声景生态学研究进展和展望

doi:10.17520/biods.2020114

生物多样性 ›› 2020, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (7): 806-820. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2020114

声景生态学研究进展和展望

赵莹¹^,², 申小莉¹^,^*(), 李晟³, 张雁云⁴, 彭任华⁵, 马克平¹

1 中国科学院植物研究所植被与环境变化国家重点实验室, 北京 100093
2 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
3 北京大学生命科学学院, 北京 100871
4 北京师范大学生命科学学院, 北京 100875
5 中国科学院声学研究所噪声与振动重点实验室, 北京 100190

收稿日期:2020-08-11 接受日期:2020-08-28 出版日期:2020-07-20 发布日期:2020-09-29
通讯作者: 申小莉
作者简介:^* E-mail: xlshen@ibcas.ac.cn
基金资助:
美丽中国生态文明建设科技工程专项(XDA23080302)

Progress and outlook for soundscape ecology

Ying Zhao¹^,², Xiaoli Shen¹^,^*(), Sheng Li³, Yanyun Zhang⁴, Renhua Peng⁵, Keping Ma¹

1 State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093
2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049
3 School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871
4 College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875
5 Key Laboratory of Noise and Vibration Research, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190

Received:2020-08-11 Accepted:2020-08-28 Online:2020-07-20 Published:2020-09-29
Contact: Xiaoli Shen

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

声景生态学以景观中的声音为研究对象, 探讨其在不同时空维度上的分布和变化模式, 从而揭示自然环境、野生动物和人类活动的相互作用关系。本文通过系统检索声景生态学研究的相关文献, 回顾了该学科的研究框架和研究方法, 总结了目前常用的声学指标, 重点归纳了声景生态学的研究内容, 包括声景组成和各组分间的相互作用, 声景的时空格局, 以及声景生态学在生物多样性监测中的应用。目前, 声景监测中存在的问题主要包括监测的生态系统类型和物种类群有限、声学指标效力有待提高等。建议未来着重推进建立系统性的声景监测网络和数据管理平台, 开发和完善音频数据采集、分析方法和评估指标, 并重视声景数据的采集, 将声景视作一种资源进行研究和保护。

关键词: 声景监测, 声学指标, 声学生态位, 生物多样性监测, 自动录音技术

Abstract

Soundscape ecology studies sound patterns across different spatial and temporal scales, which reflects coupled natural-human dynamics in a changing landscape. Here, we synthesized a list of peer-reviewed studies on soundscape ecology to summarize the conceptual framework of the field, the methodology used, and acoustic indices developed from these studies. Studies on soundscape ecology are currently focused on the following aspects: (1) acoustic composition of soundscape; (2) acoustic interactions between soundscape components; (3) temporal patterns and spatial variability in the soundscapes; (4) the development of acoustic indices for biodiversity monitoring. We suggest the following as focuses for future studies in soundscape ecology and biodiversity conservation: (1) establishing a systematic acoustic monitoring network and data management platform; (2) developing new methods for data collection and analysis (e.g., recording matrix and machine learning algorithm); and (3) treating soundscape ecology as an important resource for future research and conservation.

Key words: soundscape monitoring, acoustic indices, acoustic niche, biodiversity monitoring, automated acoustic recording

赵莹, 申小莉, 李晟, 张雁云, 彭任华, 马克平 (2020) 声景生态学研究进展和展望. 生物多样性, 28, 806-820. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2020114.

Ying Zhao, Xiaoli Shen, Sheng Li, Yanyun Zhang, Renhua Peng, Keping Ma (2020) Progress and outlook for soundscape ecology. Biodiversity Science, 28, 806-820. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2020114.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2020114

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2020/V28/I7/806

图/表 4

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声学指标 Acoustic indices	指标定义及其应用案例 Definition of indices and application cases
α声学指标 α acoustic index
声音复杂度指数 Acoustic complexity index (ACI) (Pieretti et al, 2011)	音频中声强的变异性。 Pieretti等(2011)的研究表明, 在飞行器噪声下, ACI与鸟类发声频次呈正相关关系。
生物声学指数 Bioacoustic index (BIO) (Boelman et al, 2007)	声谱图中超过分贝阈值部分的面积。该面积与动物鸣声的声强和占据的频段数有关。Boelman等 (2007)用BIO声学指标评估夏威夷亚山地生态系统中植物入侵对鸟类多度和群落组成的影响。
时间熵指数 Temporal entropy index (H_t) (Sueur et al, 2008)	通过将音频切割为若干等时间间隔的声音片段, 计算每个时间片段内的振幅值A(t), 然后求振幅值A(t)的Shannon均匀度(Shannon evenness): $H_t=-\sum^n_{t=1} A(t)×log_2 A(t)×log_2 (n)^{-1},H_{t}\in[0,1]$
频谱熵指数 Spectral entropy index (H_f) (Sueur et al, 2008)	声信号平均频率谱S(f)的Shannon均匀度指数(Shannon evenness), 指示声信号在频率分布上的丰富和均匀程度: $H_f=-\sum^n_{f=1} S(f)×log_2 S(f)×log_2 (N)^{-1},H_{f}\in[0,1]$
声学熵指数 Acoustic entropy index (H) (Sueur et al, 2008)	时间熵指数(H_t)与频谱熵指数(H_f)的乘积, 体现声信号在时频域上的均匀度和复杂度。对于单调纯音, H趋向于0; 对于随机噪声, H趋向于1: H = H_t× H_f, H∈[0, 1]。Sueur等(2008)的试验表明, 540个模拟声学群落中的H值与物种数呈对数相关。
声音丰富度指数 Acoustic richness index (AR) (Depraetere et al, 2012)	基于振幅指数(M)和时间熵指数(H_t)所得指标, 用于评估发声动物多样性与声学活动水平: M = median(A(t))×2^(1-^depth⁾, 0 ≤ M ≤ 1, depth为信号数字化的深度 $AR=\frac{(rank(H_t)×rank(M))}{n^2}$, 0 ≤ AR ≤ 1, n为音频文件数量 Depraetere等(2012)的研究表明, AR的计算结果与通过人工监听录音调查法国巴黎西南部3处温带林地的鸟类物种丰富度结果一致。
声音多样性指数 Acoustic diversity index (ADI) (Villanueva-Rivera et al, 2011)		提取每一频段中超过特定声压级阈值(默认为?50 dBFS)的声信号参数, 计算Shannon指数(Shannon’s index), 指示声音多样性:$ADI=\sum^s_{i=1}p_i ln p_i$, p_i是声信号在第i个频段所占比例, s是频段数量。Villanueva-Rivera等(2011)应用ADI比较了不同地点间以及一天中不同时段间的声景差异。
声音均匀度指数 Acoustic evenness index (AEI) (Villanueva-Rivera et al, 2011)		提取每一频段中超过特定声压级阈值(默认为?50 dBFS)的声信号参数, 计算吉尼指数(Gini index)来表示声信号强度在不同频段的不均等程度。Villanueva-Rivera等(2011)用AEI比较不同土地利用类型录制的音频信号在频谱上的差异性。
标准化声景差异指数 Normalised difference soundscape index (NDSI) (Kasten et al, 2012)		人类产生声音(anthropophony)与生物产生声音(biophony)声学成分间的比率, 评估人为干扰对声景的影响程度。Kasten等(2012)在建立远程声学评价实验室时, 利用NDSI筛选录音。
β声学指标 β acoustic index
声学差异性指数 Acoustic dissimilarity index (D) (Sueur et al, 2008)		时域差异性指数(temporal dissimilarity index, D_t)和频域差异性指数(spectral dissimilarity index, D_f)的乘积, 评估群落间声信号在时域和频域上的差异性: $D_t=0.5×\sum^N_{t=1}\|A_1(t)- A_2(t)\|$, $D_f=0.5×\sum^n_{t=1}\|S_1(f)- S_2(f)$, D = D_t× D_f, D∈[0, 1] Sueur等(2008)用D比较坦桑尼亚干旱低地沿海破碎化森林和完整森林动物发声活动的差异。

声学指标 Acoustic indices	指标定义及其应用案例 Definition of indices and application cases
α声学指标 α acoustic index
声音复杂度指数 Acoustic complexity index (ACI) (Pieretti et al, 2011)	音频中声强的变异性。 Pieretti等(2011)的研究表明, 在飞行器噪声下, ACI与鸟类发声频次呈正相关关系。
生物声学指数 Bioacoustic index (BIO) (Boelman et al, 2007)	声谱图中超过分贝阈值部分的面积。该面积与动物鸣声的声强和占据的频段数有关。Boelman等 (2007)用BIO声学指标评估夏威夷亚山地生态系统中植物入侵对鸟类多度和群落组成的影响。
时间熵指数 Temporal entropy index (H_t) (Sueur et al, 2008)	通过将音频切割为若干等时间间隔的声音片段, 计算每个时间片段内的振幅值A(t), 然后求振幅值A(t)的Shannon均匀度(Shannon evenness): $H_t=-\sum^n_{t=1} A(t)×log_2 A(t)×log_2 (n)^{-1},H_{t}\in[0,1]$
频谱熵指数 Spectral entropy index (H_f) (Sueur et al, 2008)	声信号平均频率谱S(f)的Shannon均匀度指数(Shannon evenness), 指示声信号在频率分布上的丰富和均匀程度: $H_f=-\sum^n_{f=1} S(f)×log_2 S(f)×log_2 (N)^{-1},H_{f}\in[0,1]$
声学熵指数 Acoustic entropy index (H) (Sueur et al, 2008)	时间熵指数(H_t)与频谱熵指数(H_f)的乘积, 体现声信号在时频域上的均匀度和复杂度。对于单调纯音, H趋向于0; 对于随机噪声, H趋向于1: H = H_t× H_f, H∈[0, 1]。Sueur等(2008)的试验表明, 540个模拟声学群落中的H值与物种数呈对数相关。
声音丰富度指数 Acoustic richness index (AR) (Depraetere et al, 2012)	基于振幅指数(M)和时间熵指数(H_t)所得指标, 用于评估发声动物多样性与声学活动水平: M = median(A(t))×2^(1-^depth⁾, 0 ≤ M ≤ 1, depth为信号数字化的深度 $AR=\frac{(rank(H_t)×rank(M))}{n^2}$, 0 ≤ AR ≤ 1, n为音频文件数量 Depraetere等(2012)的研究表明, AR的计算结果与通过人工监听录音调查法国巴黎西南部3处温带林地的鸟类物种丰富度结果一致。
声音多样性指数 Acoustic diversity index (ADI) (Villanueva-Rivera et al, 2011)		提取每一频段中超过特定声压级阈值(默认为?50 dBFS)的声信号参数, 计算Shannon指数(Shannon’s index), 指示声音多样性:$ADI=\sum^s_{i=1}p_i ln p_i$, p_i是声信号在第i个频段所占比例, s是频段数量。Villanueva-Rivera等(2011)应用ADI比较了不同地点间以及一天中不同时段间的声景差异。
声音均匀度指数 Acoustic evenness index (AEI) (Villanueva-Rivera et al, 2011)		提取每一频段中超过特定声压级阈值(默认为?50 dBFS)的声信号参数, 计算吉尼指数(Gini index)来表示声信号强度在不同频段的不均等程度。Villanueva-Rivera等(2011)用AEI比较不同土地利用类型录制的音频信号在频谱上的差异性。
标准化声景差异指数 Normalised difference soundscape index (NDSI) (Kasten et al, 2012)		人类产生声音(anthropophony)与生物产生声音(biophony)声学成分间的比率, 评估人为干扰对声景的影响程度。Kasten等(2012)在建立远程声学评价实验室时, 利用NDSI筛选录音。
β声学指标 β acoustic index
声学差异性指数 Acoustic dissimilarity index (D) (Sueur et al, 2008)		时域差异性指数(temporal dissimilarity index, D_t)和频域差异性指数(spectral dissimilarity index, D_f)的乘积, 评估群落间声信号在时域和频域上的差异性: $D_t=0.5×\sum^N_{t=1}\|A_1(t)- A_2(t)\|$, $D_f=0.5×\sum^n_{t=1}\|S_1(f)- S_2(f)$, D = D_t× D_f, D∈[0, 1] Sueur等(2008)用D比较坦桑尼亚干旱低地沿海破碎化森林和完整森林动物发声活动的差异。

声景生态学研究进展和展望

Progress and outlook for soundscape ecology

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