生物多样性 ›› 2022, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (3): 21324. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2021324
王定一1,2, 倪祥银1,3, 岳楷1,3, 张潇月3, 康自佳3, 朱玲3, 吴福忠1,3,*()
收稿日期:
2021-08-17
接受日期:
2022-01-14
出版日期:
2022-04-07
发布日期:
2022-02-07
通讯作者:
吴福忠
作者简介:
*E-mail: wufzchina@163.com基金资助:
Dingyi Wang1,2, Xiangyin Ni1,3, Kai Yue1,3, Xiaoyue Zhang3, Zijia Kang3, Ling Zhu3, Fuzhong Wu1,3,*()
Received:
2021-08-17
Accepted:
2022-01-14
Online:
2022-04-07
Published:
2022-02-07
Contact:
Fuzhong Wu
摘要:
中亚热带地区是中国南方重要的木材生产基地, 大量的地带性常绿阔叶林被转换成以杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)为代表的人工林。白蚁是森林中最主要的社会性昆虫之一, 其取食行为既对森林类型转换后林中的树木产生危害, 也对林间枯枝落叶的分解具有十分重要的意义, 但对二者缺乏统一的认识。本文以中亚热带典型的米槠(Castanopsis carlesii)次生林、米槠人工林和杉木人工林为研究对象, 调查了不同林分白蚁的活动特点及其范围。结果表明, 米槠次生林与杉木、米槠人工林中均普遍存在白蚁取食现象, 但白蚁对次生林的取食高度和面积均远低于人工林。白蚁对生物多样性较高的米槠次生林树干韧皮部的取食面积仅分别为米槠人工林的1.65%和杉木人工林的0.59‰, 取食高度的11.1%和1.2%。同时, 白蚁对杉木韧皮部的取食显著大于米槠, 对杉木的取食面积和高度分别是米槠的27.7倍和9.2倍。每隔0.5 m为一个统计区间, 白蚁对杉木树干2 m以下韧皮部取食面积比例由低往高为4 : 3 : 2 : 1, 对米槠1 m以下高度部位的取食面积比为99 : 1。此外, 白蚁对次生林地表覆盖的凋落枝和凋落叶的平均取食面积分别为51.7%和46.1%, 而人工林对应均值分别为17.5%和29.4%, 均表现为次生林高于人工林。这些结果表明白蚁对生物多样性较高的次生林危害小于杉木人工林, 且在人工林中可见危害主要体现在白蚁对韧皮部的取食, 在次生林主要体现在白蚁对凋落物残体的分解作用, 这为区域森林经营管理提供理论支撑。
王定一, 倪祥银, 岳楷, 张潇月, 康自佳, 朱玲, 吴福忠 (2022) 白蚁活动对中亚热带次生林和人工林的危害差异. 生物多样性, 30, 21324. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2021324.
Dingyi Wang, Xiangyin Ni, Kai Yue, Xiaoyue Zhang, Zijia Kang, Ling Zhu, Fuzhong Wu (2022) Effects of termite activities on a secondary forest and plantations in the mid-subtropical zone. Biodiversity Science, 30, 21324. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2021324.
林分类型 Forest type | 树高 Tree height (m) | 胸径 DBH (m) | 密度 Density (ind./ha) | 林龄 Forest age (yr) |
---|---|---|---|---|
杉木人工林 Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation | 11.30 | 0.15 | 2,860 | 9 |
米槠人工林 Castanopsis carlesii plantation | 8.77 | 0.88 | 2,400 | 9 |
米槠次生林 Castanopsis carlesii secondary forest | 7.87 | 0.51 | 13,300 | 9 |
表1 试验地杉木人工林、米槠人工林与米槠次生林的样地特征
Table 1 Forest characters of Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation, Castanopsis carlesii plantation, and C. carlesii secondary forest in the study plots
林分类型 Forest type | 树高 Tree height (m) | 胸径 DBH (m) | 密度 Density (ind./ha) | 林龄 Forest age (yr) |
---|---|---|---|---|
杉木人工林 Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation | 11.30 | 0.15 | 2,860 | 9 |
米槠人工林 Castanopsis carlesii plantation | 8.77 | 0.88 | 2,400 | 9 |
米槠次生林 Castanopsis carlesii secondary forest | 7.87 | 0.51 | 13,300 | 9 |
图1 杉木人工林(CLP)、米槠人工林(CCP)及米槠次生林(CSF)树干白蚁活动痕迹
Fig. 1 Traces of termite activity on the trunks of Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation (CLP), Castanopsis carlesii plantation (CCP), and C. carlesii secondary forest (CSF)
图2 杉木人工林、米槠人工林及米槠次生林活立木(A)及枯立木和倒木(B)受白蚁危害比例(平均值 ± 标准差)
Fig. 2 Ratio of termite damaged of the living trees (A), dead standing trees and downed logs (B) of Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation (CLP), Castanopsis carlesii plantation (CCP), and C. carlesii secondary forest (CSF) (mean ± SD)
图3 杉木和米槠活树(A, C)及枯立木(B, D)受白蚁危害高度及占树高比值(平均值 ± 标准差)
Fig. 3 Height of Cunninghamia lanceolata and Castanopsis carlesii living trees (A, C) and dead standing trees (B, D) damaged by termites and their proportion (mean ± SD). CLP, Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation; CCP, Castanopsis carlesii plantation; CSF, C. carlesii secondary forest
图4 杉木、米槠韧皮部受白蚁危害总面积及不同高度面积大小和比例(平均值 ± 标准差)。(A)白蚁危害树干区域面积; (B)白蚁危害区域面积占树干比例; (C)树干不同高度受危害区域占比; (D)不同林分0-200 cm树干白蚁危害面积分布。CLP: 杉木人工林; CCP: 米槠人工林; CSF: 米槠次生林。
Fig. 4 The total area of Cunninghamia lanceolata and Castanopsis carlesii damaged by termites and the size and proportion of different height areas (mean ± SD). (A) Termite damaged area in the stem of living trees; (B) Rate of termite damaged area of living trees; (C) Rate of damaged area in 2-meter-height stem of living trees; (D) Termite damaged area in 2-meter-height stem of different heights in different forest. CLP, Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation; CCP, Castanopsis carlesii plantation; CSF, C. carlesii secondary forest.
图5 杉木人工林(CLP)、米槠人工林(CCP)及米槠次生林(CSF)地表凋落物覆盖度及受白蚁影响程度(平均值 ± 标准差)
Fig. 5 The coverage of litter on the surface and the degree of impact by termites in Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation (CLP), Castanopsis carlesii plantation (CCP), and C. carlesii secondary forest (CSF) (mean ± SD)
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