生物多样性 ›› 2011, Vol. 19 ›› Issue (4): 404-413.  DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2011.10020

• 研究报告 • 上一篇    下一篇

用原图-对偶图法设计内部间隔最小的自然保护区

王宜成   

  1. 青岛农业大学资源与环境学院, 山东青岛 266109
  • 收稿日期:2011-01-26 接受日期:2011-05-25 出版日期:2011-07-20 发布日期:2011-07-29
  • 基金资助:
    青岛农业大学高层次人才科研基金资助项目(631018)

A model for designing nature reserves with minimal fragmentation using a primal-dual graph approach

Yicheng Wang   

  1. College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109
  • Received:2011-01-26 Accepted:2011-05-25 Online:2011-07-20 Published:2011-07-29

摘要:

生境破碎是导致生物多样性损失的重要原因之一, 在设计自然保护区时设法减少生境破碎是提高保护区有效性的重要方法。由于经济资源或地理因素制约不可能把连续的大片土地都划为保护区时, 设计一个由相互分离的几部分组成的保护区是更为现实的做法。选择地块组成内部间隔最小的保护区是减少破碎化的一个重要途径, 但结合空间特征的保护区地块选择模型求最优解时容易遇到计算困难。Williams(2002)基于原图和对偶图概念, 提出一个线性整数规划模型, 主要用于规划连续的土地。本文对他的模型进行改进, 以确定一个保护一组目标物种、间隔最小的自然保护区。改进后的模型对每个备选地块定义两个变量, 用两个变量的取值差异表示保护区内部间隔。模型的计算效率检验结果显示, 该模型可在合理时间内解决包含100个备选地块的间隔最小保护区设计问题。用美国Illinois州部分地区濒危鸟类保护区设计为例, 设计了多种情形下间隔最小的保护区。线性整数规划模型的计算效率仍需提高, 以解决大型保护区最优化设计问题。模型的实际应用需要完整和准确的数据包括物种分布、选择费用等。

关键词: 自然保护区, 空间特征, 最优化, 图论, 濒危鸟类

Abstract

Habitat fragmentation is one of the most important causes of biodiversity loss. In order to maximize a nature reserve’s effectiveness it is important to minimize habitat fragmentation during the design phase. However, due to economic or geographic constraints, it is often infeasible to acquire a large area of contiguous land for a reserve; designing a nature reserve consisting of several smaller components is often a more realistic choice. Selecting these smaller components with which to assemble a reserve with minimal fragmentation then becomes an important way to reduce fragmentation. However, reserve site selection models which incorporate spatial attributes may encounter computational difficulties. Williams (2002) presented a linear integer programming model based on primal and dual graph concepts to select contiguous sites. This paper modified this model to design a nature reserve which can protect a set of target species while incurring minimal fragmentation among selected sites. The modified model defines two variables for each site, and the difference in the value of these two variables represents the extent of fragmentation. Computational performance tests showed that the model can solve a minimal fragmentation reserve design problem involving 100 potential sites in a reasonable period of time. As an empirical application, the model was employed to design reserve networks for the endangered and threatened bird species of Illinois, USA. Several reserve networks with minimal fragmentation under different scenarios were designed. The computational efficiency of linear integer programming models needs more improvement for designing large-size optimal nature reserves. The practical use of these models requires complete and accurate data sets including species distribution, cost of site selection, etc.

Key words: nature reserve, spatial attribute, optimization, graph theory, endangered/threatened birds