基于卫星追踪探讨黄河流域自然保护区对3种水鸟栖息地的保护现状

doi:10.17520/biods.2020328

生物多样性 ›› 2020, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (12): 1483-1495. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2020328

• 黄河流域生物多样性保护专题 • 上一篇下一篇

基于卫星追踪探讨黄河流域自然保护区对3种水鸟栖息地的保护现状

王昱熙¹, 谢彦波¹, NyambayarBatbayar⁵, 朱宝光⁴, 董树斌⁴, AnnaBarma⁷, AntonSasin⁶, 曹垒²^,³^,^*()

^1. 中国科学技术大学, 合肥 230026
^2. 中国科学院生态环境研究中心, 北京 100085
^3. 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
^4. 洪河国家级自然保护区, 建三江, 黑龙江 156332
^5. 蒙古野生动物科学与保护中心, 蒙古乌兰巴托市苏赫巴托尔区 14210
^6. 俄罗斯阿穆尔社会生态联盟公共环境组织, 俄罗斯布拉戈维申斯克 675000
^7. 世界自然基金会俄罗斯阿穆尔分会, 俄罗斯符拉迪沃斯托克 690003

收稿日期:2020-08-16 接受日期:2021-01-18 出版日期:2020-12-20 发布日期:2021-01-27
通讯作者: 曹垒
作者简介:*. E-mail: caolei@ustc.edu.cn
基金资助:
中国生物多样性监测与研究网络(Sino BON)

Discussion of existing protection for three waterbirds’ habitats in the Yellow River basin nature reserves, based on satellite tracking

Yuxi Wang¹, Yanbo Xie¹, Nyambayar Batbayar⁵, Baoguang Zhu⁴, Shubin Dong⁴, Anna Barma⁷, Anton Sasin⁶, Lei Cao²^,³^,^*()

^1. University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
^2. Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
^3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
^4. Honghe National Nature Reserve, Jiansanjiang, Heilongjiang 156332, China
^5. Wildlife Science and Conservation Center of Mongolia, Sukhbaatar District 14210, Mongolia
^6. Public Environmental Organization “AmurSEU”, Blagoveshchensk 675000, Russia;
^7. WWF-Russia, Amur Branch, Vladivostok 690003, Russia

Received:2020-08-16 Accepted:2021-01-18 Online:2020-12-20 Published:2021-01-27
Contact: Lei Cao

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

自然保护区是生物多样性保护的重要形式, 对于迁徙水鸟而言, 它的规划尤为重要。本研究于2016-2018年间在中国、蒙古国和俄罗斯捕捉6只斑头雁(Anser indicus)、5只白琵鹭(Platalea leucorodia)和10只东方白鹳(Ciconia boyciana)进行卫星追踪, 探讨了黄河流域自然保护区对它们栖息地的保护现状。基于4年累积获取的844,592条高频数据, 分析了这21只水鸟在黄河流域活动的时间和利用的土地类型, 并使用核密度法拟合了3种鸟类的家域。结果表明: 3种鸟类均利用黄河流域湿地作为迁徙途中的停歇地, 其中一部分白琵鹭幼鸟利用黄河流域湿地作为度夏地, 一部分东方白鹳利用黄河三角洲湿地作为越冬地; 3种水鸟在黄河流域内的土地利用情况存在差异, 斑头雁对草地(49.0%)、裸地(26.2%)与水体(22.5%)的利用率较高, 白琵鹭对农田(42.1%)、草地(19.8%)和湿地(19.6%)的利用率较高, 东方白鹳对湿地(49.8%)、农田(34.5%)和水体(4.6%)的利用率较高; 斑头雁核心的50%家域被现有保护区完全覆盖, 而白琵鹭和东方白鹳核心的50%家域被现有保护区的覆盖度分别为1.6%和0, 表明后2种水鸟的栖息地极大可能存在保护空缺; 同时对覆盖范围内土地类型自身占比进行分析, 发现3种鸟类对于裸地、草地和农田的利用偏向于被动选择, 而对于湿地和水体的利用表现为主动选择。基于卫星追踪获得的高频数据可以准确反映3种水鸟在黄河流域的停歇情况、土地利用情况及潜在栖息位点。在黄河流域自然保护区的进一步规划中, 应关注白琵鹭和东方白鹳适宜生境的保护状况, 并建立覆盖全面的保护区。

关键词: 斑头雁, 白琵鹭, 东方白鹳, 卫星遥测追踪, 黄河自然保护区, 保护现状

Abstract

Nature reserves represent an important form of biodiversity conservation, and their presence is particularly crucial for migratory waterbirds. From 2016‒2018, six Bar-headed Geese (Anser indicus), five Eurasian Spoonbills (Platalea leucorodia) and ten Oriental Storks (Ciconia Boyciana) were captured in China, Mongolia and Russia. During the tracking period, 844,592 pieces of high-frequency GPS tracking data were obtained, we analyzed the duration that these birds spent in the Yellow River basin and, the land cover types during their stay. Then we simulated the home range of the three species using kernel density estimation. The results showed that the Yellow River basin wetlands are used as a stopover site during the migration of these three waterbirds. Some juveniles of the Eurasian Spoonbills use the land as a summering area, and some of the Oriental Storks use it as a wintering area. There are differences in land cover of three waterfowl in the Yellow River basin. The Bar-headed Goose used the grassland (49.0%), bare land (26.2%) and water (22.5%). The Eurasian Spoonbill used the cropland (42.1%), grassland (19.8%) and wetland (19.6%). The Oriental Stork used the wetland (49.8%), cropland (34.5%) and water (4.6%). Our study found that 50% of the home range of the Bar-headed Goose overlaps with the existing nature reserves, while the homes range of the Eurasian Spoonbill and the Oriental Stork only overlap 1.6% and 0 with existing nature reserves, respectively. The habitats of these latter two species are in need of greater protection. At the same time, by analyzing the proportion of land types in the coverage area, we found that the birds’ utilization of bare land, grassland and cropland is more passive, while the utilization of wetland and water is active. The results detail the movement and living characteristics of three waterfowl in the Yellow River. Given the lack of overlap between their habitats and existing nature reserves, it will be important to establish comprehensive protected areas for Eurasian Spoonbills and Oriental Storks as part of further development of the Yellow River nature reserves.

Key words: Bar-headed Goose, Eurasian Spoonbill, Oriental Stork, satellite telemetry, Yellow River nature reserve, protection status

王昱熙, 谢彦波, NyambayarBatbayar, 朱宝光, 董树斌, AnnaBarma, AntonSasin, 曹垒 (2020) 基于卫星追踪探讨黄河流域自然保护区对3种水鸟栖息地的保护现状. 生物多样性, 28, 1483-1495. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2020328.

Yuxi Wang, Yanbo Xie, Nyambayar Batbayar, Baoguang Zhu, Shubin Dong, Anna Barma, Anton Sasin, Lei Cao (2020) Discussion of existing protection for three waterbirds’ habitats in the Yellow River basin nature reserves, based on satellite tracking. Biodiversity Science, 28, 1483-1495. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2020328.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2020328

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2020/V28/I12/1483

图/表 6

图1 追踪的3种水鸟的迁徙路线图。(A) 6只斑头雁的春秋迁徙路线: 繁殖地位于蒙古国, 越冬地在中国西藏日喀则与印度/孟加拉国, 迁徙过程中主要在黄河流域停歇。(B) 5只白琵鹭的春秋迁徙路线: 繁殖地在蒙古国, 越冬地在长江中下游流域, 迁徙中在黄河流域停歇或度夏。(C) 10只东方白鹳的春秋迁徙路线: 在黄河流域越冬。红线代表秋季迁徙路线, 黄线代表春季迁徙路线, 倒三角表示度夏位点, 正三角表示越冬位点, 绿色圆圈代表迁徙过程在黄河流域的停歇地与停歇时长, 蓝线代表黄河与长江, 浅蓝色阴影代表黄河流域(Jiang, 2015)。

Fig. 1 The map of the migration route of three waterbirds by tracking their life history. (A) The spring and autumn migration routes of 6 Bar-headed Geese. The breeding area is Mongolia, and the wintering areas are Shigatse of Tibet of China and India/Bangladesh. The Species mainly stops in the Yellow River basin. (B) The spring and autumn migration routes of 5 Eurasian Spoonbills. The breeding area is Mongolia, the wintering area is the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and it stops or spends summer in the Yellow River basin during migration. (C) The spring and autumn migration routes of 10 Oriental Storks, overwintering in the Yellow River basin. The red line represents the autumn migration route, the yellow line represents the spring migration route, the inverted triangle represents the summering sites, the forward triangle represents the wintering sites, the green circle represents the location and period of the stopover in the Yellow River basin, the blue line represents the Yellow River and the Yangtze River and the light blue shadow represents the Yellow River basin (Jiang, 2015).

表1 三种迁徙水鸟在黄河流域内活动情况与利用类型

Table 1 Activities and utilization types of three migratory waterbirds in the Yellow River basin (YRB)

物种 Species	种群 Population	季节 Season	黄河流域内时长 Staging in YRB (d)	迁徙时长 Migration duration (d)	时间占比 Percentage	利用类型 Utilization type
斑头雁 Bar-headed Goose	蒙古国-中国日喀则 MtoT	秋季 Autumn	111.2	149	75.3%	停歇地 Stopover site
	蒙古国-中国日喀则 MtoT	春季 Spring	25.3	62.2	40.7%	停歇地 Stopover site
	蒙古国-印度/孟加拉国 MtoA	秋季 Autumn	109.8	401.9	27.3%	停歇地 Stopover site
	蒙古国-印度/孟加拉国 MtoA	春季 Spring	0	40.7	0.0%	停歇地 Stopover site
白琵鹭 Eurasian Spoonbill	蒙古国-长江 Mongolia-Yangtze River	秋季 Autumn	172.9	466.2	37.1%	停歇地 Stopover site
		春季 Spring	32.9	39.1	84.1%	停歇地 Stopover site
		-	321.4	-	100.0%	度夏地 Summering site
东方白鹳 Oriental Stork	黑龙江繁殖种群 Heilongjiang breeding population	-	1351.7	-	100.0%	越冬地 Wintering site

图2 3种水鸟在黄河流域活动位点的密度分析图。(A)和(B)分别为斑头雁MtoT (蒙古国-中国日喀则)种群和MtoA (蒙古国-印度/孟加拉国)种群在黄河流域内的重要栖息地; (C)白琵鹭蒙古-长江种群在黄河流域内的重要栖息地; (D)东方白鹳黑龙江繁殖种群在黄河流域的重要栖息地。蓝线为黄河, 白线为黄河流域边界, 绿色网格阴影区域为黄河流域自然保护区范围。黄河流域的位点密度使用3% (蓝)、3%?10% (绿)、10%?20% (黄)、20%?50% (橙)与50?100% (红)进行分级标注(Jiang, 2015)。

Fig. 2 Density diagram of the sites of three waterbirds in the Yellow River basin. (A) and (B) showed the important habitats of the MtoT population and the MtoA population of the Bar-headed Goose; (C) showed the important habitat of the Eurasian Spoonbill; (D) showed the important habitat of the Oriental Stork. The blue line is the Yellow River, the white line is the boundary of the Yellow River basin, and the area shaded by the green grid is the Yellow River basin nature reserves. The site density of the Yellow River basin is marked with 3% (blue), 3%?10% (green), 10%?20% (yellow), 20%?50% (orange) and 50%?100% (red) (Jiang, 2015).

图3 3种水鸟在扎陵湖-鄂陵湖(A)、木里镇(B)、河套平原(C)和黄河三角洲(D)的家域范围。黑色网格、黄色网格、红色网格分别为90%、75%和50%活动区域拟合的家域范围。蓝线为黄河, 绿色网格阴影区域为黄河流域自然保护区, 白色区域为黄河流域边界, 蓝色区域为湖泊范围。

Fig. 3 The home range of three waterbirds in the Zhaling-Eling lake (A), Muli Town (B), Hetao Plain (C), and the Yellow River Delta (D). The black shade, the yellow shade and the red shade are 90%, 75%, and 50% of the home range fitted. The blue line is the Yellow River, the green grid shaded area is the Yellow River basin nature reserves, the white line area is the boundary of the Yellow River basin, and the blue area is the lakes.

表2 黄河流域3种水鸟重要栖息地与家域的土地利用情况

Table 2 Three important habitats of waterbirds in the Yellow River basin and land use in their home ranges

物种 Species	栖息地 Habitat	农田 Cropland	森林 Forest	草地 Grassland	灌丛 Shrubland	湿地 Wetland	水体 Water	人工地表 Artificial surface	裸地 Bare land
斑头雁 Bar-headed Goose	木里镇 Muli Town	0.0%	0.0%	49.0%	0.0%	2.3%	22.5%	0.0%	26.2%
	扎陵湖-鄂陵湖 Zhaling-Eling lake	0.0%	0.0%	50.9%	0.0%	6.4%	14.7%	0.0%	28.0%
	50%家域 Home range-50%	0.0%	0.0%	84.9%	0.0%	0.5%	1.2%	0.0%	13.4%
	75%家域 Home range-75%	0.0%	0.0%	74.4%	0.0%	0.3%	5.7%	0.0%	19.6%
	90%家域 Home range-90%	0.0%	0.0%	66.8%	0.0%	0.6%	7.7%	0.0%	24.9%
白琵鹭 Eurasian Spoonbill	河套平原 Hetao Plain	42.1%	0.7%	19.8%	0.0%	19.6%	11.1%	3.3%	3.4%
	50%家域 Home range-50%	55.2%	0.1%	7.4%	2.2%	1.1%	1.6%	3.9%	28.5%
	75%家域 Home range-75%	34.5%	1.5%	13.9%	1.3%	0.8%	1.5%	2.5%	44.0%
	90%家域 Home range-90%	31.7%	2.7%	27.7%	0.4%	0.5%	0.9%	3.8%	32.3%
东方白鹳 Oriental Stork	黄河三角洲 Yellow River Delta	34.5%	0.0%	4.5%	0.0%	49.8%	4.60%	6.6%	0.0%
	50%家域 Home range-50%	69.8%	0.0%	0.1%	0.0%	0.1%	14.3%	15.7%	0.0%
	75%家域 Home range-75%	61.0%	0.0%	0.6%	0.0%	0.6%	24.0%	13.7%	0.1%
	90%家域 Home range-90%	64.5%	0.0%	3.3%	0.0%	2.7%	19.1%	8.1%	2.3%

表3 黄河流域3种水鸟家域与自然保护区重叠情况

Table 3 Overlapping in the Yellow River basin nature reserves and home ranges of three waterfowl

	家域范围 Home range	面积 Area (km²)	重叠面积 Overlapping area (km²)	重叠率 Overlapping rate
斑头雁 Bar-headed Goose	50%	370.9	370.9	100.0%
	75%	1,427.1	1,427.1	100.0%
	90%	3,394.6	3,386.1	99.8%
白琵鹭 Eurasian Spoonbill	50%	6,428.4	105.2	1.6%
	75%	31,660.7	951.6	3.0%
	90%	63,064.6	3,090.4	4.9%
东方白鹳 Oriental Stork	50%	8.1	0.0	0.0%
	75%	91.7	27.2	29.6%
	90%	330.6	76.6	23.2%

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基于卫星追踪探讨黄河流域自然保护区对3种水鸟栖息地的保护现状

Discussion of existing protection for three waterbirds’ habitats in the Yellow River basin nature reserves, based on satellite tracking

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