台湾维管束植物物种丰富度和种域宽度的海拔格局及对Rapoport法则的检验

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2010.312

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

物种丰富度和种域(即物种分布范围)沿环境梯度的变化是生物地理学和生物多样性研究的核心问题。岛屿由于受到地理隔离的作用, 其物种分布、多样性格局及其成因的特殊性对于发展和检验生物地理学的假说具有重要意义。Rapoport法则提出,生物种域存在着随海拔上升而增大的趋势。台湾地区具有显著的海拔梯度和典型的岛屿环境, 其植物区系丰富而独特。我们首次对台湾维管束植物的海拔分布进行研究, 包括不同类群植物的物种丰富度和种域的海拔梯度格局, 并检验了Rapoport法则的适用性。综合相关信息得到台湾维管束植物区系包含241科1,466属4,751种(含种下单位), 对其中具有海拔分布范围信息的3,330种植物进行统计, 结果表明: (1)台湾维管束植物科、属、种的丰富度总体上随海拔上升而减小, 入侵植物丰富度具有类似格局, 而台湾特有植物呈现明显的单峰格局; 按照分类群计, 蕨类植物和裸子植物为单峰格局, 被子植物的3个生态类群均为单调递减格局。(2)物种种域海拔宽度与海拔的关系随不同类群和分析方法而异。其中, 入侵植物的种域宽度和中点海拔具有显著的正相关关系, 支持Rapoport法则, 而全部植物和特有植物不支持; 蕨类植物的海拔分布支持Rapoport法则, 裸子植物不支持, 其他分类群因方法不同而结果之间不一致。我们还比较了台湾和周边大陆和岛屿山地的物种丰富度海拔格局, 认为它们物种丰富度海拔梯度模式的不同可能与降水海拔格局的差异有关; 而关于Rapoport法则的检验表明, 即使在同一山体, 不同类群植物分布范围的海拔模式也可能取决于不同的因素和作用机制。

关键词: 台湾, 维管束植物, 物种丰富度, 种域, 海拔梯度, Rapoport法则

Abstract

Spatial patterns of species richness and range size along environmental gradients have long been central issues to biogeography and biodiversity. Because of their unique isolation effects on species distributions, much emphasis has been put on insular environments in developing and testing biogeography theories. Rapoport’s rule suggested an increasing trend of species range width along with increasing altitude. Taiwan, the largest island in China, is characterized by a significant altitudinal gradient, subtropical monsoon climate, as well as a rich and unique flora. Here, we offer the first report on the altitudinal patterns of species richness and species range size of Taiwan’s vascular plants, and analyze the relationship between altitudinal range size and range midpoint to test Rapoport’s rule. We established a database of 4,751 plant species (including subspecies levels), belonging to 241 families and 1,466 genera. Among these, 3,330 species have altitudinal range records and were analyzed. Taxonomic richness at the family, genus and species levels decreased with increasing elevation in terms of all plants and invasive species, and a hump-shaped altitudinal pattern of species richness was found for endemic plants. With regard to taxonomic groups, pteridophytes and gymnosperms richness exhibited hump-shaped patterns, while decreasing richness with increasing altitude was found for three subgroups in angiosperm (i.e. herbs, evergreen and deciduous woody plants). Relationships between species range size and midpoint elevation varied among assemblages as well as among methods applied to the same assemblage. The distribution of invasive plants supported Rapoport’s rule, while that of endemic species and overall species did not. The distribution of pteridophytes supported Rapoport’s rule, while gymnosperms did not. For angiosperms, no consistent patterns were found when different methods were applied. By comparing Taiwan and adjacent large insular and continental mountains, we suggest that the altitudinal patterns of precipitation might contribute to that of species richness. Our test of Rapoport’s rule suggested that, even on the same mountain, altitudinal variation of distributional patterns among different assemblages can result from different mechanisms.

Key words: Taiwan, vascular plant, species richness, range size, altitudinal gradient, Rapoport’s rule

张婉君, 卢绮妍, 梁军, 沈泽昊 (2010) 台湾维管束植物物种丰富度和种域宽度的海拔格局及对Rapoport法则的检验. 生物多样性, 18, 312-322. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2010.312.

Wanjun Zhang, Qiyan Lu, Jun Liang, Zehao Shen (2010) Altitudinal gradients of species richness and range size of vascular plants in Taiwan: a test of Rapoport’s rule. Biodiversity Science, 18, 312-322. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2010.312.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1003.2010.312

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2010/V18/I3/312

图/表 8

图1 台湾的地理位置和地形

Fig. 1 The geographic location and topography of Taiwan

表1 台湾的维管束植物多样性基本统计特征

Table 1 The basic statistic characteristics of vascular plants in Taiwan

	全部维管束植物 Total	特有植物 Endemic	入侵植物 Invasive
科数 No. of families	241 (234)	108	61
属数 No. of genera	1,466 (1,411)	352	210
种数 No. of species	4,751 (4,398)	783	311

表2 台湾本地植物、特有植物和入侵植物的前10位优势科及种数

Table 2 The top ten dominant families of the native, endemic and invasive plants in Taiwan

排序 Rank	科名 Family	本地种数 No. of native species	科名 Family	特有种数 No. of endemic species	科名 Family	入侵种数 No. of invasive species
1	兰科 Orchidaceae	242	兰科 Orchidaceae	76	豆科 Leguminosae	41
2	禾本科 Gramineae	174	菊科 Compositae	60	菊科 Compositae	39
3	菊科 Compositae	154	蔷薇科 Rosaceae	38	禾本科 Gramineae	22
4	豆科 Leguminosae	134	禾本科 Gramineae	25	大戟科 Euphorbiaceae	10
5	莎草科 Cyperaceae	132	樟科 Lauraceae	23	苋科 Amaranthaceae	8
6	蔷薇科 Rosaceae	76	豆科 Leguminosae	23	茄科 Solanaceae	8
7	鳞毛蕨科 Dryopteridaceae	72	毛茛科 Ranunculaceae	20	旋花科 Convolvulaceae	6
8	茜草科 Rubiaceae	68	龙胆科 Gentianaceae	19	茜草科 Rubiaceae	6
9	大戟科 Euphorbiaceae	52	唇形科 Labiatae	19	锦葵科 Malvaceae	5
10	蹄盖蕨科 Athyriaceae	47	荨麻科 Urticaceae	19	柳叶菜科 Onagraceae	5

图2 台湾维管束植物科、属、种丰富度的海拔梯度格局。(a)全部植物种; (b)入侵种; (c)特有种。

Fig. 2 Altitudinal pattern of family, genus and species richness of vascular plants in Taiwan. (a) All plant species; (b) Invasive species; (c) Endemic species.

图3 不同类群植物的物种丰富度海拔梯度格局。(a)全部植物; (b)蕨类植物; (c)裸子植物; (d)草本植物; (e)常绿木本植物; (f)落叶木本植物。

Fig. 3 Altitudinal patterns of species richness of different plants. (a) All plants; (b) Pteridophytes; (c) Gymnosperm; (d) Herbs; (e) Evergreen woody plants; (f) Deciduous woody plants.

图4 全部物种、特有种、入侵植物分布宽度海拔梯度格局。(a)全部植物种; (b) 特有种; (c)入侵种

Fig. 4 Altitudinal range size patterns of all species, endemic species and invasive species of plants. (a) All plant species; (b) Endemic species; (c) Invasive species. (1) Stevens method; (2) Pagel’s method; (3) Mid-point method; (4) Cross-species method.

图5 不同植物类群种域海拔分布的Rapoport法则检验。(a)蕨类; (b) 裸子; (c)草本; (d) 常绿; (e)落叶。

Fig. 5 Test of Rapoport’s rule for different plant species groups alonge the elevational gradient. (a) All plants; (b) Pteridophytes; (c) Gymnosperm; (d) Herbs; (e) Evergreen woody plants; (f) Deciduous woody plants. (1) Stevens method; (2) Pagel’s method; (3) Mid-point method; (4) Cross-species method.

图6 台湾与纬度相近的其他山地维管束植物物种丰富度的海拔梯度格局

Fig. 6 A comparison of altitudinal patterns of species richness between Taiwan and other mountains with a similar latitude.

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