中国自然保护区分布现状及合理布局的探讨

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.08324

生物多样性 ›› 2009, Vol. 17 ›› Issue (6): 664-674. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.08324

所属专题：群落中的物种多样性：格局与机制

• 论文 • 上一篇

中国自然保护区分布现状及合理布局的探讨

陈雅涵, 唐志尧, 方精云^*()

北京大学城市与环境学院生态学系, 北京大学生态学研究与教育中心,北京大学地表过程与分析模拟教育部重点实验室, 北京 100871

收稿日期:2008-12-09 接受日期:2009-10-30 出版日期:2009-11-20 发布日期:2009-11-20
通讯作者: 方精云
作者简介:*E-mail: jyfang@urban.pku.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(40871030);国家自然科学基金(40701065);国家自然科学基金(40638039);国家重点基础研究发展规划(G2000046801)

Distribution of nature reserves and status of biodiversity protection in China

Yahan Chen, Zhiyao Tang, Jingyun Fang^*()

Department of Ecology, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Center for Ecological Research & Education, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871

Received:2008-12-09 Accepted:2009-10-30 Online:2009-11-20 Published:2009-11-20
Contact: Jingyun Fang

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为了保护中国丰富的生物多样性, 我国已经建立了大量的自然保护区。评价这些保护区的布局对于生物多样性的有效保护无疑是十分重要的。本文收集了截至2007年底我国建立的2,047个保护区的有关资料, 利用地理信息系统技术, 分析了这些保护区的分布现状和生物多样性的保护状况, 包括保护的植被类型、野生保护物种以及热点地区。结果表明: 我国自然保护区的覆盖面积达到145.7万km², 占中国陆地面积的15.2%, 超过世界平均水平(13.4%); 在我国47种自然植被类型中, 有21种植被类型的被保护面积比例低于10%, 说明这些类型可能没有得到充分的保护。应用Dobson筛除算法对216个保护区中的保护物种进行筛除分析, 发现仅西双版纳、武夷山、长白山、高黎贡山、祁连山5个保护区即包含了381个保护物种(约占总数783种的50%); 前21个保护区可包含占总数75%的保护物种(590种)。根据不同方案划分的生物多样性热点保护地区仍存在一些保护空缺地, 如新疆北部、四川与长江以南地区, 因此, 我国的保护区布局有待进一步改进。

关键词: 自然保护区, 生物多样性保护, 热点地区

Abstract

Assessing the distribution of nature reserves is an important step for conserving biodiversity. We used geographic information system (GIS) to assess the conservation status of vegetation types, endangered plant and animal species, and biodiversity hotspots in China, based on the area, endangered species list and geographic position of 2,047 nature reserves in China. The results showed that, while the proportion of total area protected as nature reserves is higher in China than the world average, of the 47 natural vegetation types in China, 21 (45% of the total) were deficiently protected, with less than 10% of their area included in nature reserves, suggesting that these vegetation types have not been perfectly protected. According to the Dobson complementary algorithm, among 216 nature reserves, the top five priority nature reserves, i.e., Xishuangbanna, Mt. Wuyi, Mt. Changbai, Mt. Gaoligong and Mt. Qilian, contained 381 protected species (~ 50% of the total), and the top 21 priority nature reserves contained 590 protected species (~75% of the total). Nature reserves covered nearly all the hotspots selected by different approaches. However, as there are several areas lacking proper protection, e.g., Northern Xinjiang, Sichuan and South of the Yangtze River, the distribution of Chinese nature reserves needs further improvement.

Key words: nature reserves, biodiversity conservation, hotspots

陈雅涵, 唐志尧, 方精云 (2009) 中国自然保护区分布现状及合理布局的探讨. 生物多样性, 17, 664-674. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.08324.

Yahan Chen, Zhiyao Tang, Jingyun Fang (2009) Distribution of nature reserves and status of biodiversity protection in China. Biodiversity Science, 17, 664-674. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.08324.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.08324

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2009/V17/I6/664

图/表 9

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类别 Class	总计 Total		年份 Year
	总计 Total		1956-1975			1976-1985			1986-1995			1996-2007
	面积 Area	数量 Number		面积Area	数量 Number		面积 Area	数量 Number		面积 Area	数量 Number		面积 Area	数量 Number
保护类型 Categories
古生物遗迹Trace fossil	5.2	29	0.0		0	0.0		1	0.1		6	5.1		22
荒漠生态系统Desert ecosystem	449.8	21	0.0		0	100.5		5	328.8		4	20.6		12
草原与草甸生态系统 Grasslands and alpine meadow	28.8	33	0.0		0	6.7		2	2.0		11	20.1		20
地质遗迹Geological relic	10.8	91	0.0		0	0.9		14	1.0		29	9.0		48
内陆湿地及水域生态系统 Wetlands ecosystem	206.9	200	0.0		1	3.3		11	14.9		46	188.7		142
森林生态系统Forest ecosystem	278.7	1,060	5.6		6	71.2		195	67.4		182	134.5		677
野生动物Wild animal	447.6	476	11.2		7	97.7		80	218.6		135	120.0		254
野生植物Wild plant	28.9	137	0.7		2	3.8		24	11.1		45	13.3		66
面积大小等级 Magnitude of area
0-100 km²	34.9	1,234	0.1		5	5.2		170	7.8		289	21.7		770
100-1,000 km²	210.2	672	3.2		7	45.5		129	41.3		135	120.1		401
1,000-10,000 km²	332.5	124	14.1		4	85.9		29	81.9		27	150.7		64
>10,000 km²	879.2	17	0.0		0	147.5		4	512.9		7	218.7		6
保护级别 Protection grade
国家级National	949.0	248	16.1		10	208.0		98	550.0		85	174.8		55
省级Provincial	373.7	673	1.2		3	72.1		165	72.4		127	228.0		378
市级Civic	38.5	347	0.0		2	1.5		26	8.2		70	28.8		249
县级County	95.6	779	0.0		1	2.6		43	13.3		176	79.7		559
总计 Total	1,456.8	2,047	17.4		16	284.2		332	644.0		458	511.3		1,241

类别 Class	总计 Total		年份 Year
	总计 Total		1956-1975			1976-1985			1986-1995			1996-2007
	面积 Area	数量 Number		面积Area	数量 Number		面积 Area	数量 Number		面积 Area	数量 Number		面积 Area	数量 Number
保护类型 Categories
古生物遗迹Trace fossil	5.2	29	0.0		0	0.0		1	0.1		6	5.1		22
荒漠生态系统Desert ecosystem	449.8	21	0.0		0	100.5		5	328.8		4	20.6		12
草原与草甸生态系统 Grasslands and alpine meadow	28.8	33	0.0		0	6.7		2	2.0		11	20.1		20
地质遗迹Geological relic	10.8	91	0.0		0	0.9		14	1.0		29	9.0		48
内陆湿地及水域生态系统 Wetlands ecosystem	206.9	200	0.0		1	3.3		11	14.9		46	188.7		142
森林生态系统Forest ecosystem	278.7	1,060	5.6		6	71.2		195	67.4		182	134.5		677
野生动物Wild animal	447.6	476	11.2		7	97.7		80	218.6		135	120.0		254
野生植物Wild plant	28.9	137	0.7		2	3.8		24	11.1		45	13.3		66
面积大小等级 Magnitude of area
0-100 km²	34.9	1,234	0.1		5	5.2		170	7.8		289	21.7		770
100-1,000 km²	210.2	672	3.2		7	45.5		129	41.3		135	120.1		401
1,000-10,000 km²	332.5	124	14.1		4	85.9		29	81.9		27	150.7		64
>10,000 km²	879.2	17	0.0		0	147.5		4	512.9		7	218.7		6
保护级别 Protection grade
国家级National	949.0	248	16.1		10	208.0		98	550.0		85	174.8		55
省级Provincial	373.7	673	1.2		3	72.1		165	72.4		127	228.0		378
市级Civic	38.5	347	0.0		2	1.5		26	8.2		70	28.8		249
县级County	95.6	779	0.0		1	2.6		43	13.3		176	79.7		559
总计 Total	1,456.8	2,047	17.4		16	284.2		332	644.0		458	511.3		1,241

植被类型 Vegetation type	保护区面积 Nature reserve area (km²)	植被总面积 Vegetation area (km²)	保护面积比例 % of protected area
寒温带和温带山地针叶林 Cold-temperate and temperate mountains needleleaf forest	18,526.0	160,041.6	11.6
温带针叶林 Temperate needleleaf forest	4,224.9	38,898.0	10.9
亚热带针叶林 Subtropical needleleaf forest	23,176.9	470,652.9	4.9
热带针叶林 Tropical needleleaf forest	0.0	120.5	0.0
亚热带和热带山地针叶林 Subtropical and tropical mountains needleleaf forest	50,499.8	142,997.7	35.3
温带针叶、落叶阔叶混交林 Temperate mixed needleleaf and broadleaf deciduous forest	1,480.8	16,901.0	8.8
亚热带山地针叶、常绿阔叶、落叶阔叶混交林 Subtropical mountains mixed needleleaf, broadleaf evergreen and deciduous forest	566.7	4,833.8	11.7
温带落叶阔叶林 Temperate broadleaf deciduous forest	38,691.9	401,327.9	9.6
温带落叶小叶疏林 Temperate microphyllous deciduous woodland	17,74.5	32,790.5	5.4
亚热带落叶阔叶林 Subtropical broadleaf deciduous forest	4,602.7	36,269.1	12.7
亚热带常绿、落叶阔叶混交林 Subtropical mixed broadleaf evergreen and deciduous forest	2,569.6	17,087.0	15.0
亚热带常绿阔叶林 Subtropical broadleaf evergreen forest	15,841.4	128,365.8	12.3
亚热带硬叶常绿阔叶林 Subtropical broadleaf evergreen sclerphyllous forest	2,197.3	15,729.2	14.0
热带季雨林 Tropical monsoon rain forest	1,027.3	6,202.1	16.6
热带雨林 Tropical rain forest	2,437.6	1,8682.0	13.1
亚热带和热带竹林及竹丛 Subtropical, tropical bamboo forest and scrub	2,748.2	34,532.7	8.0
温带落叶灌丛 Temperate broadleaf deciduous scrub	10,196.1	163,297.6	6.2
亚热带、热带常绿阔叶、落叶阔叶灌丛 Subtropical and tropical broadleaf evergreen and deciduous scrub	24,970.7	462,646.9	5.4
热带珊瑚岛肉质常绿阔叶灌丛和矮林 Tropical broadleaf evergreen succulent scrub and dwarf forest on coral islands	0.0	0.2	0.0
亚热带、热带旱生常绿肉质多刺灌丛 Subtropical and tropical evergreen xeromorphic succulent thorny scrub	117.5	2,167.8	5.4
亚高山落叶阔叶灌丛 Subalpine broadleaf deciduous scrub	17,997.3	88,594.6	20.3
亚高山革质常绿阔叶灌丛 Subalpine sclerophylla broadleaf evergreen scrub	24,345.0	166,638.3	14.6
亚高山常绿针叶灌丛 Subalpine needleleaf evergreen scrub	1,375.2	19,739.4	7.0
温带矮半乔木荒漠 Temperate dwarf semi-arboreous desert	12,750.3	114,624.7	11.1
温带灌木荒漠 Temperate shrubby desert	31,972.4	305,877.9	10.5
温带草原化灌木荒漠 Temperate shrubby steppe desert	723.8	23,364.0	3.1
温带半灌木、矮半灌木荒漠 Temperate semi-shrubby and dwarf semi-shrubby desert	55,815.1	584,189.0	9.6
温带多汁盐生矮半灌木荒漠 Temperate succulent holophytic dwarf semi-shrubby desert	1,888.8	43,412.6	4.4
温带一年生草本荒漠 Temperate annual graminoid desert	241.1	18,683.6	1.3
垫状矮半灌木高寒荒漠 Alpine cushion dwarf semi-shrubby desert	69,177.4	112,411.3	61.5
温带禾草、杂类草草甸草原 Temperate grass-forb meadow steppe	6,499.1	92,422.3	7.0
温带丛生禾草草原 Temperate needlegrass arid steppe	54,094.2	454,183.3	11.9
温带丛生矮禾草、矮半灌木荒漠草原 Temperate dwarf needle grass, dwarf semi-shrubby steppe	21,677.2	226,121.7	9.6
禾草、苔草高寒草原 Alpine grass, Carex steppe	345,005.9	641,100.7	53.8
温带草丛 Temperate grass-forb community	2,937.6	57,849.9	5.1
亚热带、热带草丛 Subtropical and tropical grass-forb community	16,231.8	243,168.6	6.7
温带禾草、杂类草草甸 Temperate grass and forb meadow	12,407.5	122,931.4	10.1
温带禾草、苔草及杂类草沼泽化草甸 Temperate grass, Carex and forb swamp meadow	6,607.3	65,686.1	10.1
温带禾草、杂类草盐生草甸 Temperate grass and forb holophytic meadow	17,004.2	157,047.0	10.8
蒿草、杂类草高寒草甸 Alpine Kobresia spp., forb meadow	180,979.5	681,057.0	26.57
寒温带、温带沼泽 Cold temperate and temperate swamp	7,182.8	57,921.0	12.4
亚热带、热带沼泽 Subtropical and tropical swamp	139.9	1,572.2	8.9
热带红树林 Tropical mangrove	0.0	326.4	0.0
高寒沼泽 Alpine swamp	2,109.9	4,224.4	49.9
高山苔原 Alpine tundra	1,044.7	1,331.2	78.5
高山垫状植被 Alpine cushion vegetation	12,426.9	26,402.2	47.1
高山稀疏植被 Alpine sparse vegetation	106,226.8	316,934.5	33.5

植被类型 Vegetation type	保护区面积 Nature reserve area (km²)	植被总面积 Vegetation area (km²)	保护面积比例 % of protected area
寒温带和温带山地针叶林 Cold-temperate and temperate mountains needleleaf forest	18,526.0	160,041.6	11.6
温带针叶林 Temperate needleleaf forest	4,224.9	38,898.0	10.9
亚热带针叶林 Subtropical needleleaf forest	23,176.9	470,652.9	4.9
热带针叶林 Tropical needleleaf forest	0.0	120.5	0.0
亚热带和热带山地针叶林 Subtropical and tropical mountains needleleaf forest	50,499.8	142,997.7	35.3
温带针叶、落叶阔叶混交林 Temperate mixed needleleaf and broadleaf deciduous forest	1,480.8	16,901.0	8.8
亚热带山地针叶、常绿阔叶、落叶阔叶混交林 Subtropical mountains mixed needleleaf, broadleaf evergreen and deciduous forest	566.7	4,833.8	11.7
温带落叶阔叶林 Temperate broadleaf deciduous forest	38,691.9	401,327.9	9.6
温带落叶小叶疏林 Temperate microphyllous deciduous woodland	17,74.5	32,790.5	5.4
亚热带落叶阔叶林 Subtropical broadleaf deciduous forest	4,602.7	36,269.1	12.7
亚热带常绿、落叶阔叶混交林 Subtropical mixed broadleaf evergreen and deciduous forest	2,569.6	17,087.0	15.0
亚热带常绿阔叶林 Subtropical broadleaf evergreen forest	15,841.4	128,365.8	12.3
亚热带硬叶常绿阔叶林 Subtropical broadleaf evergreen sclerphyllous forest	2,197.3	15,729.2	14.0
热带季雨林 Tropical monsoon rain forest	1,027.3	6,202.1	16.6
热带雨林 Tropical rain forest	2,437.6	1,8682.0	13.1
亚热带和热带竹林及竹丛 Subtropical, tropical bamboo forest and scrub	2,748.2	34,532.7	8.0
温带落叶灌丛 Temperate broadleaf deciduous scrub	10,196.1	163,297.6	6.2
亚热带、热带常绿阔叶、落叶阔叶灌丛 Subtropical and tropical broadleaf evergreen and deciduous scrub	24,970.7	462,646.9	5.4
热带珊瑚岛肉质常绿阔叶灌丛和矮林 Tropical broadleaf evergreen succulent scrub and dwarf forest on coral islands	0.0	0.2	0.0
亚热带、热带旱生常绿肉质多刺灌丛 Subtropical and tropical evergreen xeromorphic succulent thorny scrub	117.5	2,167.8	5.4
亚高山落叶阔叶灌丛 Subalpine broadleaf deciduous scrub	17,997.3	88,594.6	20.3
亚高山革质常绿阔叶灌丛 Subalpine sclerophylla broadleaf evergreen scrub	24,345.0	166,638.3	14.6
亚高山常绿针叶灌丛 Subalpine needleleaf evergreen scrub	1,375.2	19,739.4	7.0
温带矮半乔木荒漠 Temperate dwarf semi-arboreous desert	12,750.3	114,624.7	11.1
温带灌木荒漠 Temperate shrubby desert	31,972.4	305,877.9	10.5
温带草原化灌木荒漠 Temperate shrubby steppe desert	723.8	23,364.0	3.1
温带半灌木、矮半灌木荒漠 Temperate semi-shrubby and dwarf semi-shrubby desert	55,815.1	584,189.0	9.6
温带多汁盐生矮半灌木荒漠 Temperate succulent holophytic dwarf semi-shrubby desert	1,888.8	43,412.6	4.4
温带一年生草本荒漠 Temperate annual graminoid desert	241.1	18,683.6	1.3
垫状矮半灌木高寒荒漠 Alpine cushion dwarf semi-shrubby desert	69,177.4	112,411.3	61.5
温带禾草、杂类草草甸草原 Temperate grass-forb meadow steppe	6,499.1	92,422.3	7.0
温带丛生禾草草原 Temperate needlegrass arid steppe	54,094.2	454,183.3	11.9
温带丛生矮禾草、矮半灌木荒漠草原 Temperate dwarf needle grass, dwarf semi-shrubby steppe	21,677.2	226,121.7	9.6
禾草、苔草高寒草原 Alpine grass, Carex steppe	345,005.9	641,100.7	53.8
温带草丛 Temperate grass-forb community	2,937.6	57,849.9	5.1
亚热带、热带草丛 Subtropical and tropical grass-forb community	16,231.8	243,168.6	6.7
温带禾草、杂类草草甸 Temperate grass and forb meadow	12,407.5	122,931.4	10.1
温带禾草、苔草及杂类草沼泽化草甸 Temperate grass, Carex and forb swamp meadow	6,607.3	65,686.1	10.1
温带禾草、杂类草盐生草甸 Temperate grass and forb holophytic meadow	17,004.2	157,047.0	10.8
蒿草、杂类草高寒草甸 Alpine Kobresia spp., forb meadow	180,979.5	681,057.0	26.57
寒温带、温带沼泽 Cold temperate and temperate swamp	7,182.8	57,921.0	12.4
亚热带、热带沼泽 Subtropical and tropical swamp	139.9	1,572.2	8.9
热带红树林 Tropical mangrove	0.0	326.4	0.0
高寒沼泽 Alpine swamp	2,109.9	4,224.4	49.9
高山苔原 Alpine tundra	1,044.7	1,331.2	78.5
高山垫状植被 Alpine cushion vegetation	12,426.9	26,402.2	47.1
高山稀疏植被 Alpine sparse vegetation	106,226.8	316,934.5	33.5

热点地区 Hotspots	中国境内面积 Area in China (km²)	保护区数量 No. of nature reserves	保护区面积Area of nature reserves (km²) (%)
“全球200”热点生态区 “Global 200” ecoregions
北印度支那亚热带湿润森林 North Indochina subtropical moist forests	386,555	173	24,667 (6.4)
中国东南亚热带森林 Southeast China-Hainan moist forests	859,650	604	65,802 (7.7)
台湾山地森林 Taiwan montane forests	35,422	—	—
阿尔泰山地森林 Altai-Sayan montane forests	33,464	3	5,408 (16.2)
中亚山地温带森林和草原 Middle Asian montane woodlands and steppe	252,939	12	11,584 (4.6)
东喜马拉雅针阔叶林 Eastern Himalayan broad-leaved and conifer forests	93,127	4	29,462 (31.6)
东喜马拉雅高山草甸 Eastern Himalayan alpine meadows	99,301	9	15,644 (15.8)
青藏高原草甸 Tibetan Plateau steppe	1,449,269	109	486,175 (33.5)
蒙古大草原 Daurian/Mongolian steppe	580,986	103	65,220 (11.2)
中国西南温带森林 Southwest China temperate forests	389,452	154	28,939 (7.4)
横断山针叶林 Hengduan Shan conifer forests	257,603	95	33,784 (13.1)
Tang等(2006)确定的热点地区 Hotspots identified by Tang et al. (2006)
横断山脉 Hengduan Mountains	408,626	190	57,307 (14.0)
红水河上游地区 Upper reaches of Hongshui River	69,725	42	4,468 (6.4)
中国东部山地 East China mountains	217,117	187	12,299 (5.7)
武陵山地 Wuling Mountains	89,799	57	9,370 (10.4)
南岭山脉 Nanling Mountains	44,080	34	2,432 (5.5)
秦岭山脉 Qinling Mountains	67,300	32	7,224 (10.7)
西双版纳 Xishuangbanna	19,172	3	2,844 (49.0)
海南岛 Hainan Island	33,253	49	3,404 (10.2)
青藏高原 Alpine Qinghai -Xizang Plateau	255,011	20	95,430 (14.8)
台湾岛 Taiwan Island	36,060	—	—

中国自然保护区分布现状及合理布局的探讨

Distribution of nature reserves and status of biodiversity protection in China

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