广东沿海海草床的现状、面临的威胁与保护建议

doi:10.17520/biods.2023201

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

海草床是地球上最具价值的生态系统之一, 为人类提供广泛的生态系统服务。我国乃至全球范围内海草床面临着人类活动威胁, 且呈退化趋势。广东海草研究起步较晚, 近年来涌现的一些研究成果将广东海草分布特征清晰地呈现在世人面前, 并发现海草床受到的威胁来源多样, 但缺乏系统的总结。基于广东滨海地区未来一段时间将持续面临高强度人类活动压力的背景下, 为有效保护海草床及其生物多样性, 亟需进一步深入了解广东海草床存在的问题, 从而提出针对性的保护建议。本文通过回顾21世纪以来广东海草床研究成果, 汇总了广东海草分布信息, 并结合现场调研和国内外海草床的研究报道, 梳理了广东海草床面临的威胁。结果表明广东沿岸海草分布广泛, 现有海草床面积约1,540 ha。海草种类共5种, 以卵叶喜盐草(Halophila ovalis)和贝克喜盐草(H. beccarii)为主, 日本鳗草(Zostera japonica)、单脉二药草(Halodule uninervis)和短柄川蔓草(Ruppia brevipedunculata)分布较少。本文阐明了人为因素和自然因素如何影响海草的生长和分布, 并指出了广东海草床主要面临着海水养殖、渔业捕捞、陆源污染、海洋工程等人类活动的威胁。此外, 物种入侵和全球气候变化的影响也不容忽视。针对上述威胁, 在现有的保护基础之上, 建议加强海草床生态系统研究、提升海草调查监测能力、建立健全海草保护监管体系、管控污染物排放、强化海草床生态修复并开展海草科普宣传等工作。

关键词: 广东, 海草床, 人类活动威胁, 保护现状, 保护建议

Abstract

Background & Aims Seagrass beds rank among the earth’s most valuable ecosystems, providing extensive ecosystem services to human. Despite their global significance, seagrass beds in the world, particularly in China, face threats from human activities, leading to their degradation. While recent studies in Guangdong Province have increasingly elucidated the distribution characteristics of seagrass beds and threats from multiple sources, a systematic summary of these findings remains limited. Given the anticipated continued pressure of high intensity human activities in the future period of time along the Guangdong coast, a deeper understanding of the challenges faced by seagrass beds in crucial from formulating targeted conservation suggestions aimed at effectively preserving their biodiversity.

Review results In this work, we comprehensively reviewed research results on Guangdong seagrass beds since the 21st century and summarized the information on their distribution of seagrass beds. Through a combination of field investigations and domestic and international research, we identified to Guangdong seagrass beds. The results showed that seagrass was widely distributed along the Guangdong coast, covering an area of 1,540 ha and comprising five species. Halophila ovalis and H. beccarii were both dominant species, while Zostera japonica, Halodule uninervis, Ruppia brevipedunculata had more limited distribution. This paper illustrated the impact of both human and natural factors on growth and distribution of seagrass, and pointed out that human activities such as mariculture, fishing, land-based pollution, marine engineering as primary threats. Moreover, the study acknowledged the significance of species invasion and global climate change.

Perspectives Aiming at threats mentioned above, we proposed conservation suggestions that building upon established protection measures. These recommendations include strengthening scientific research on seagrass bed ecosystem, improving the ability of survey and surveillance on seagrass, establishing a regulatory system for protecting seagrass, managing and controlling pollutant emissions, reinforcing ecological restoration of seagrass beds, and launching popular science activities and awareness campaigns.

Key words: Guangdong, seagrass bed, threats from human activities, conservation status, conservation suggestions

钟超, 廖亚琴, 刘伟杰, 隋昊志, 陈清华 (2024) 广东沿海海草床的现状、面临的威胁与保护建议. 生物多样性, 32, 23201. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023201.

Zhong Chao, Liao Yaqin, Liu Weijie, Sui Haozhi, Chen Qinghua (2024) Status, threats and conservation suggestions on seagrass beds in Guangdong. Biodiversity Science, 32, 23201. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023201.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2023201

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2024/V32/I2/23201

图/表 5

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研究区域 Study area	序号 No.	海草床 Seagrass bed	种类 Species	面积 Area (ha)	茎枝密度 Shoot density (shoots/m²)	生物量 Biomass (g/m²)	文献来源 References
潮州 Chaozhou	1	柘林湾 Zhelin Bay*	卵叶喜盐草 Halophila ovalis	40	6,540.08	35.52	黄小平等, 2010
汕头 Shantou	2	义丰溪 Yifengxi	贝克喜盐草 H. beccarii	417.95	11,066	50.3	Jiang et al, 2020
汕头 Shantou	3	莲下 Lianxia	贝克喜盐草 H. beccarii	36.85	11,764	69.2	Jiang et al, 2020
汕尾 Shanwei	4	白沙湖 Baisha Lake*	卵叶喜盐草 H. ovalis	<1	10,542	118.24	黄小平等, 2010
惠州 Huizhou	5	考洲洋 Kaozhouyang*	卵叶喜盐草 H. ovalis	6.95	5,952.38	12.86	黄小平等, 2010
深圳 Shenzhen	6	大亚湾 Daya Bay	卵叶喜盐草 H. ovalis 短柄川蔓草 Ruppia brevipedunculata	3.05	‒	‒	Jiang et al, 2020
深圳 Shenzhen	7	南澳 Nanao	卵叶喜盐草 H. ovalis 日本鳗草 Zostera japonica	1.77	6,935.5	58.25	Jiang et al, 2020
珠海 Zhuhai	8	横琴 Hengqin	贝克喜盐草 H. beccarii	25.28	10,750	37.05	Jiang et al, 2020
	9	三灶 Sanzao	贝克喜盐草 H. beccarii	1.84	18,000	23.5	Jiang et al, 2020
	10	香洲(唐家湾) Xiangzhou (Tangjiawan)	贝克喜盐草 H. beccarii	2.85	‒	‒	Jiang et al, 2020
江门 Jiangmen	11	上川岛湾仔角 Wanzaijiao, Shangchuan Island*	日本鳗草 Z. japonica	7	4,690.48	117.86	黄小平等, 2010
	12	上川岛沙塘 Shatang, Shangchuan Island	日本鳗草 Z. japonica	0.011	2,256	161.8	Jiang et al, 2020
	13	下川岛荔枝湾 Lizhiwan, Xiachuan Island	日本鳗草 Z. japonica 贝克喜盐草 H. beccarii	0.17	‒	‒	Jiang et al, 2020
阳江 Yangjiang	14	海陵岛 Hailing Island*	卵叶喜盐草 H. ovalis	1	‒	‒	黄小平等, 2006
	15	新丰 Xinfeng	卵叶喜盐草 H. ovalis 贝克喜盐草 H. beccarii	128.82	4,869	16.32	Jiang et al, 2020
	16	溪头 Xitou	贝克喜盐草 H. beccarii	2.18	14,688	52.3	Jiang et al, 2020
茂名 Maoming	17	水东湾 Shuidong Bay	卵叶喜盐草 H. ovalis	1.66	1,224	5.1	Jiang et al, 2020
湛江 Zhanjiang	18	南三岛 Nansan Island	贝克喜盐草 H. beccarii	2.3	5,618	25.5	Jiang et al, 2020
	19	东海岛 Donghai Island*	贝克喜盐草 H. beccarii	9	‒	‒	黄小平等, 2006
	20	东山 Dongshan	卵叶喜盐草 H. ovalis 贝克喜盐草 H. beccarii	54.23	5,309	26.21	Jiang et al, 2020
	21	新寮 Xinliao	卵叶喜盐草 H. ovalis 贝克喜盐草 H. beccarii	4.62	2,668.5	8.04	Jiang et al, 2020
	22	海安 Haian	短柄川蔓草 R. brevipedunculata	1.63	6,496	6.37	Jiang et al, 2020
	23	流沙湾 Liusha Bay	卵叶喜盐草 H. ovalis 单脉二药草 H. uninervis	852.6	‒	‒	Jiang et al, 2020
	24	企水湾 Qishui Bay*	卵叶喜盐草 H. ovalis	<1	3,428.57	26.9	黄小平等, 2010
	25	英罗湾 Yingluo Bay	贝克喜盐草 H. beccarii	2.5	‒	‒	熊卉等, 2013
总面积 Total area				1,540

研究区域 Study area	序号 No.	海草床 Seagrass bed	种类 Species	面积 Area (ha)	茎枝密度 Shoot density (shoots/m²)	生物量 Biomass (g/m²)	文献来源 References
潮州 Chaozhou	1	柘林湾 Zhelin Bay*	卵叶喜盐草 Halophila ovalis	40	6,540.08	35.52	黄小平等, 2010
汕头 Shantou	2	义丰溪 Yifengxi	贝克喜盐草 H. beccarii	417.95	11,066	50.3	Jiang et al, 2020
汕头 Shantou	3	莲下 Lianxia	贝克喜盐草 H. beccarii	36.85	11,764	69.2	Jiang et al, 2020
汕尾 Shanwei	4	白沙湖 Baisha Lake*	卵叶喜盐草 H. ovalis	<1	10,542	118.24	黄小平等, 2010
惠州 Huizhou	5	考洲洋 Kaozhouyang*	卵叶喜盐草 H. ovalis	6.95	5,952.38	12.86	黄小平等, 2010
深圳 Shenzhen	6	大亚湾 Daya Bay	卵叶喜盐草 H. ovalis 短柄川蔓草 Ruppia brevipedunculata	3.05	‒	‒	Jiang et al, 2020
深圳 Shenzhen	7	南澳 Nanao	卵叶喜盐草 H. ovalis 日本鳗草 Zostera japonica	1.77	6,935.5	58.25	Jiang et al, 2020
珠海 Zhuhai	8	横琴 Hengqin	贝克喜盐草 H. beccarii	25.28	10,750	37.05	Jiang et al, 2020
	9	三灶 Sanzao	贝克喜盐草 H. beccarii	1.84	18,000	23.5	Jiang et al, 2020
	10	香洲(唐家湾) Xiangzhou (Tangjiawan)	贝克喜盐草 H. beccarii	2.85	‒	‒	Jiang et al, 2020
江门 Jiangmen	11	上川岛湾仔角 Wanzaijiao, Shangchuan Island*	日本鳗草 Z. japonica	7	4,690.48	117.86	黄小平等, 2010
	12	上川岛沙塘 Shatang, Shangchuan Island	日本鳗草 Z. japonica	0.011	2,256	161.8	Jiang et al, 2020
	13	下川岛荔枝湾 Lizhiwan, Xiachuan Island	日本鳗草 Z. japonica 贝克喜盐草 H. beccarii	0.17	‒	‒	Jiang et al, 2020
阳江 Yangjiang	14	海陵岛 Hailing Island*	卵叶喜盐草 H. ovalis	1	‒	‒	黄小平等, 2006
	15	新丰 Xinfeng	卵叶喜盐草 H. ovalis 贝克喜盐草 H. beccarii	128.82	4,869	16.32	Jiang et al, 2020
	16	溪头 Xitou	贝克喜盐草 H. beccarii	2.18	14,688	52.3	Jiang et al, 2020
茂名 Maoming	17	水东湾 Shuidong Bay	卵叶喜盐草 H. ovalis	1.66	1,224	5.1	Jiang et al, 2020
湛江 Zhanjiang	18	南三岛 Nansan Island	贝克喜盐草 H. beccarii	2.3	5,618	25.5	Jiang et al, 2020
	19	东海岛 Donghai Island*	贝克喜盐草 H. beccarii	9	‒	‒	黄小平等, 2006
	20	东山 Dongshan	卵叶喜盐草 H. ovalis 贝克喜盐草 H. beccarii	54.23	5,309	26.21	Jiang et al, 2020
	21	新寮 Xinliao	卵叶喜盐草 H. ovalis 贝克喜盐草 H. beccarii	4.62	2,668.5	8.04	Jiang et al, 2020
	22	海安 Haian	短柄川蔓草 R. brevipedunculata	1.63	6,496	6.37	Jiang et al, 2020
	23	流沙湾 Liusha Bay	卵叶喜盐草 H. ovalis 单脉二药草 H. uninervis	852.6	‒	‒	Jiang et al, 2020
	24	企水湾 Qishui Bay*	卵叶喜盐草 H. ovalis	<1	3,428.57	26.9	黄小平等, 2010
	25	英罗湾 Yingluo Bay	贝克喜盐草 H. beccarii	2.5	‒	‒	熊卉等, 2013
总面积 Total area				1,540

研究区域 Study area	海草床 Seagrass bed	海草种类 Seagrass species	大型底栖动物 Macrozoobenthos						文献来源 References
研究区域 Study area	海草床 Seagrass bed	海草种类 Seagrass species	种类数 Species number	丰度 Abundance (ind./m²)	生物量 Biomass (g/m²)	Shannon- Wiener 多样性指数 H'	均匀度指数 J	物种丰富度指数 d	文献来源 References
广东 Guangdong	义丰溪 Yifengxi	贝克喜盐草 Halophila beccarii	5	101.3	5.80	0.67	0.88	0.29	郭治明等, 2023
	唐家湾 Tangjiawan	贝克喜盐草 H. beccarii	17	42.6	13.56	0.58	0.48	0.37	郭治明等, 2023
	流沙湾 Liusha Bay	卵叶喜盐草 H. ovalis	47	280.0	189.31	0.92	0.49	1.71	郭治明等, 2023
海南 Hainan	新村港 Xincun Lagoon	泰来草 Thalassia hemprichii 海菖蒲 Enhalus acoroides	15	292.6	81.82	0.81	0.61	0.93	郭治明等, 2023
	黎安港 Li’an Lagoon	海菖蒲 E. acoroides	17	133.4	102.22	0.95	0.58	1.03	郭治明等, 2023
	东寨港 Dongzhai Harbor	卵叶喜盐草 H. ovalis	20	63.8	71.86	1.22	0.72	0.79	郭治明等, 2023
	黄沙港 Huangsha Harbor	泰来草 T. hemprichii	18	69.3	46.47	1.59	0.73	1.34	郭治明等, 2023
	花场湾 Huachang Bay	贝克喜盐草 H. beccarii	11	250.7	80.88	1.14	0.52	0.92	郭治明等, 2023
	高隆湾-长圮港 Gaolong Bay-Changpi Harbor	泰来草 T. hemprichii 海菖蒲 E. acoroides	22	52.7	163.14	0.89	0.66	0.58	郭治明等, 2023
	青葛-龙湾 Qingge-Longwan	泰来草 T. hemprichii 海菖蒲 E. acoroides	21	36.6	244.20	0.91	0.78	0.54	郭治明等, 2023
广西 Guangxi	合浦 Hepu	卵叶喜盐草 H. ovalis 日本鳗草 Zostera japonica	216	166.7‒327.3	‒	1.7‒2.9*	0.6‒0.9*	‒	张景平等, 2020
	铁山港 Tieshan Harbor	卵叶喜盐草 H. ovalis	52	109.0	75.81	2.42	0.79	1.77	郭治明等, 2023
	珍珠湾 Zhenzhu Bay	日本鳗草 Z. japonica	32	436.0	345.21	1.31	0.41	1.35	郭治明等, 2023
山东 Shandong	广饶 Guangrao	日本鳗草 Z. japonica	41	661.3	‒	‒	—	‒	孟周等, 2021
辽宁 Liaoning	觉华岛 Juehua Island	鳗草 Z. marina	32	336.7‒408.3	67.28‒10.89	1.2‒1.7*	0.8‒0.9*	0.7‒1.3*	张兆衡等, 2022

研究区域 Study area	海草床 Seagrass bed	海草种类 Seagrass species	大型底栖动物 Macrozoobenthos						文献来源 References
研究区域 Study area	海草床 Seagrass bed	海草种类 Seagrass species	种类数 Species number	丰度 Abundance (ind./m²)	生物量 Biomass (g/m²)	Shannon- Wiener 多样性指数 H'	均匀度指数 J	物种丰富度指数 d	文献来源 References
广东 Guangdong	义丰溪 Yifengxi	贝克喜盐草 Halophila beccarii	5	101.3	5.80	0.67	0.88	0.29	郭治明等, 2023
	唐家湾 Tangjiawan	贝克喜盐草 H. beccarii	17	42.6	13.56	0.58	0.48	0.37	郭治明等, 2023
	流沙湾 Liusha Bay	卵叶喜盐草 H. ovalis	47	280.0	189.31	0.92	0.49	1.71	郭治明等, 2023
海南 Hainan	新村港 Xincun Lagoon	泰来草 Thalassia hemprichii 海菖蒲 Enhalus acoroides	15	292.6	81.82	0.81	0.61	0.93	郭治明等, 2023
	黎安港 Li’an Lagoon	海菖蒲 E. acoroides	17	133.4	102.22	0.95	0.58	1.03	郭治明等, 2023
	东寨港 Dongzhai Harbor	卵叶喜盐草 H. ovalis	20	63.8	71.86	1.22	0.72	0.79	郭治明等, 2023
	黄沙港 Huangsha Harbor	泰来草 T. hemprichii	18	69.3	46.47	1.59	0.73	1.34	郭治明等, 2023
	花场湾 Huachang Bay	贝克喜盐草 H. beccarii	11	250.7	80.88	1.14	0.52	0.92	郭治明等, 2023
	高隆湾-长圮港 Gaolong Bay-Changpi Harbor	泰来草 T. hemprichii 海菖蒲 E. acoroides	22	52.7	163.14	0.89	0.66	0.58	郭治明等, 2023
	青葛-龙湾 Qingge-Longwan	泰来草 T. hemprichii 海菖蒲 E. acoroides	21	36.6	244.20	0.91	0.78	0.54	郭治明等, 2023
广西 Guangxi	合浦 Hepu	卵叶喜盐草 H. ovalis 日本鳗草 Zostera japonica	216	166.7‒327.3	‒	1.7‒2.9*	0.6‒0.9*	‒	张景平等, 2020
	铁山港 Tieshan Harbor	卵叶喜盐草 H. ovalis	52	109.0	75.81	2.42	0.79	1.77	郭治明等, 2023
	珍珠湾 Zhenzhu Bay	日本鳗草 Z. japonica	32	436.0	345.21	1.31	0.41	1.35	郭治明等, 2023
山东 Shandong	广饶 Guangrao	日本鳗草 Z. japonica	41	661.3	‒	‒	—	‒	孟周等, 2021
辽宁 Liaoning	觉华岛 Juehua Island	鳗草 Z. marina	32	336.7‒408.3	67.28‒10.89	1.2‒1.7*	0.8‒0.9*	0.7‒1.3*	张兆衡等, 2022