海洋保护区管理与保护成效评估的方法与进展

doi:10.17520/biods.2018005

生物多样性 ›› 2018, Vol. 26 ›› Issue (3): 286-294. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2018005

海洋保护区管理与保护成效评估的方法与进展

宋瑞玲^1,³, 姚锦仙^1,^2,^*(), 吴恺悦¹, 张晓川^1,³, 吕植^1,³, 朱争光⁴, 殷丽洁^1,³

1 (北京大学生命科学学院, 北京 100871)
2 (北京大学海洋研究院, 北京100871)
3 (北京大学自然保护与社会发展研究中心, 北京 100871)
4 (国家海洋环境监测中心, 辽宁大连 116023)

收稿日期:2018-01-09 接受日期:2018-03-19 出版日期:2018-03-20 发布日期:2018-05-05
通讯作者: 姚锦仙
作者简介:
# 共同第一作者

Evaluation of the effectiveness of marine protected areas: Methodologies and progress

Ruiling Song^1,³, Jinxian Yao^1,^2,^*(), Kaiyue Wu¹, Xiaochuan Zhang^1,³, Zhi Lü^1,³, Zhengguang Zhu⁴, Lijie Yin^1,³

1 School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871
2 Institute of Ocean Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871
3 Center for Nature and Society, Peking University, Beijing 100871
4 National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, Liaoning 116023

Received:2018-01-09 Accepted:2018-03-19 Online:2018-03-20 Published:2018-05-05
Contact: Yao Jinxian
About author:
# Co-first authors

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

全球物种多样性的持续下降使得生物多样性保护面临巨大挑战, 海洋生物多样性的保护任务尤其艰巨。海洋保护区是保护生物多样性的有效方式之一, 如何对其成效进行评估是当前研究热点。然而, 目前针对海洋保护区的评估体系较少, 而且评估指标多侧重于管理成效。近年来随着全球生物多样性监测网络和数据库的建立, 以及多种新技术(如遥感、声呐系统、卫星追踪、基因组学等)在海洋生物多样性监测中的应用, 使得从生态系统到基因水平的多层次连续监测成为可能。基于此, 建议未来我国海洋保护区成效评估应在充分利用新技术方法的基础上, 加强长期科学监测, 建立并完善生物多样性监测数据库和信息共享机制, 发展跨学科的综合保护成效评估体系, 加强基于生物多样性监测的保护成效评估。

关键词: 海洋保护区, 保护成效, 生物多样性监测

Abstract

The continued decline of global biodiversity presents a huge challenge for biodiversity conservation, especially for marine biodiversity conservation. As an effective way to protect biodiversity, evaluating the effectiveness of MPAs (Marine Protected Areas) is becoming a critical issue. However, only limited assessment methodologies were specially designed for MPAs so far. Moreover, evaluation indicators have mainly focused on management effectiveness. Recently, the establishment of global biodiversity monitoring networks and databases and the application of new technologies (including remote sensing, sonar system, satellite tracking, and genomics) have provided available data and information for quantified conservation effectiveness evaluations at multiple levels from ecosystems to genes. Future evaluation should be based on long-term scientific monitoring with the assistance of new technologies, promoting the establishment of the biodiversity monitoring database and information sharing, and developing integrated and interdisciplinary evaluation systems to evaluate conservation effectiveness.

Key words: marine protected area, conservation effectiveness, biodiversity monitoring

宋瑞玲, 姚锦仙, 吴恺悦, 张晓川, 吕植, 朱争光, 殷丽洁 (2018) 海洋保护区管理与保护成效评估的方法与进展. 生物多样性, 26, 286-294. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2018005.

Ruiling Song,Jinxian Yao,Kaiyue Wu,Xiaochuan Zhang,Zhi Lü,Zhengguang Zhu,Lijie Yin (2018) Evaluation of the effectiveness of marine protected areas: Methodologies and progress. Biodiversity Science, 26, 286-294. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2018005.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2018005

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2018/V26/I3/286

图/表 2

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	METT Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool	海洋保护区打分卡 Marine Tracking Tool	海洋保护区管理成效评估指南 How is your MPA doing	中美洲海洋保护区管理成效快速评估手册 Manual for the Rapid Evaluation of Management Effectiveness in Marine Protected Areas of Mesoamerica
开发机构 Developer	WWF/世界银行 WWF/World Bank	WWF/世界银行 WWF/World Bank	IUCN/WWF/NOAA	中美洲大堡礁系统 Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System
评估人员 Objects	保护区管理者、工作人员Managers and staff	保护区管理者、工作人员、专家 Managers, staff and experts	保护区管理者、工作人员、专家、相关官员、社区居民 Managers, staff, experts, relevant officials, and local communities
人员专业要求 Professional requirements	低 Low	低 Low	高 High	高 High
人力成本 Human cost	低 Low	低 Low	高 High	较低 Lower
可重复性 Repeatability	好 Good	好 Good	不好 Bad	较好 Better
主观影响 Effect of subjectivity	较小 Smaller	较大 Larger	较小 Smaller	较小 Smaller
针对性 Marine-relevant	无 None	弱 Weak	强 Strong	强 Strong
实践应用 Application	至少用于86个国家的1,150个保护区 Applied in 1,150 protected areas across over 86 countries	欧洲广泛应用 Widely applied in protected areas of Europe	至少用于200多个保护区 Applied in over 200 protected areas	中美洲大堡礁系统 Applied in Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System
应用建议 Suggestion	可多次重复评估并监测变化 Best for repeat evaluation and monitoring		指标综合全面 Reference for integrated indicators	适用于快速了解保护区管理和总体情况 Best for a snapshot in performance and general progress
指标数量 Number of indicators	30	34	42	47
共有指标 Common indicators	立法与执法、管理计划、研究工作、人员管理与培训、经费预算、设备及维护、教育和意识培训 Legislation and law enforcement, management planning, research projects, staff management and training, budget, equipment and maintenance, education and awareness
	保护区规章、目标、边界、资源普查信息和管理、当地居民收入、访客设施和收费 Regulations, objectives, boundary, resource inventory, local income, visitor facilities		当地利用海洋资源的活动和强度、依赖海洋资源的就业情况、服务基础设施、环境与生物指标 Practices and intensity of local use of marine resources, employment in activities related to marine resources, state of service infrastructure, biophysical indicators
	—	利益相关者的参与、与管理者的沟通、满意度, 环境教育、守法情况 Participation, communication with managers, satisfaction of stakeholders, environment education, law compliance
特有指标 Specific indicators	保护区的设计、土地和水的使用、所在社区的投入、商业旅游 Protected area design, land and water use, local investment, and commercial tourism	保护区是否在更大的海岸管理体系中、产品与服务、社区福利 Integration of MPA in a larger coastal management plan, products and services, and community welfare	对海洋资源的价值观、居民健康、市场、科学知识传播、社区组织水平、历史遗迹 Values of marine resources, local health, market, spread of scientific knowledge, level of community organization, and historical sites	识别威胁、标牌、志愿者项目 Threat recognition, signs/labels, and volunteer program

	METT Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool	海洋保护区打分卡 Marine Tracking Tool	海洋保护区管理成效评估指南 How is your MPA doing	中美洲海洋保护区管理成效快速评估手册 Manual for the Rapid Evaluation of Management Effectiveness in Marine Protected Areas of Mesoamerica
开发机构 Developer	WWF/世界银行 WWF/World Bank	WWF/世界银行 WWF/World Bank	IUCN/WWF/NOAA	中美洲大堡礁系统 Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System
评估人员 Objects	保护区管理者、工作人员Managers and staff	保护区管理者、工作人员、专家 Managers, staff and experts	保护区管理者、工作人员、专家、相关官员、社区居民 Managers, staff, experts, relevant officials, and local communities
人员专业要求 Professional requirements	低 Low	低 Low	高 High	高 High
人力成本 Human cost	低 Low	低 Low	高 High	较低 Lower
可重复性 Repeatability	好 Good	好 Good	不好 Bad	较好 Better
主观影响 Effect of subjectivity	较小 Smaller	较大 Larger	较小 Smaller	较小 Smaller
针对性 Marine-relevant	无 None	弱 Weak	强 Strong	强 Strong
实践应用 Application	至少用于86个国家的1,150个保护区 Applied in 1,150 protected areas across over 86 countries	欧洲广泛应用 Widely applied in protected areas of Europe	至少用于200多个保护区 Applied in over 200 protected areas	中美洲大堡礁系统 Applied in Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System
应用建议 Suggestion	可多次重复评估并监测变化 Best for repeat evaluation and monitoring		指标综合全面 Reference for integrated indicators	适用于快速了解保护区管理和总体情况 Best for a snapshot in performance and general progress
指标数量 Number of indicators	30	34	42	47
共有指标 Common indicators	立法与执法、管理计划、研究工作、人员管理与培训、经费预算、设备及维护、教育和意识培训 Legislation and law enforcement, management planning, research projects, staff management and training, budget, equipment and maintenance, education and awareness
	保护区规章、目标、边界、资源普查信息和管理、当地居民收入、访客设施和收费 Regulations, objectives, boundary, resource inventory, local income, visitor facilities		当地利用海洋资源的活动和强度、依赖海洋资源的就业情况、服务基础设施、环境与生物指标 Practices and intensity of local use of marine resources, employment in activities related to marine resources, state of service infrastructure, biophysical indicators
	—	利益相关者的参与、与管理者的沟通、满意度, 环境教育、守法情况 Participation, communication with managers, satisfaction of stakeholders, environment education, law compliance
特有指标 Specific indicators	保护区的设计、土地和水的使用、所在社区的投入、商业旅游 Protected area design, land and water use, local investment, and commercial tourism	保护区是否在更大的海岸管理体系中、产品与服务、社区福利 Integration of MPA in a larger coastal management plan, products and services, and community welfare	对海洋资源的价值观、居民健康、市场、科学知识传播、社区组织水平、历史遗迹 Values of marine resources, local health, market, spread of scientific knowledge, level of community organization, and historical sites	识别威胁、标牌、志愿者项目 Threat recognition, signs/labels, and volunteer program

海洋保护区管理与保护成效评估的方法与进展

Evaluation of the effectiveness of marine protected areas: Methodologies and progress

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