.45	0.25
2008	0.66	0.58	0.54	0.46	0.53	0.57	0.51	0.22	/	0.43	0.71	0.71	0.37
2009	0.76	0.74	0.71	0.69	0.74	0.70	0.52	0.55	0.37	/	0.6	0.6	0.4
2010	0.72	0.63	0.60	0.54	0.60	0.55	0.48	0.38	0.18	0.26	/	1	0.50
2011	0.72	0.64	0.60	0.54	0.61	0.56	0.48	0.38	0.19	0.27	0.03	/	0.50
2012	0.78	0.77	0.75	0.76	0.79	0.76	0.72	0.59	0.46	0.44	0.34	0.32	/

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