土壤动物多样性的地理分布及其生态功能研究进展

doi:10.17520/biods.2022435

生物多样性 ›› 2022, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (10): 22435. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022435

所属专题：土壤生物与土壤健康

土壤动物多样性的地理分布及其生态功能研究进展

傅声雷¹^,^*(), 刘满强², 张卫信¹, 邵元虎¹

1.黄河中下游数字地理技术教育部重点实验室, 河南大学地理与环境学院, 河南开封 475004
2.南京农业大学资源与环境学院, 南京 210095

收稿日期:2022-07-30 接受日期:2022-10-11 出版日期:2022-10-20 发布日期:2022-10-22
通讯作者: 傅声雷
作者简介:* E-mail: fsl@vip.henu.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(U1904204);国家自然科学基金(41877054);国家自然科学基金(42177286);国家科技基础资源调查专项课题(2018FY100306)

A review of recent advances in the study of geographical distribution and ecological functions of soil fauna diversity

Shenglei Fu¹^,^*(), Manqiang Liu², Weixin Zhang¹, Yuanhu Shao¹

1. Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Ministry of Education; College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004
2. College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095

Received:2022-07-30 Accepted:2022-10-11 Online:2022-10-20 Published:2022-10-22
Contact: Shenglei Fu

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

土壤动物多样性地理分布及其生态功能研究已成为地学和生态学等领域共同关注的科学前沿。本文在介绍相关研究最新进展的基础上, 讨论已有研究的局限性或不确定性, 展望未来研究的重点方向。近10年来, 代表性土壤动物类群的全球分布研究取得突破性进展; 国内土壤动物研究的尺度和采样区域也有明显拓展, 尤其在蚯蚓和线虫相关研究上取得了系列成果。结果表明, 土壤动物多样性随纬度的变化模式主要有两种, 即在低纬度的热带最高或在中纬度的温带最高; 而土壤动物多度与多样性可能同步变化、无明显关系、截然不同甚至相反; 降水、植物生产力和土壤有机质是土壤动物分布格局的关键驱动力, 但它们的影响力因土壤动物类群不同而异。土壤动物具有改善土壤物理结构、促进养分循环和有机碳稳定、提高作物健康水平等多重功能; 土壤动物的多功能性评估方兴未艾, 但仍面临诸多挑战。简单分析土壤动物随经纬度等的变化规律存在较大局限性, 考虑在基于地质-生态历史及“经纬度-海拔-离海岸距离”等构建的多维时空框架内, 探究土壤动物分布特征及其驱动力。土壤动物分布格局对其潜在的生态功能有关键影响, 但是目前对土壤动物分布格局的预测和模拟仍主要依靠经验模型; 代谢生态学等理论在土壤动物群落研究中的应用值得关注。探究分类多样性的冗余机制, 突出功能多样性, 可以将生物多样性与生态功能更好地联系起来; 同时, 需要在特定条件和时空下, 从整个土壤食物网及其与植物的联系中理解土壤动物多样性与多功能性的联系。建议未来关注两个研究方向: (1)量化人类活动和气候变化给土壤动物多样性和生态功能带来的巨大不确定性; (2)完善土壤动物群落特征预测的理论框架和开展土壤动物群落的精准调控, 综合评价其多功能性, 进而将土壤动物与人类福祉更紧密地联系起来。

关键词: 土壤动物多样性, 多功能性, 人类活动, 全球变化, 生态系统服务

Abstract

Aims: Understanding the distribution and drivers of soil fauna diversity as well as their ecological functions have become areas of cutting-edge research in modern geoscience and ecology. Here, we briefly introduce the latest progress in this field, discuss present research limitations and uncertainties, and offer promising research directions in future studies of soil fauna.
Progresses: Many studies have described the global distribution of representative soil fauna taxa diversity and abundance, such as that of earthworms. Research on soil fauna distribution and ecological function in China has also flourished with many large scale, intensive sampling studies in the past 10 years (especially for earthworms and nematodes). Based on a literature review, we observed that there were two main distribution patterns of soil fauna diversity across latitudes. Diversity was found to be highest either at low-latitude tropical zones or at mid-latitude temperate zones; while changes in soil fauna abundance and diversity can be consistent, non-related, totally different, and even opposite. Precipitation, plant productivity and soil organic matter were the critical drivers of soil fauna distribution, but their influences varied with soil faunal taxon. The major ecological functions of soil fauna include improving soil physical structure, facilitating nutrient cycling and organic carbon stabilization, and enhancing plant health. The concept of multifunctionality of soil fauna has been proposed by soil ecologist to fully measure these multi-dimensional ecological functions, but it still faces many challenges.
Prospect: The drivers of soil fauna distribution are not simply predicted from the variation pattern of soil faunal community characteristics across latitudes, longitudes or altitudes. Rather, we suggest that drivers of the soil fauna distribution should be explored within a multi-dimensional spatial-temporal framework based on a combination of geological and ecological history as well as “latitude & longitude-altitude-distance to coast”. The distribution pattern of soil fauna may critically influence their potential ecological functions; however, the prediction and simulation of soil fauna distribution mainly relied on data-driven empirical models, and the results were not conclusive. Thus, the application of theories such as metabolic ecology deserves more attention. Research on the relationship between soil fauna diversity and function is in the preliminary stages; focusing on functional diversity and exploring the redundancy mechanism of taxonomic diversity could link soil fauna diversity and function. We propose to understand soil fauna diversity and function under specific condition of space and time, as well as the context of the whole soil food web and its connection with plants. There are two promising directions for further research: (1) illustrating the large uncertainties that human activity and climate change may bring to soil fauna studies; (2) developing precision manipulation approaches of soil fauna community to ultimately link soil fauna multifunctionality with human well-being.

Key words: soil fauna diversity, multifunctionality, human activity, global change, ecosystem service

傅声雷, 刘满强, 张卫信, 邵元虎 (2022) 土壤动物多样性的地理分布及其生态功能研究进展. 生物多样性, 30, 22435. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022435.

Shenglei Fu, Manqiang Liu, Weixin Zhang, Yuanhu Shao (2022) A review of recent advances in the study of geographical distribution and ecological functions of soil fauna diversity. Biodiversity Science, 30, 22435. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022435.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2022435

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2022/V30/I10/22435

图/表 4

图1 代表性土壤动物物种丰富度在北半球随纬度的分布规律。a-f为北半球相应纬度区间内给定土壤动物类群的物种丰富度的均值。因为跳虫在20°-30° N区间未找到有效数据, 故以10°-20° N区间的数据替代; 而白蚁在大于50° N后几无分布, 故这里展示了40°-50° N区间而不是50°-60° N的数据; 数据来源: 蚯蚓(Phillips et al, 2019)、白蚁(Deca?ns, 2010)、甲螨(Maraun et al, 2007; Deca?ns, 2010)、跳虫(Potapov et al, 2022a)和线虫(Boag & Yeates, 1998)。

Fig. 1 The distribution of species richness of representative soil fauna along latitudes in northern hemisphere. Species richness in panels a-f refers to the mean value of species richness within a specific latitude range for a given group of soil fauna; data for collembola within 10°-20° N was shown, instead of that within 20°-30° N since the data was not available; data for termite within 40°-50° N, instead of that within 50°-60° N, was shown since almost no termite was reported in further northern regions with higher latitude. Data sources: earthworm (Phillips et al, 2019), termite (Deca?ns, 2010), oribatid mite (Maraun et al, 2007; Deca?ns, 2010), collembola (Potapov et al, 2022a) and nematode (Boag & Yeates, 1998).

图2 我国土壤动物群落野外采样点的发展变化。“2010-2020年采样点”指的是2010-2020年间新增土壤动物采样点, 数据来自对CNKI文献的整理; “2010年之前采样点”指以尹文英先生为代表的老一辈土壤动物学者的采样地, 采样时间在1980-2008年间, 数据主要来自尹文英、陈鹏、张夫道、廖崇惠和殷秀琴等领衔撰写的专著(尹文英, 1992, 2000; 赵小鲁和谢炳庚, 1996; 殷秀琴, 2001; 张夫道, 2006; 廖崇惠和李健雄, 2009)。

Fig. 2 The changes in sampling sites of soil fauna community in China. The legend of “sampling sites during 2010-2020” refers to the new sampling sites during 2010-2020 based on literature analysis from CNKI; while the “sampling sites before 2010” refers to the sampling sites during 1980-2008 in studies represented by Yin et al, and the main data sources are from monographs edited by Yin, 1992, 2000; Zhao & Xie, 1996; Yin, 2001; Zhang, 2006; Liao & Li, 2009.

图3 土壤动物影响土壤多功能性的路径图。不同类型的土壤动物会对土壤、凋落物以及植物根系产生不同的影响, 其中, 大型土壤动物(如蚯蚓等)、中型土壤动物(弹尾虫等)和小型土壤动物(线虫等)可能分别对土壤、凋落物和根系的影响最大。这些变化会进一步对土壤性质造成直接影响, 同时还会通过影响土壤非生物性质(如pH、土壤有机质、养分和团聚体)从而对土壤微生物性质(如生物量、多样性和活性)造成间接影响。最后, 会对多种土壤生态功能, 如土壤结构、有机碳库和植物健康等, 产生正向或负向的影响。箭头的粗细与影响的强弱成比例; 实线表示直接影响, 虚线表示间接影响。

Fig. 3 Conceptual diagram of pathways for the effects of soil fauna on soil multifunctionality. Soil fauna have different effects on soils, litters and plant roots, among which, macrofauna (e.g. earthworm), mesofauna (e.g. springtail) and microfauna (e.g. nematode) potentially show the strong impact on soils, litters and plant roots, respectively. These changes can directly affect soil properties, as well as indirectly affect soil microbial properties such as microbial biomass, diversity and activity via modifying soil abiotic properties, e.g., pH, soil organic matter (SOM), nutrient and aggregate. Finally, these changes could also positively or negatively affect soil multifunctionality, such as the improvement of soil structure, the transformation of soil organic matter and the maintaining of plant health. The arrow width is proportional to the strength of the relationship. Solid and dashed arrows indicate direct and indirect effects, respectively.

图4 土壤微食物网能流结构与生态系统多功能性的关系。C表示消费者代谢的能流通量, 例如, CH, CF, CB分别代表植食者、食真菌者和食细菌者获取的能流通量, CHO, CFO, CBO分别是捕食杂食者从植食者, 食真菌者和食细菌者获取的能流通量。其中, 经过植食者的能流通量跟植物生产力密切相关, 经过食微者(食真菌者和食细菌者)的能流通量与养分循环过程密切相关, 而捕食杂食者从食微者获取的能流通量代表捕食者自上而下的调控作用, 能够表征对养分循环驱动者的调控作用。土壤微食物网能流结构的均匀度代表不同能流通道之间的平衡, 能够表征土壤食物网的功能稳定性。资源主要通过调控土壤微食物网的组成和多样性来促进其对资源的利用, 优化整个土壤微食物网能流结构, 从而提高生态系统多功能性。

Fig. 4 A schematic diagram showing energetic structure of soil micro-food webs and their relation to ecosystem multifunctionality. The C refers to the flux of energy through a given taxa of consumption, i.e., CH, CF, CB indicates flux of energy through herbivores, fungivores and bacterivores, respectively. The flux of energy through microbivores (CF and CB) has been shown to be related to litter decomposition and nutrient cycling, while the flux of energy through herbivores is typically related to plant productivity, and the flux of energy through predators is related to top-down controls on ecosystem drivers. The flow uniformity of energy in the soil micro-food web indicates the energy distribution of different channels, which determines the functional stability of food webs. Resources exert strong effects on the energetic structure of food webs by shifting the diversity and composition of soil micro-food webs. These shifts in soil biodiversity and composition could optimize the energetic structure of soil micro-food webs to support ecosystem services.

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土壤动物多样性的地理分布及其生态功能研究进展

A review of recent advances in the study of geographical distribution and ecological functions of soil fauna diversity

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