生物多样性 ›› 2011, Vol. 19 ›› Issue (4): 400-403.  DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2011.04040

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《生物多样性公约》下的气候变化问题: 谈判与焦点

吴军1, 张称意2, 徐海根1,*()   

  1. 1 环境保护部南京环境科学研究所, 南京 210042
    2 中国气象局国家气候中心, 北京 100081
  • 收稿日期:2011-03-04 接受日期:2011-05-06 出版日期:2011-07-20 发布日期:2011-07-29
  • 通讯作者: 徐海根
  • 作者简介:* E-mail: xhg@nies.org
  • 基金资助:
    环保公益性行业科研专项(200909070);科技支撑计划项目(2008BAC39B01);科技支撑计划项目(2008BAC39B06)

Climate change issue in Convention on Biological Diversity: negotiations and focuses

Jun Wu1, Chengyi Zhang2, Haigen Xu1,*()   

  1. 1 Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042
    2 National Climate Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081
  • Received:2011-03-04 Accepted:2011-05-06 Online:2011-07-20 Published:2011-07-29
  • Contact: Haigen Xu

摘要:

近年来, 生物多样性与气候变化的关系逐渐成为《生物多样性公约》下的焦点议题, 各缔约方就此问题展开了激烈的多边谈判。本文梳理了《生物多样性公约》下气候变化问题谈判的发展历程, 探讨了其中的焦点问题及各方的主要立场, 指出以欧盟为代表的发达国家和以巴西、哥伦比亚、中国为代表的发展中生物多样性大国是针锋相对的两大主要谈判集团。谈判焦点问题主要包括: (1)气候变化问题的扩大化。欧盟希望将气候变化问题扩大化, 使其全面渗透到《生物多样性公约》下的各议题中, 并促进《生物多样性公约》、《联合国气候变化框架公约》和《联合国防治荒漠化公约》(简称里约三公约)之间的联合; 而发展中国家对此比较谨慎和保守。(2)地球工程(geoengineering)和海洋施肥(ocean fertilization)。欧盟提出全面禁止地球工程, 并建立全球管制框架; 而发展中国家认为可遵循“预先防范”原则。(3)减少森林砍伐和森林退化的碳排放机制。欧盟要求为该机制建立“生物多样性保障”制度, 而发展中国家表示反对。两大集团产生分歧的原因主要是发展中国家担心欧盟的快速推进会使自己将来受到制约, 这也反映了在环境领域发达国家和发展中国家之间的固有矛盾, 而这种矛盾未来还会继续深化。本文最后还就我国的应对策略和工作方向提出了建议: (1)要加强国内相关主管部门之间的沟通与协调; (2)要总结和宣传我国在气候变化领域成功的做法和经验; (3)要加强对减少森林砍伐和森林退化的碳排放机制的研究。

关键词: 生物多样性, 气候变化, 谈判

Abstract

Recently, the issue of biodiversity and climate change is becoming a focus of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), and parties to the convention have carried out heavy multilateral negotiations on the issue. This paper reviews the background pertaining to biodiversity and climate change, discusses the disputes and standpoints of major parties, and highlights two opposing groups: the developed countries represented by the European Union (EU), and the mega-diversity developing countries represented by Brazil, Columbia and China. The main disputes of the negotiations include: (i) Expansion of the climate change concept: EU nations hope to expand consideration of climate change and integrate it into various issues within the CBD, and to promote synergy among three Rio Conventions (Convention on Biological Diversity, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, and United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification). However, the developing countries are more leery of these tendencies. (ii) Geoengineering and ocean fertilization: EU suggests forbidding geoengineering and establishing a global management framework, whereas the developing countries suggest applying the “precautionary principle” to these issues. (iii) Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD): EU urges development of “Biodiversity Safeguards” for REDD, while the developing countries oppose this proposal. We surmise that the main reason for these debates is that the developing countries are afraid of being restricted by the EU and related developed countries, and that these debates will become more fierce in the future. In the end, we proposes some strategies for debate resolution: (i) strengthen communication and coordination of relevant domestic agencies; (ii) summarize and propagandize successful practices and experiences in the area of climate change in China; and (iii) improve research on REDD mechanisms.

Key words: biodiversity, climate change, negotiations