澜沧江下游干流鱼类群落结构特征及外来鱼类入侵风险评估

doi:10.17520/biods.2025394

生物多样性

澜沧江下游干流鱼类群落结构特征及外来鱼类入侵风险评估

何天琪¹, 翟东东^1,2*, 蔡方陶¹, 王东¹, 陈元元^1,2, 刘红艳^1,2, 熊飞^1,2, 刘明典^3*, 段辛斌³

1. 江汉大学生命科学学院, 湖北省汉江流域特色生物资源保护开发与利用工程技术研究中心, 武汉 430056; 2. 江汉大学, 持久性有毒污染物环境与健康危害湖北重点实验室, 武汉 430056; 3. 中国水产科学研究院长江水产研究所, 国家农业科学重庆观测实验站, 武汉 430223

收稿日期:2025-10-09 修回日期:2026-01-10 接受日期:2026-04-30
通讯作者: 翟东东
基金资助:
农业农村部“西南地区重点水域渔业资源与环境调查专项”; 湖北省自然科学基金(2024AFB461); 中国水产科学研究院中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金(2023TD09); 湖北省高等学校优秀中青年科技创新团队计划项目(T2020034)

Characteristics of fish community structure in the lower mainstream of the Lancang River and risk assessment of alien fish invasion

Tianqi He¹, Dongdong Zhai^1,2*, Fangtao Cai¹, Dong Wang¹, Yuanyuan Chen^1,2, Hongyan Liu^1,2, Fei Xiong^1,2, Mingdian Liu^3*, Xinbin Duan³

1 Hubei Engineering Research Center for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Hanjiang River Basin, School of Life Sciences, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China

2 Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China

3 National Agricultural Science Observing and Experimental Station of Chongqing, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuhan 430223, China

Received:2025-10-09 Revised:2026-01-10 Accepted:2026-04-30
Contact: Dongdong Zhai
Supported by:
Special Survey on Fishery Resources and Environment in Key Water Areas of Southwest China" of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Natural Science Foundation Program of Hubei Province(2024AFB461); Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund, CAFS(2023TD09); Innovative Research Team Foundation of the Department of Education of Hubei Province, China(T2020034)

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 澜沧江下游生境独特, 鱼类资源丰富, 受水电开发等人类活动影响, 干流鱼类群落结构正在发生显著变化, 特别是外来鱼类的侵入, 导致河流生态风险增加。本研究于2023–2024年对澜沧江下游干流不同江段(库区江段、坝下江段、自然江段)鱼类进行了季节性(枯水期、丰水期)调查采样, 分析了鱼类群落结构时空变化特征及外来鱼类种类、分布和入侵风险。结果表明, 在澜沧江下游干流共采集鱼类56种, 隶属于8目22科47属, 鲤形目占据主导地位。采集到澜沧江流域特有鱼类4种, 主要分布在坝下和自然江段; 外来鱼类25种, 主要分布在库区和坝下江段。相对重要性指数分析结果表明, 库区、坝下江段的鱼类优势种为䱗(Hemiculter leucisculus)、花身副丽鱼(Parachromis managuensis)、齐氏罗非鱼(Coptodon zillii)及尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)等外来鱼类, 自然江段为长臀鲃(Mystacoleucus marginatus)、短吻鱼(Sikukia gudgeri)、云南吻孔鲃(Poropuntius huangchuchieni)等土著鱼类。非度量多维尺度分析结果表明, 澜沧江下游干流鱼类群落结构空间上差异显著, 主要是因为库区江段外来鱼类较多, 自然江段土著鱼类较多, 而季节上丰水期与枯水期差异较小。单独针对外来鱼类进行分析, 从渔获物数量来看, 䱗、花身副丽鱼、罗非鱼等为主要外来鱼类; 在空间分布上, 外来鱼类在澜沧江下游干流库区江段分布多, 自然江段分布少, 其种类与数量在渔获物中的占比沿河流纵向梯度递减。外来鱼类入侵风险评估结果表明, 齐氏罗非鱼、尼罗罗非鱼、花身副丽鱼、下口鲇(Hypostomus plecostomus)、莫桑比克罗非鱼(Oreochromis mossambicus)、䱗等物种为该区域高入侵风险外来鱼类。综上, 水电开发在改变澜沧江下游干流鱼类群落结构的同时, 也为外来鱼类入侵创造了有利条件。建议采取差异化对策对该区域鱼类资源进行保护: 库区江段优先防控外来鱼类, 重点关注数量优势种及高入侵风险种; 自然江段则建立土著鱼类保护区, 维护土著鱼类生存与繁衍环境。

关键词: 澜沧江下游, 鱼类群落, 外来鱼类, 入侵风险评估

Abstract

Aims: The lower reaches of the Lancang River boast a unique habitat and abundant fish resources, making the conservation of its freshwater fish diversity a subject of great concern. Affected by human activities such as hydropower development, the fish community structure in the lower mainstream Lancang River has been undergoing significant changes. In particular, the invasion of alien fish species has increased the ecological risks of the river.

Methods: From 2023 to 2024, seasonal (dry season and wet season) fish surveys and sampling were conducted in different reaches of the lower mainstream Lancang River, including reservoir reaches, downstream reaches of dams, and natural reaches. The spatiotemporal variation characteristics of the fish community structure, as well as the species, distribution, and invasion risks of alien fish, were analyzed.

Results: A total of 56 fish species were collected in the lower mainstream Lancang River, belonging to 8 orders, 22 families, and 47 genera, with Cypriniformes being the dominant order. Among the collected species, 4 are endemic to the Lancang River, mainly distributed in the downstream reaches of dams and natural river sections; 25 are alien species, predominantly found in reservoir areas and downstream reaches of dams. Index of relative importance (IRI) analysis revealed that the dominant fish species in reservoir areas and downstream reaches of dams are alien species such as Hemiculter leucisculus, Parachromis managuensis, Coptodon zillii, and Oreochromis niloticus, while the dominant species in natural river sections are native fish including Mystacoleucus marginatus, Sikukia gudgeri, and Poropuntius huangchuchieni. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis revealed significant spatial differences in the fish community structure of the lower mainstream Lancang River. This is mainly attributed to the higher abundance of alien fish in reservoir reaches and the dominance of native fish in natural river sections, while the seasonal differences between the wet season and dry season were relatively small. A separate analysis focusing on alien fish indicated that in terms of catch quantity, Hemiculter leucisculus, Parachromis managuensis, and tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) were the main alien fish species. In terms of spatial distribution, alien fish in the lower mainstream Lancang River were more abundant in reservoir reaches and less abundant in natural reaches. The proportion of their species and quantity in the catch showed a decreasing trend along the longitudinal gradient of the river. The risk assessment of alien fish demonstrated that species such as Coptodon zillii, Oreochromis niloticus, Parachromis managuensis, Hypostomus plecostomus, Oreochromis mossambicus, and Hemiculter leucisculus are high-risk invasive fish species in this region.

Conclusion: In conclusion, while hydropower development has altered the fish community structure in the lower mainstream Lancang River, it has also created favorable conditions for the invasion of alien fish. To protect the fish resources in this region, differentiated strategies are proposed: priority should be given to the prevention and control of alien fish in reservoir reaches, with a focus on dominant species in terms of quantity and high-risk invasive species; in natural reaches, protected areas for native fish should be established to maintain the living and breeding environments of native fish species.

Key words: lower reaches of the Lancang River, fish community, alien fish, invasion risk assessment

何天琪, 翟东东, 蔡方陶, 王东, 陈元元, 刘红艳, 熊飞, 刘明典, 段辛斌. 澜沧江下游干流鱼类群落结构特征及外来鱼类入侵风险评估. 生物多样性, DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025394.

Tianqi He, Dongdong Zhai, Fangtao Cai, Dong Wang, Yuanyuan Chen, Hongyan Liu, Fei Xiong, Mingdian Liu, Xinbin Duan. Characteristics of fish community structure in the lower mainstream of the Lancang River and risk assessment of alien fish invasion. Biodiversity Science, DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025394.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2025394

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