集中式大型光伏及风电电场生态影响: 进展与展望

doi:10.17520/biods.2023212

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在“碳达峰”和“碳中和”目标的驱动下, 我国可再生能源增长势头迅猛, 而随着光伏、风电的大规模发展, 其生态影响问题也引发关注, 但缺乏系统性的研究综述。本文回顾了国内外集中式光伏和陆上风电电场对环境、物种多样性和生态系统服务功能影响的研究, 发现: 光伏的生态影响主要体现在对土壤、植被和栖息地质量的改变, 对部分物种有不利影响, 在较为干旱的地区, 光伏设施能起到降温增湿的作用, 促进植被恢复, 在荒漠地区可以发挥防风固沙的生态作用; 风电电场的生态影响集中在对土壤植被的扰动、造成鸟类碰撞死亡和栖息地破碎化等方面, 影响物种迁徙和区域生态系统服务功能。但目前的研究在生态影响机制和生态系统整体影响方面还存在不足, 对此, 本文提出了完善与统一调查方法、采用先进的生态环境调查技术、加强在物种和生态系统水平上的系统性影响研究等建议。未来需要进一步研究光伏、风电电场的生态影响, 在能源规划初期关注生态本底调查和生物多样性评估, 并制定相应的生态影响减缓策略。

关键词: 光伏, 风电, 生态影响, 影响机制

Abstract

Background and AimsDriven by China’s carbon neutrality goals, renewable energy is growing drastically, spurring the large-scale development of photovoltaics (PVs) and wind power. Despite this prevalence, systematic reviews detailing the ecological concerns associated with these technologies are scarce.

Method We provide an overview of domestic and international research on the environmental impact of centralized PV and onshore wind farms, focusing on species diversity and ecosystem services.

Results PVs and wind farms both alter climate factors, including temperature, humidity and wind speed. The construction of PVs and wind farms damages vegetation, causing soil erosion and water loss. Construction also results in solid waste and wastewater, contributing to pollution around the site. The ecological impact of PVs is mainly reflected by changes in vegetation and habitat quality, which can have adverse effects on certain species. In relatively arid areas, PVs can play a role in lowering temperatures and increasing humidity, promoting vegetation recovery. In desert areas, they can act as windbreaks. Wind farms can result in soil and vegetation disturbances, bird collisions and mortality, and habitat fragmentation, all of which affect species migration and regional ecosystem services. Despite these potential issues, current research remains insufficient in assessing ecological impact systematically.

Prospects We recommend research focusing on three particular areas: (1) Improving and unifying survey methods for accessing ecological impacts on centralized PVs and wind farms; (2) Adopting advanced ecological survey techniques; and (3) Strengthening systematic studies on ecological impacts at the species and ecosystem levels. Moving forward, it is necessary to study the ecological impacts of PVs and wind farms in depth. Biodiversity assessments should be implemented at the early stages of energy planning, and corresponding mitigation strategies should be adopted.

Key words: photovoltaics, wind power, ecological impacts, impact mechanism

彭昀月, 罗永梅, 徐泽楠, 靳彤 (2024) 集中式大型光伏及风电电场生态影响: 进展与展望. 生物多样性, 32, 23212. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023212.

Peng Yunyue, Luo Yongmei, Xu Zenan, Jin Tong (2024) Ecological impacts of centralized large-scale photovoltaics and wind farms: Progress and prospects. Biodiversity Science, 32, 23212. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023212.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2023212

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2024/V32/I2/23212

图/表 1

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