生物多样性信用的概念、原则、交易和挑战

doi:10.17520/biods.2023300

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为应对生物多样性资金缺口、遏止与扭转全球生物多样性丧失, 生物多样性信用以碳信用为蓝本应运而生。与以生物多样性损失为前提的生物多样性抵消不同, 生物多样性信用是一种可测量、追踪和交易的, 能为生物多样性带来净效益的经济工具。本文旨在介绍生物多样性信用的概念内涵, 详细阐释了其与生物多样性抵消和碳信用的概念异同, 在参考高质量碳信用的基础上汇总了生物多样性信用的原则, 包含其核算方法和治理体系, 同时介绍了目前全球生物多样性信用市场, 提供了不同交易项目的具体实践案例, 并梳理了生物多样性信用在定价、是否会成为企业漂绿的工具、监管与治理体系以及与碳信用的兼容等4方面的问题和挑战。未来, 生物多样性信用挑战与机遇并存。

关键词: 生物多样性丧失, 生物多样性信用, 生物多样性抵消, 碳信用, 市场机制

Abstract

Aim & Background Unlike biodiversity offsets, which are based on the premise of biodiversity loss, biodiversity credits are an economic instrument that is measurable, traceable, tradable, and generates net biodiversity gains. To address the funding gap for biodiversity and to halt and reverse global biodiversity loss, biodiversity credits have emerged with carbon credits as a blueprint.

Results This paper introduced the conceptual framework of biodiversity credits, providing a detailed explanation of their similarities and differences with biodiversity offsets and carbon credits. Drawing on the foundation of high-quality carbon credits, the paper summarized the principles of biodiversity credits, including their accounting approaches and governance systems. Furthermore, it presented the current global market for biodiversity credits, offering specific practical examples of various trading projects.

Prospects The paper also examined four aspects of problems and challenges related to biodiversity credits: (1) pricing in voluntary markets lacks clear standards; (2) the risk of being a potential greenwashing tool used by enterprises; (3) regulatory and governance systems need safeguards for transparency and community rights; (4) the compatibility with carbon credits is controversial. Looking forward, challenges and opportunities of biodiversity credits co-exist as a critical tool for businesses to achieve their Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) goals.

Key words: biodiversity loss, biodiversity credits, biodiversity offsets, carbon credits, market mechanism

中图分类号:

X176

彭昀月, 靳彤, 张小全 (2024) 生物多样性信用的概念、原则、交易和挑战. 生物多样性, 32, 23300. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023300.

Yunyue Peng, Tong Jin, Xiaoquan Zhang (2024) Biodiversity credits: Concepts, principles, transactions and challenges. Biodiversity Science, 32, 23300. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023300.

导出引用管理器 EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2023300

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2024/V32/I2/23300

图/表 3

参考文献 40

[1]	Bai YW, Yao JR, Chen YJ, Shi LL, Shen TT, Yu YH, Wen YQ, Wu M (2023) Study on key issues in financial institutions’ support for biodiversity conservation. In: Annual Report 2023: Harnessing Biodiversity Finance for People and Planet. China Financial Publishing House, Beijing. (in Chinese)
	[白韫雯, 姚靖然, 陈蓥婕, 石玲玲, 申屠婷, 俞婴红, 温姚琪, 吴敏 (2023) 金融机构支持生物多样性保护关键问题研究. 见: 人与自然和谐共生: 生物多样性金融2023年度报告. 中国金融出版社, 北京.]
[2]	Benedito F, Sarmiento M (2022) Biodiversity Credit Market Must Learn from Carbon Offset Mistakes (Commentary). https://news.mongabay.com/2022/11/biodiversity-credit-market-must-learn-from-carbon-offset-mistakes-commentary/. (accessed on 2023-08-16)
[3]	CBD Convention on Biological Diversity (2022) Kunming- Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework: Draft Decision Submitted by the President. https://www.cbd.int/doc/c/e6d3/cd1d/daf663719a03902a9b116c34/cop-15-l-25-en.pdf. (accessed on 2023-08-21)
[4]	Chen YH, Pan Y (2021) Biodiversity, biodiversity finance and financial stability. Financial Accounting, (11), 56-62. (in Chinese)
	[陈燕和, 潘玉 (2021) 生物多样性、生物多样性融资与金融稳定. 金融会计, (11), 56-62.]
[5]	Cui CY, Hou YL, Wang TY, Wen YL (2022) Biodiversity conservation supported by finance: Global practice and policy enlightenment. Biodiversity Science, 30, 22326. (in Chinese with English abstract) DOI
	[崔楚云, 侯一蕾, 王天一, 温亚利 (2022) 金融支持生物多样性保护: 全球实践及政策启示. 生物多样性, 30, 22326.] DOI
[6]	Deutz A, Heal GM, Niu R, Swanson E, Townshend T, Li Z, Delmar A, Meghji A, Sethi SA la Puente JT (2020) Financing Nature:Closing the Global Biodiversity Financing Gap. The Paulson Institute, Chicago, The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, and the Cornell Atkinson Center for Sustainability, New York. https://www.paulsoninstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/FINANCING-NATURE_Full-Report_Final-with-endorsements_101420.pdf. (accessed on 2023-08-16)
[7]	Ducros A, Steele P (2022) Biocredits to Finance Nature and People: Emerging Lessons. International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), London & Edinburgh. https://www.iied.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/2022-11/21216IIED.pdf. (accessed on 2023-08-16)
[8]	FFI Fauna Flora International,PVF (Plan Vivo Foundation) (2023) High-level Integrity Principles Developed to Steer Emerging Biodiversity Credits Market. https://www.planvivo.org/news/biodiversity-high-level-integrity-principles. (accessed on 2023-08-17)
[9]	Gray C, Khatri A (2022) How Biodiversity Credits can Deliver Benefits for Business, Nature and Local Communities. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/12/biodiversity-credits-nature-cop15/. (accessed on 2023-08-16)
[10]	Hawker E (2023) Carbon Markets Nurture Biodiversity Solutions. https://www.esginvestor.net/carbon-markets-nurture-biodiversity-solutions/. (accessed on 2023-08-16)
[11]	Hu YY (2022) Research progress on biodiversity offsetting. Biodiversity Science, 30, 21266. (in Chinese with English abstract) DOI
	[胡远洋 (2022) 生物多样性抵消的研究进展. 生物多样性, 30, 21266.] DOI
[12]	ICVCM Integrity Council for the Voluntary Carbon Market (2023) The Core Carbon Principles: Plus the Program-level Assessment Framework and Assessment Procedure. https://icvcm.org/the-core-carbon-principles/. (accessed on 2023-08-22)
[13]	Jing Z, Zhang X (2023) Analysis of the legal realization path of biodiversity offsetting in China. Gansu Theory Research, (2), 89-98. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[荆珍, 张鑫 (2023) 我国生物多样性抵消的法律实现路径探析. 甘肃理论学刊, (2), 89-98.]
[14]	Karsenty A (2022) Emmanuel Macron’s “Biodiversity Credits”: What are We Talking about? (Commentary). https://news.mongabay.com/2022/12/emmanuel-macrons-biodiversity-credits-what-are-we-talking-about/. (accessed on 2023-08-16)
[15]	Koh NS, Loveridge R, Starkey M, Bennun L, Booth H, Hawkins F, Mitchell W, Prescott G, Rose J (2022) Exploring Design Principles for High Integrity and Scalable Voluntary Biodiversity Credits. The Biodiversity Consultancy, Cambridge. https://www.thebiodiversityconsultancy.com/fileadmin/uploads/tbc/Documents/Resources/Exploring_design_principles_for_high_integrity_and_scalable_voluntary_biodiversity_credits_The_Biodiversity_Consultancy__1_.pdf. (accessed on 2023-08-16)
[16]	Lan H (2021) The present and future of biodiversity financing in China. China Ecological Civilization, (6), 43-47. (in Chinese)
	[蓝虹 (2021) 中国生物多样性融资的现状及未来. 中国生态文明, (6), 43-47.]
[17]	Li JM, Zhang HM, Wang N (2023) Paths and institutional arrangements for the value realization of biodiversity products: Experiences and inspirations of foreign bio- banking. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 43, 198-207. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[李京梅, 张慧敏, 王娜 (2023) 生物多样性产品价值实现的路径与制度安排——国外生物多样性银行经验借鉴与启示. 生态学报, 43, 198-207.]
[18]	Liu GY, Yan NY, Yang Q (2022) Optimizing ecological credit accounting to enhance ecosystem functions. China Natural Resources News, 2022-12-02. (in Chinese)
	[刘耕源, 颜宁聿, 杨青 (2022) 优化生态信用核算提升生态系统功能. 中国自然资源报, 2022-12-02.]
[19]	Liu YB, Tang RN (2021) The impact of ESG on enterprise value. China Asset Appraisal, (11), 81. (in Chinese)
	[刘云波, 唐仁娜 (2021) ESG对企业价值的影响. 中国资产评估, (11), 81.]
[20]	Lu DY (2022) Brief study of promoting biodiversity conservation by economical measures. Environment and Sustainable Development, 47(4), 50-54. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[卢笛音 (2022) 浅谈以经济手段促进生物多样性保护. 环境与可持续发展, 47(4), 50-54.]
[21]	Manuell R (2023) Feature: Biodiversity Crediting to Imminently Face up to the Challenges of Bundling and Stacking with Carbon. https://carbon-pulse.com/212820/. (accessed on 2023-08-16)
[22]	Mehrabi Z, Naidoo R (2022) Shifting baselines and biodiversity success stories. Nature, 601, E17-E18.
[23]	Milner-Gulland EJ, Addison P, Arlidge WNS, Baker J, Booth H, Brooks T, Bull JW, Burgass MJ, Ekstrom J, Zu Ermgassen SOSE, Fleming LV, Grub HMJ, von Hase A, Hoffmann M, Hutton J, Juffe-Bignoli D, Kate KT, Kiesecker J, Kümpel NF, Maron M, Newing HS, Ole-Moiyoi K, Sinclair C, Sinclair S, Starkey M, Stuart SN, Tayleur C, Watson JEM (2021) Four steps for the Earth: Mainstreaming the post-2020 global biodiversity framework. One Earth, 4, 75-87. DOI URL
[24]	NatureFinance, Taskforce on Nature Markets (2023) The Future of Biodiversity Credit Markets: Governing High-performance Biodiversity Credit Markets. https://www.naturefinance.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/TheFutureOfBiodiversityCreditMarkets.pdf. (accessed on 2023- 08-16)
[25]	NGFS Network for Greening the Financial System, INSPIRE (International Network for Sustainable Financial Policy Insights, Research, and Exchange) (2021) Biodiversity and Financial Stability: Exploring the Case for Action. https://www.ngfs.net/en/biodiversity-and-financial-stability-exploring-case-action. (accessed on 2023-11-30)
[26]	NSW Department of Planning and Environment (2023) What are Biodiversity Credits? http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/topics/animals-and-plants/biodiversity-offsets-scheme/buying-selling-credits-market-information/what-are-biodiversity-credits. (accessed on 2023-08-16)
[27]	Pollination (2023) State of Voluntary Biodiversity Credit Markets: A Global Review of Biodiversity Credit Schemes. https://pollinationgroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Global-Review-of-Biodiversity-Credit-Schemes-Pollination-October-2023.pdf. (accessed on 2023-08-16)
[28]	Pollination,Taskforce on Nature Markets (2023) Biodiversity Credit Markets: The Role of Law, Regulation and Policy. https://assets-global.website-files.com/623a362e6b1a3e2eb749839c/6452340b9bcbb3ef3f82e6b6_BiodiversityCreditMarkets.pdf. (accessed on 2023-08-16)
[29]	Porras I, Steele P (2020) Making the Market Work for Nature: How Biocredits can Protect Biodiversity and Reduce Poverty. International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), London & Edinburgh. https://www.iied.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/migrate/16664IIED.pdf. (accessed on 2023-08-16)
[30]	Radjabov T (2023) Biodiversity Credit-An Effective Trade-off Mechanism. UNDP, New York. https://www.undp.org/uzbekistan/blog/biodiversity-credit-effective-trade-mechanism#:-:text=Biodiversity%20credit%20is%20a%20financial,biodiversity%20in%20a%20specific%20landscape. (accessed on 2023-08-16)
[31]	Sarmiento M, Morgan S (2023) Biodiversity Credits: An Opportunity to Create a New Financing Framework (Commentary). https://news.mongabay.com/2023/02/biodiversity-credits-an-opportunity-to-create-a-new-crediting-framework-commentary/. (accessed on 2023-08-16)
[32]	Tedersoo L, Sepping J, Morgunov AS, Kiik M, Esop K, Rosenvald R, Hardwick K, Breman E, Purdon R, Groom B, Venmans F, Kiers ET, Antonelli A (2024) Towards a co-crediting system for carbon and biodiversity. Plants, People, Planet, 6, 18-28. DOI URL
[33]	The Nature Conservancy (2023) Principles, Characteristics and Applications of High-quality Carbon Credits. (in Chinese)
	[ 大自然保护协会 (2023) 高质量碳信用的原则、特征和应用.] https://www.tnc.org.cn/content/details27_1440.html. (accessed on 2023-08-16)
[34]	The Wallacea Trust (2023) Methodology for Quantifying Units of Biodiversity Gain. https://wallaceatrust.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Biodiversity-credit-methodology-V3.pdf. (accessed on 2024-02-28)
[35]	UNDP United Nations Development Programme (2021) High-integrity Voluntary Carbon Markets (VCM): Emerging Issues in Forest Countries. https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/2021-11/UNDP-High-Integrity-Voluntary-Carbon-Markets-Emerging-Issues-in-Forest-Countries-V2.pdf. (accessed on 2023-08-22)
[36]	UNEP FI United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative (2022) 150 Financial Institutions, Managing More than $24 Trillion, Call on World Leaders to Adopt Ambitious Global Biodiversity Framework at COP15. https://www.unepfi.org/themes/ecosystems/cop15statement/. (accessed on 2023-08-17)
[37]	US Fish and Wildlife Service (2003) Guidance for the Establishment, Use, and Operation of Conservation Banks. US Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington DC. https://www.fws.gov/sites/default/files/documents/conservation-banking-guidance-2003-05-02.pdf. (accessed on 2023- 08-16)
[38]	Verra (2022) Nature Credits: Financing Nature Conservation and Restoration. https://verra.org/wp-content/uploads/Verra_NatureCredits_Overview_2022.pdf. (accessed on 2023- 10-20)
[39]	Verra (2023) SD VISta Nature Framework v0.1 for Public Consultation. https://verra.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/SD-VISta-Nature-Framework-v0.1-for-Public-Consultation.pdf. (accessed on 2023-10-20)
[40]	WEF World Economic Forum (2022) Biodiversity Credits: Unlocking Financial Markets for Nature-positive Outcomes. https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Biodiversity_Credit_Market_2022.pdf. (accessed on 2023-08-16)

项目类型 Scheme type	适用情况 Applicability	单位 Unit type	目标 Objective
生物多样性抵消项目 Biodiversity offset scheme	强制或自愿 Compliance or voluntary	生物多样性抵消 Biodiversity offsets	生物多样性无净损失或产生生物多样性净增长/净正向影响 No net loss of biodiversity or biodiversity net gain/net positive impacts
生物多样性信用项目 Biodiversity credit scheme	自愿 Voluntary	生物多样性信用 Biodiversity credits	正向的生物多样性成果 Positive biodiversity outcomes

项目类型 Scheme type	适用情况 Applicability	单位 Unit type	目标 Objective
生物多样性抵消项目 Biodiversity offset scheme	强制或自愿 Compliance or voluntary	生物多样性抵消 Biodiversity offsets	生物多样性无净损失或产生生物多样性净增长/净正向影响 No net loss of biodiversity or biodiversity net gain/net positive impacts
生物多样性信用项目 Biodiversity credit scheme	自愿 Voluntary	生物多样性信用 Biodiversity credits	正向的生物多样性成果 Positive biodiversity outcomes

国家或地区 Countries or regions	项目类型 Project type
国家或地区 Countries or regions	PL	GL	UL	IS^*
澳大利亚 Australia	√	√		√
新西兰 New Zealand	√	√
纽埃 Niue		√
印度 India		√
南非 South Africa	√
加蓬 Gabon		√
哥伦比亚 Colombia	√
巴西 Brazil	√
英国 United Kingdom	√	√	√	√
瑞士 Switzerland	√
瑞典 Sweden	√
法国 France	√
南美洲 South America	√
非洲 Africa	√
国际 International	√			√

国家或地区 Countries or regions	项目类型 Project type
国家或地区 Countries or regions	PL	GL	UL	IS^*
澳大利亚 Australia	√	√		√
新西兰 New Zealand	√	√
纽埃 Niue		√
印度 India		√
南非 South Africa	√
加蓬 Gabon		√
哥伦比亚 Colombia	√
巴西 Brazil	√
英国 United Kingdom	√	√	√	√
瑞士 Switzerland	√
瑞典 Sweden	√
法国 France	√
南美洲 South America	√
非洲 Africa	√
国际 International	√			√