广西山地农业化背景下鸟类多样性比较

doi:10.17520/biods.2021515

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着农业用地需求增加, 生物多样性受到严重威胁并急剧下降。为探讨农业化对鸟类多样性的影响, 本文在2020年10月至2021年10月期间, 对广西大瑶山、大明山、十万大山3个国家级自然保护区以及周边农田区域内鸟类进行了调查。研究选取森林、近地农田(距离森林较近的农田)、远地农田(距离森林较远的农田) 3种生境, 布设样点共计180个, 并在不同季节(春、夏、秋、冬)对鸟类多样性进行了调查。结果如下: (1) 3种生境物种累积曲线呈先快速上升, 后变为渐近线或增速放缓趋势, 各生境实际调查鸟类物种数与预测值比例均大于60%, 表明鸟类调查充分; (2)共记录到鸟类196种, 隶属于14目54科, 其中雀形目鸟类占比最高(71.4%)。不同生境记录到鸟类种数从多到少依次为: 森林(103)、近地(101)、远地(94); (3)相似性分析结果表明, 森林与近地农田和远地农田间鸟类相似性差异都较大, 近地与远地间鸟类群落更为相似; (4) 3种生境鸟类群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数在不同季节里均表现为: 远地 > 近地 > 森林; (5)广义线性混合模型结果显示, 两种农田生境鸟类多样性显著高于森林, 而近地和远地农田生境间鸟类多样性无显著差异。研究结果表明, 虽然森林鸟类多样性较低, 但对其特有种具有较高的保护作用; 尽管鸟类对农田生境表现出更高的喜好, 但农田内人为干扰较为频繁, 缺乏相关的保护措施, 应加强对农田鸟类的保护。

关键词: 农业化, 鸟类多样性, 物种累积曲线, Shannon-Wiener指数, 广义线性混合模型, 鸟类保护

Abstract

Aims: Due to the increasing demand for agricultural land, biodiversity in China has faced increased losses. Our goal in this study is to evaluate how agriculturalization influences bird communities.

Methods We conducted field surveys from October 2020 to October 2021 in three different habitats: (1) forest, (2) agricultural land close to the forest (0‒3 km), and (3) agricultural land far from the forest (6‒9 km). In total, we surveyed bird communities in 180 plots and then repeated the survey for each plot in each season (spring, summer, autumn and winter). All plots were one of three different national nature reserves in Guangxi: Dayaoshan, Damingshan, and Shiwandashan.

Results: (1) The species accumulation curve of each habitat increased at a decreasing rate. The ratio of each habitat’s recorded species richness to the estimated species richness was larger than 60%, indicating that sufficient sampling was conducted; (2) We recorded a total of 196 species belonging to 14 genera and 54 families; passerine birds accounted for the highest proportion of recorded species (71.4%). The total number of species in each habitat type from highest to lowest were: forest (103), agricultural land close to the forest (101), and agricultural land far from the forest (94); (3) Similarity analysis implied that species composition was more similar between the two agricultural habitats, and both were different from forests; (4) Agricultural plots far from the forest had on average the highest Shannon-Wiener diversity index, while forest plots had the lowest in different seasons; (5) The results of the generalized linear mixed model indicated that the bird diversity in each plot per survey in both agricultural land far and close was significantly higher than in forest habitat, but there was no difference between the two agricultural habitats.

Conclusion: Our results suggest that although forests have the lowest species diversity, some species in the forest have very strict habitat requirements. Therefore, protecting forest species and their habitat is vital. Although many species have strong preferences for agricultural habitat, human disturbance in agricultural areas is often extensive and detrimental, so clear protection measures for birds in those areas are necessary as well.

Key words: agriculturalization, bird diversity, species accumulation curves, Shannon-Wiener index, generalized linear mixed model, bird conservation

李家兴, 周丽萍, 孙家杰, 谭筱彩, 蒋爱伍 (2022) 广西山地农业化背景下鸟类多样性比较. 生物多样性, 30, 21515. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2021515.

Jiaxing Li, Christos Mammides, Liping Zhou, Jiajie Sun, Xiaocai Tan, Aiwu Jiang (2022) Bird diversity in different habitats under agriculturalization in Guangxi, China. Biodiversity Science, 30, 21515. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2021515.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2021515

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2022/V30/I5/21515

图/表 6

图1 广西山地鸟类多样性调查样点分布图。审图号: GS (2019)3333。图中“AG”是“agriculture”的缩写。

Fig. 1 Map of the bird survey sites in forests and two agricultural habitats in Guangxi, China. Map approval number: GS (2019)3333. “AG” in the figure is the abbreviation of “agriculture”.

图2 广西森林和两种农田生境内鸟类调查物种累积曲线。阴影部分为经100次自检重复计算的标准差区间。图中“AG”是“agriculture”的缩写。

Fig. 2 Species accumulation curves of bird diversity in forests and two agricultural habitats in Guangxi, China. The shaded region is the standard deviation interval after 100 permutations. “AG” in the figure is the abbreviation of “agriculture”.

表1 广西森林和两种农田生境内实际调查和非参数估计丰富度

Table 1 Non-parametric estimated and recorded species richness in forests and two agricultural habitats in Guangxi, China

生境 Habitat	实际物种数 Recorded species richness	基于多度的物种估计量 Abundance-based coverage estimator	基于盖度的物种估计量 Incidence-based coverage estimator	非参数估计丰富度 Richness with nonparametric estimation
生境 Habitat	实际物种数 Recorded species richness	基于多度的物种估计量 Abundance-based coverage estimator	基于盖度的物种估计量 Incidence-based coverage estimator	Jackknife1	Jackknife2
森林 Forest	103	121.56	152.64	142.83	164.72
近地 AG-close	101	118.46	142.11	136.85	159.71
远地 AG-far	94	103.21	119.54	119.89	132.84

表2 广西森林和两种农田生境鸟类群落多样性比较

Table 2 Comparison of bird communities in forests and two agricultural habitats in Guangxi, China

季节 Season	鸟类种数 Species			鸟类个体数 Individuals			Shannon-Wiener 多样性指数 Shannon-Wiener index
季节 Season	森林 Forest	近地 AG-close	远地 AG-far	森林 Forest	近地 AG-close	远地 AG-far	森林 Forest	近地 AG-close	远地 AG-far
春季 Spring	45	56	55	360	612	650	0.48	0.93	0.97
夏季 Summer	59	52	55	277	648	489	0.85	1.03	1.07
秋季 Autumn	50	49	46	254	421	417	0.69	1.13	1.20
冬季 Winter	53	51	58	372	659	746	0.53	0.93	0.98

图3 基于广义线性混合模型的广西山地鸟类多样性比较。每个箱体表示该生境在一个样点单次调查所见的种类和数量, 箱线图外围相同字母表示两种生境差异不显著, 不同则表示差异显著。箱体中间黑线表示中位数, 箱体的上下底分别表示上四分位数及下四分位数, 箱体上下虚线连接的黑色实线分别代表数据最大值及最小值, 空心圆表示离群点。图中“AG”是“agriculture”的缩写。

Fig. 3 Comparison of bird diversity based on generalized linear mixed model in Guangxi. Each box represents the species and individual number of one plot in one survey time in the habitat. The same letters on the periphery of the boxplot indicate that there is no significant difference between the two habitats; different letters represent a significant difference. The black line in the middle of the box represents the median. The upper and lower lines of the box represent the upper and lower quartiles. The solid line represents the maximum and minimum values of data, while the dotted line connects the upper and lower quartiles of the box, and the hollow circle represents the outlier. “AG” in the figure is the abbreviation of “agriculture”.

表3 广西森林和两种农田生境鸟类群落相似性比较

Table 3 Similarity of bird communities among forests and two agricultural habitats in Guangxi, China

季节 Season	样区 Sampling area	森林-近地 Forest-AG-close	森林-远地 Forest-AG-far	近地-远地 AG-close-AG-far
春季 Spring	大瑶山 DYS	0.250	0.160	0.560
	大明山 DMS	0.085	0.044	0.781
	十万大山 SWDS	0.138	0.185	0.613
	均值 Mean	0.157	0.130	0.651
夏季 Summer	大瑶山 DYS	0.042	0.041	0.745
	大明山 DMS	0.133	0.140	0.571
	十万大山 SWDS	0.100	0.065	0.576
	均值 Mean	0.092	0.082	0.630
秋季 Autumn	大瑶山 DYS	0.000	0.044	0.739
	大明山 DMS	0.136	0.105	0.679
	十万大山 SWDS	0.098	0.098	0.606
	均值 Mean	0.078	0.082	0.675
冬季 Winter	大瑶山 DYS	0.091	0.122	0.679
	大明山 DMS	0.169	0.145	0.754
	十万大山 SWDS	0.136	0.174	0.600
	均值 Mean	0.132	0.147	0.678

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