河南内乡宝天曼国家级自然保护区豹猫及其潜在猎物之间日活动节律的季节性

doi:10.17520/biods.2022263

生物多样性 ›› 2022, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (9): 22263. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022263

• 中国猫科动物研究与保护专题 • 上一篇下一篇

河南内乡宝天曼国家级自然保护区豹猫及其潜在猎物之间日活动节律的季节性

邓雪琴¹, 刘统², 刘天时³, 徐恺¹^,⁴, 姚松², 黄小群¹, 肖治术¹^,⁴^,^*()

1.中国科学院动物研究所农业虫鼠害综合治理研究国家重点实验室, 北京 100101
2.河南内乡宝天曼国家级自然保护区管理局, 河南内乡 474350
3.河北大学生命科学学院, 河北保定 071002
4.中国科学院大学, 北京 100049

收稿日期:2022-05-13 接受日期:2022-09-20 出版日期:2022-09-20 发布日期:2022-09-28
通讯作者: 肖治术
作者简介:* E-mail: xiaozs@ioz.ac.cn
基金资助:
国家重点研发项目(2016YFC0500105);中国科学院生物多样性监测与研究网络兽类网专项(202202)

Seasonal variation of daily activity rhythm of leopard cats (Prionailurus bengalensis) and their potential prey in Neixiang Baotianman National Nature Reserve of Henan Province, China

Xueqin Deng¹, Tong Liu², Tianshi Liu³, Kai Xu¹^,⁴, Song Yao², Xiaoqun Huang¹, Zhishu Xiao¹^,⁴^,^*()

1. State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101
2. Neixiang Management Bureau of Baotianman National Nature Reserve, Neixiang, Henan 474350
3. College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002
4. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049

Received:2022-05-13 Accepted:2022-09-20 Online:2022-09-20 Published:2022-09-28
Contact: Zhishu Xiao

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

日活动节律是动物应对食物可利用性、天敌捕食风险和环境条件等变化的适应性特征。阐明捕食者与猎物之间的日活动节律以及相关影响因素, 对于理解不同物种的生存策略、指导保护对策至关重要。然而, 由于采样方法的限制和人类干扰下的快速环境变化, 人们对许多野生动物日活动节律的了解并不全面, 甚至与实际情况存在偏差。以往认为夜行性的豹猫(Prionailurus bengalensis)被发现有一定程度的日间活动, 并增加晨昏活动, 这说明有必要深入调查豹猫等野生动物的昼夜节律为何存在这些变化。本研究在河南内乡宝天曼国家级自然保护区通过红外相机技术对豹猫及其潜在猎物进行调查, 基于核密度函数比较分析了豹猫与其潜在猎物在冷、暖季节的日活动节律。2016年全年设置了55个红外相机位点, 累计14,972个相机工作日, 获得豹猫及其潜在猎物的独立有效照片1,343张。结果显示, 该保护区内豹猫、蒙古兔(Lepus tolai)和鼠类以夜间活动为主, 其中豹猫有明显的晨昏活动高峰, 而赤腹松鼠(Callosciurus erythraeus)、岩松鼠(Sciurotamias davidianus)、红腹锦鸡(Chrysolophus pictus)和勺鸡(Pucrasia macrolopha)均在昼间活动。活动重叠度分析结果显示, 豹猫与夜行性的蒙古兔和鼠类在冷季和暖季均有较高重叠度(Δ ≥ 0.50), 但与其他猎物之间的重叠度均相对较低(Δ ≤ 0.40)。本研究显示豹猫及其猎物的昼夜节律既有保守性, 也具有一定的季节可塑性, 可能受到季节性猎物分布和环境变化的影响。因此, 需要加强调查研究来充分认识不同物种日活动节律的季节性变化规律及其驱动因素。

关键词: 豹猫, 捕食者-猎物关系, 日活动节律, 季节性, 红外相机技术

Abstract

Aim: The daily activity rhythm of wild animals is an adaptive response to food availability, predation risk, and environmental constraints. Therefore, elucidating the driving factors of daily activity rhythms are crucial in understanding wildlife fitness and conservation. Knowledge about the daily activity rhythms of most wild animals is rudimentary and occasionally inaccurate due to limited sampling and anthropogenic environmental changes. Leopard cats (Prionailurus bengalensis)—formerly believed to be nocturnal—are found to have some diurnal activity, along with their primary crepuscular activity. This illustrates the necessity of investigating how daily activity rhythm in wild animals, such as leopard cats, changes over time and space.
Methods: During 2016, we deployed 55 infrared-triggered cameras to monitor leopard cats and their potential prey in the Neixiang Baotianman National Nature Reserve, Henan Province. We compared daily activity patterns by employing a kernel density estimation and using overlap coefficient to quantify the temporal overlap between leopards cat and their potential prey across warm and cold seasons.
Results: We identified 1,343 independent images of leopard cats and their potential prey over 14,972 camera trapping days. We found leopard cats, Tolai hares (Lepus tolai), and nocturnal rats mainly active at night, with the leopard cat’s activity peaking at dusk and dawn. Conversely, Pallas’s squirrels (Callosciurus erythraeus), Pere David’s rock squirrels (Sciurotamias davidianus), golden pheasants (Chrysolophus pictus) and koklass pheasants (Pucrasia macrolopha) were all diurnal. More diurnal activity of leopard cats and their potential prey (except nocturnal rats) occurred during warm seasons. Overlap analysis showed that leopard cats had a higher overlap coefficient with Tolai hares and nocturnal rats across warm and cold seasons (Δ ≥ 0.50) than with any diurnal prey (Δ ≤ 0.40).
Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that daily activity rhythm for leopard cats and their potential prey may be relatively conserved, but with some seasonal plasticity. This plasticity may be caused by seasonal variation in environment and prey distribution. Our results indicate that broad-scale monitoring and research are essential to elucidate the causes and seasonal variations in daily activity rhythms of wild animals.

Key words: leopard cat, predator-prey interactions, daily activity rhythm, seasonal variation, camera trapping technology

邓雪琴, 刘统, 刘天时, 徐恺, 姚松, 黄小群, 肖治术 (2022) 河南内乡宝天曼国家级自然保护区豹猫及其潜在猎物之间日活动节律的季节性. 生物多样性, 30, 22263. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022263.

Xueqin Deng, Tong Liu, Tianshi Liu, Kai Xu, Song Yao, Xiaoqun Huang, Zhishu Xiao (2022) Seasonal variation of daily activity rhythm of leopard cats (Prionailurus bengalensis) and their potential prey in Neixiang Baotianman National Nature Reserve of Henan Province, China. Biodiversity Science, 30, 22263. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022263.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2022263

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2022/V30/I9/22263

图/表 4

图1 河南内乡宝天曼国家级自然保护区红外相机位点分布位置图

Fig. 1 Distribution of camera trapping sites in the Neixiang Baotianman National Nature Reserve of Henan Province

表1 河南内乡宝天曼国家级自然保护区豹猫及其潜在猎物日活动节律特征及红外相机监测结果

Table 1 Summary of the camera trapping survey and typical activity rhythm of leopard cats (Prionailurus bengalensis) and their potential prey in the Neixiang Baotianman National Nature Reserve of Henan Province, China

物种 Species	目 Order	节律 Activity rhythm	相对多度指数 Relative abundance index (独立有效照片数 Independent photos)		位点占有率 Site occupancy (位点数 Sites)
物种 Species	目 Order	节律 Activity rhythm	暖季 Warm season	冷季 Cold season	暖季 Warm season	冷季 Cold season
豹猫 Prionailurus bengalensis	食肉目 Carnivora	夜行性 Nocturnal	0.56 (41)	0.22 (17)	18.60% (8)	31.71% (13)
赤腹松鼠 Callosciurus erythraeus	啮齿目 Rodentia	昼行性 Diurnal	0.50 (37)	0.95 (72)	34.88% (15)	21.95% (9)
岩松鼠 Sciurotamias davidianus	啮齿目 Rodentia	昼行性 Diurnal	5.51 (407)	0.97 (74)	53.49% (23)	56.10% (23)
红腹锦鸡 Chrysolophus pictus	鸡形目 Galliformes	昼行性 Diurnal	1.95 (144)	0.30 (23)	13.95% (6)	41.46% (17)
勺鸡 Pucrasia macrolopha	鸡形目 Galliformes	昼行性 Diurnal	1.06 (78)	1.11 (84)	46.51% (20)	58.54% (24)
蒙古兔 Lepus tolai	兔形目 Lagomorpha	夜行性 Nocturnal	0.88 (65)	1.62 (123)	53.49% (23)	29.27% (12)
鼠类 Rats	啮齿目 Rodentia	夜行性 Nocturnal	1.79 (132)	0.61 (46)	32.56% (14)	34.15% (14)

图2 河南内乡宝天曼国家级自然保护区豹猫及其潜在猎物在冷(虚线)、暖(实线)季节的日活动节律变化图。垂直的虚线和实线分别表示冷、暖季节的日出日落时间。重叠系数(Δ1)指两个核密度估计中较小值下的面积(灰色部分)。

Fig. 2 Daily activity pattern of leopard cat and its potential prey in cold (dashed line) and warm (solid line) seasons in the Neixiang Baotianman National Nature Reserve of Henan Province in 2016. The vertical dashed and solid lines indicate the sunrise and sunset times in the cold and warm seasons, respectively. The overlap coefficient (Δ1) is the area under the minimum of the two kernel density estimates (denoted in grey).

图3 河南内乡宝天曼保护区豹猫(实线)及其潜在猎物(虚线)在暖季(A)和冷季(B)的日活动重叠示意图。垂直线表示日出日落时间。重叠系数(Δ1)指两个核密度估计中较小值下的面积(灰色部分)。

Fig. 3 Comparisons of diel activity rhythm between leopard cats (solid line) and their potential prey (dashed line) in warm (A) and cold (B) seasons in the Neixiang Baotianman National Nature Reserve of Henan Province. The vertical lines indicate the sunrise and sunset times. The overlap coefficient (Δ1) is the area under the minimum of the two kernal density estimates (denoted in grey).

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河南内乡宝天曼国家级自然保护区豹猫及其潜在猎物之间日活动节律的季节性

Seasonal variation of daily activity rhythm of leopard cats (Prionailurus bengalensis) and their potential prey in Neixiang Baotianman National Nature Reserve of Henan Province, China

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