扬州宝应湖底栖大型无脊椎动物的生物多样性及其变化

doi:10.17520/biods.2020023

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

底栖大型无脊椎动物作为水环境监测的重要指示生物, 其群落结构和多样性能够有效地反映水环境的健康状况。为了更好地了解扬州宝应湖大型底栖动物的群落多样性, 本文于2015-2019年对扬州宝应湖底栖大型无脊椎动物进行野外调查和采样, 联合经典形态学和高通量测定DNA条形码方法进行物种鉴定, 进一步分析了这些大型无脊椎动物群落结构和多样性的年度变化, 并应用Shannon-Wiener指数(H′)和污染生物指数(biotic index, BI)对水质状况进行生物评价。结果显示: 共记录大型底栖动物3门5纲57种, 其中软体动物门23种, 隶属2纲9科(腹足纲7科15种, 双壳纲2科8种); 环节动物门寡毛纲12种, 隶属2科; 节肢动物门22种, 隶属2纲6科(软甲纲4科5种, 昆虫纲2科17种)。腹足纲是优势类群, 5年间的密度占比均在65%以上。优势种是赤豆螺(Bithynia fuchsiana)、槲豆螺(B. misella)和长角涵螺(Alocinma longicornis)。Margalef丰富度指数(2.27 ± 0.28)、Simpson优势度指数(0.82 ± 0.02)和Pielou均匀度指数(0.78 ± 0.08)在5年间呈现明显的波动变化。对水质状况的生物评价结果表明, 湖区水体环境在5年间均呈现不同程度的污染状态, 这与过度围湖水产养殖等经济活动引起水体富营养化有一定关系。

关键词: 扬州, 宝应湖, 底栖大型无脊椎动物, DNA条形码, 生物多样性, 群落结构, 水质生物学评价

Abstract:

Benthic macroinvertebrates serve as important indicator organisms for water environment monitoring, and the study of their community structure and biodiversity can effectively reflect the health of the water body. From 2015 to 2019, we investigated the community structure and biodiversity of benthic macroinvertebrates in the Baoying Lake, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province. Using both morphological traits and DNA barcoding, we identified a total of 57 species. Assigned to three phyla and five classes, these species included: 23 molluscs (15 gastropods and 8 bivalves); 12 oligochaetes; and 22 arthropods (5 malacostracans and 17 insects). Gastropods constituted the most dominant group, accounting for more than 65% of density ratio during five years. The three most abundant gastropods were Bithynia fuchsiana, B. misella, and Alocinma longicornis. Surveys on the annual variation of species diversity and community structure showed mean values of the Margalef abundance index, Simpson dominance index and Pielou evenness index at 2.27 ± 0.28, 0.82 ± 0.02, and 0.78 ± 0.08, respectively. Biotic assessments of water quality based on both the Shannon-Wiener index (H') and the biotic index (BI) suggested varying intensities of pollutants in the Baoying Lake between 2016 and 2019. This variation is likely related to anthropogenic eutrophication, notably overstocking during barrier net aquaculture.

Key words: Yangzhou, Baoying Lake, benthic macroinvertebrates, DNA barcode, biodiversity, community structure, bioassessment of water quality

胡芮, 王儒晓, 杜诗雨, 李萌, 邢雨辉, 潘达, 徐海根, 孙红英. 扬州宝应湖底栖大型无脊椎动物的生物多样性及其变化[J]. 生物多样性, 2020, 28(12): 1558-1569.

Rui Hu, Ruxiao Wang, Shiyu Du, Meng Li, Yuhui Xing, Da Pan, Haigen Xu, Hongying Sun. Biodiversity and spatiotemporal variations of benthic macroinvertebrates in the Baoying Lake, Yangzhou, Jiangsu[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2020, 28(12): 1558-1569.

图/表 8

图1 宝应湖研究区域示意图

Fig. 1 Map of the study area in the Baoying Lake

图2 宝应湖2015-2019年的底栖大型无脊椎动物物种数(a)及主要类群的相对生物密度(b)

Fig. 2 Number of species (a) and density of main groups (b) of benthic macroinvertebrates in the Baoying Lake

图3 宝应湖2015-2018年的寡毛纲和昆虫纲动物的DNA条形码鉴定结果。 a: 不同分类水平的OTU比例及其年度变化; b: 各年份的寡毛纲和昆虫纲特有种或共有种的比例。

Fig. 3 Results of DNA barcoding identification of Oligochaeta and Insecta in the Baoying Lake. a, Proportion of OTUs at different classification levels and their annual change; b, Percentage of endemic or common species of Oligochaeta and Insecta.

表1 宝应湖2015-2019年底栖大型无脊椎动物优势种及其优势度(Y)

Table 1 The dominant species and their dominant values (Y) of 2015-2019 in the Baoying Lake

物种 Species	2015		2016		2017		2018		2019
	个体数 No. of individuals	优势度 Dominant values	个体数 No. of individuals	优势度 Dominant values	个体数 No. of individuals	优势度 Dominant values	个体数 No. of individuals	优势度 Dominant values	个体数 No. of individuals	优势度 Dominant values
长角涵螺 Alocinma longicornis	472	0.0702	1,488	0.6889	694	0.1474	125	0.1045	330	0.2123
赤豆螺 Bithynia fuchsiana	2,062	1.1788	1,101	0.3818	1,262	0.4509	108	0.0824	1,018	1.4705
檞豆螺 Bithynia misella	708	0.1350	886	0.2314	710	0.1447	93	0.0659	110	0.0247
纹沼螺 Parafossarulus striatulus	335	0.0287	408	0.0473	110	0.0030	44	0.0122	129	0.0281
梨形环棱螺 Bellamya purificata	820	0.1752	301	0.0252	102	0.0032	12	0.0020	113	0.0327
凸旋螺 Gyraulus convexiusculu	137	0.0033	297	0.0235	0	0	0	0	103	0.0153
尖口圆扁螺 Hippeutis cantor	0	0	37	0.0008	360	0.0358	0	0	0	0
铜锈环棱螺 Bellamya aeruginosa	5	0.0001	202	0.0124	162	0.0077	47	0.0234	231	0.1236
方形环棱螺 Bellamya quadrata	88	0.0021	215	0.0142	113	0.0040	24	0.0054	123	0.0318

图4 宝应湖A-E断面的底栖大型无脊椎动物年均生物量(a)和年均生物密度(b)的变化

Fig. 4 The changes of the annual average biomass (a) and annual average density (b) of the benthic macroinvertebrate groups at A-E transect in the Baoying Lake

图5 宝应湖底栖大型无脊椎动物群落的Margalef丰富度指数(a)、Simpson优势度指数(b)和Pielou均匀度指数(c)

Fig. 5 Margalef abundance index (a), Simpson dominance index (b), and Pielou evenness index (c) of the benthic macroinvertebrate groups in the Baoying Lake

表2 宝应湖各年度底栖大型无脊椎动物的Shannon-Wiener指数及BI指数

Table 2 Annual Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') and biotic index (BI) values of benthic macroinvertebrates in the Baoying Lake

调查年份 Investigating year	Shannon-Wiener指数 Shannon-Wiener index	BI指数 Biotic index
	(H')	(BI)
2015	2.15	5.98
2016	2.14	5.78
2017	2.56	6.77
2018	2.32	6.94
2019	1.89	5.77

图6 采用Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(a)和biotic index污染生物指数(b)对宝应湖5年调查期间的水质生物学评价与比较。轮盘上的5个扇形代表年份, 12点方向的第1个扇形代表2015年, 然后按顺时针的方向依次为2016-2019年。

Fig. 6 The bioassessments of water qulity based on Shannon-Wiener diversity index (a) and BI index (b). The first fan-shaped section in the 12 o’clock direction represents 2015, followed by 2016 to 2019 in a clockwise direction.

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