传粉动物多样性的保护与农业景观传粉服务的提升

doi:10.17520/biods.2014248

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

传粉动物为许多植物尤其是作物提供了重要的传粉服务, 在保障全球粮食安全和人类福祉、缓冲气候变化对作物产量的影响等方面都发挥着重要的作用。然而来自全球土地利用变化、化学农药使用、外来物种入侵及气候变化等的威胁, 导致传粉动物的多样性下降并造成了依赖动物传粉的作物产量和品质的下降。针对这一情况, 作者提出了农业景观传粉动物多样性保护和利用的3种主要途径: (1)改善生产管理, 例如减少化学农药的使用、适当地采取有机种植; (2)促进景观多样性, 包括创建适宜野生传粉者的半自然生境、保护高价值的自然生境、作物多样化、合理配置资源和生境的空间分布; (3)加强对本土传粉动物的保护和开发利用。文章最后提出, 为进一步提升传粉服务, 还需加强对传粉者的生物学特征、传粉服务的需求与供给现状、影响传粉动物多样性和传粉服务的农作措施和景观因素等方面的研究。

关键词: 生物多样性, 生态服务, 野生传粉者, 景观管理

Abstract

Pollinators provide the vital process of pollination to plants. Maintaining diverse pollinators in ecosystems is essential to global food security, human welfare, and to buffer the negative ecological impacts of climate change. Globally, pollinators are experiencing serious threats from land use change, chemical pesticide use, the introduction of alien invasive species and climate change, leading to a decline in pollinator diversity. This decline can cause decreases in the yield and quality of animal-pollinated crops. Here we propose following three approaches to conserve pollinator diversity and improve pollination services in agricultural landscapes: (1) wildlife-friendly farm practices, such as reduced application of pesticides or conversion to organic farming; (2) promotion of landscape diversity, including conserving and establishing suitable semi-natural habitats, maintaining residual natural habitats, improving crop diversity and optimizing resources or habitats; (3) the use of local pollinator species in industrial applications. Further research is needed examining biological characteristics of pollinator, demand and provision of pollination services, as well as the effects of management practices on pollinator diversity and pollination services.

Key words: biodiversity, ecological services, wild pollinators, landscape management

戴漂漂, 张旭珠, 刘云慧 (2015) 传粉动物多样性的保护与农业景观传粉服务的提升. 生物多样性, 23, 408-418. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2014248.

Piaopiao Dai, Xuzhu Zhang, Yunhui Liu (2015) Conserving pollinator diversity and improving pollination services in agricultural landscapes. Biodiversity Science, 23, 408-418. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2014248.

导出引用管理器 EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2014248

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2015/V23/I3/408

参考文献 132

8	Allen-Wardell G, Bernhardt P, Bitner R, Burquez A, Buchmann S, Cane J, Cox PA, Dalton V, Feinsinger P, Ingram M, Inouye D, Jones CE, Kennedy K, Kevan P, Koopowitz H, Medellin R, Medellin-Morales S, Nabhan GP, Pavlik B, Tepedino V, Torchio P, Walker S (1998) The potential consequences of pollinator declines on the conservation of biodiversity and stability of food crop yields.Conservation Biology, 12, 8-17.
9	An JD (安建东), Chen WF (陈文锋) (2011) Economic value of insect pollination for fruits and vegetables in China.Acta Entomologica Sinica(昆虫学报), 54, 443-450. (in Chinese with English abstract)
10	An JD (安建东), Wu J (吴杰), Peng WJ (彭文君), Tong YM (童越敏), Guo ZB (国占宝), Li JL (李继莲) (2007) Foraging behavior and pollination ecology of Bombus lucorum L. and Apis mellifera L. in greenhouse peach garden.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报), 18, 1071-1076. (in Chinese with English abstract)
11	Anderson SH, Kelly D, Ladley JJ, Molloy S, Terry J (2011) Cascading effects of bird functional extinction reduce pollination and plant density.Science, 331, 1068-1071.
12	Ashman TL, Knight TM, Steets JA, Amarasekare P, Burd M, Campbell DR, Dudash MR, Johnston MO, Mazer SJ, Mitchell RJ, Morgan MT, Wilson WG (2004) Pollen limitation of plant reproduction: ecological and evolutionary causes and consequences.Ecology, 85, 2408-2421.
13	Bartomeus I, Park MG, Gibbs J, Danforth BN, Lakso AN, Winfree R (2013) Biodiversity ensures plant-pollinator phenological synchrony against climate change.Ecology Letters, 16, 1331-1338.
14	Batary P, Andras B, Kleijn D, Tscharntke T (2011) Landscape-moderated biodiversity effects of agri-environmental management: a meta-analysis.Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 278, 1894-1902.
15	Benjamin FE, Reilly JR, Winfree R (2014) Pollinator body size mediates the scale at which land use drives crop pollination services.Journal of Applied Ecology, 51, 440-449.
16	Biesmeijer JC, Roberts SPM, Reemer M, Ohlemueller R, Edwards M, Peeters T, Schaffers AP, Potts SG, Kleukers R, Thomas CD, Settele J, Kunin WE (2006) Parallel declines in pollinators and insect-pollinated plants in Britain and the Netherlands.Science, 313, 351-354.
17	Bommarco R, Lindborg R, Marini L, Öckinger E (2014) Extinction debt for plants and flower-visiting insects in landscapes with contrasting land use history.Diversity and Distributions, 20, 591-599.
18	Bommarco R, Marini L, Vaissiere BE (2012) Insect pollination enhances seed yield, quality, and market value in oilseed rape.Oecologia, 169, 1025-1032.
19	Bosch J, Kemp WP (2002) Developing and establishing bee species as crop pollinators: the example of Osmia spp. (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) and fruit trees.Bulletin of Entomological Research, 92, 3-16.
20	Brittain C, Kremen C, Garber A, Klein AM (2014) Pollination and plant resources change the nutritional quality of almonds for human health.PLoS ONE, 9, e90082.
21	Brittain C, Williams N, Kremen C, Klein AM (2013) Synergistic effects of non-Apis bees and honey bees for pollination services.Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 280, 20122767.
22	Brosi BJ, Armsworth PR, Daily GC (2008) Optimal design of agricultural landscapes for pollination services.Conservation Letters, 1, 27-36.
23	Calderone NW (2012) Insect pollinated crops, insect pollinators and US agriculture: trend analysis of aggregate data for the period 1992-2009.PLoS ONE, 7, e37235.
24	Cane JH (2008) A native ground-nesting bee (Nomia melanderi) sustainably managed to pollinate alfalfa across an intensively agricultural landscape.Apidologie, 39, 315-323.
25	Carthew SM, Goldingay RL (1997) Non-flying mammals as pollinators.Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 12, 104-108.
26	Carvalheiro LG, Seymour CL, Nicolson SW, Veldtman R (2012) Creating patches of native flowers facilitates crop pollination in large agricultural fields: mango as a case study.Journal of Applied Ecology, 49, 1373-1383.
27	Carvell C, Meek WR, Pywell RF, Goulson D, Nowakowski M (2007) Comparing the efficacy of agri-environment schemes to enhance bumble bee abundance and diversity on arable field margins.Journal of Applied Ecology, 44, 29-40.
28	Concepcion ED, Diaz M, Kleijn D, Baldi A, Batary P, Clough Y, Gabriel D, Herzog F, Holzschuh A, Knop E, Marshall EJP, Tscharntke T, Verhulst J (2012) Interactive effects of landscape context constrain the effectiveness of local agri-environmental management.Journal of Applied Ecology, 49, 695-705.
29	Cox-Foster DL, Conlan S, Holmes EC, Palacios G, Evans JD, Moran NA, Quan P, Briese T, Hornig M, Geiser DM, Martinson V, Vanengelsdorp D, Kalkstein AL, Drysdale A, Hui J, Zhai J, Cui L, Hutchison SK, Simons JF, Egholm M, Pettis JS, Lipkin WI (2007) A metagenomic survey of microbes in honey bee colony collapse disorder.Science, 318, 283-287.
30	De la Rua P, Jaffe R, Dall’Olio R, Munoz I, Serrano J (2009) Biodiversity, conservation and current threats to European honeybees.Apidologie, 40, 263-284.
31	De Marco P, Coelho FM (2004) Services performed by the ecosystem: forest remnants influence agricultural cultures’ pollination and production.Biodiversity and Conservation, 13, 1245-1255.
32	Deguines N, Jono C, Baude M, Henry M, Julliard R, Fontaine C (2014) Large-scale trade-off between agricultural intensification and crop pollination services.Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 12, 212-217.
33	Dicks LV, Abrahams A, Atkinson J, Biesmeijer J, Bourn N, Brown C, Brown MJF, Carvell C, Connolly C, Cresswell JE, Croft P, Darvill B, De Zylva P, Effingham P, Fountain M, Goggin A, Harding D, Harding T, Hartfield C, Heard MS, Heathcote R, Heaver D, Holland J, Howe M, Hughes B, Huxley T, Kunin WE, Little J, Mason C, Memmott J, Osborne J, Pankhurst T, Paxton RJ, Pocock MJO, Potts SG, Power EF, Raine NE, Ranelagh E, Roberts S, Saunders R, Smith K, Smith RM, Sutton P, Tilley LAN, Tinsley A, Tonhasca A, Vanbergen AJ, Webster S, Wilson A, Sutherland WJ (2013) Identifying key knowledge needs for evidence-based conservation of wild insect pollinators: a collaborative cross-sectoral exercise.Insect Conservation and Diversity, 6, 435-446.
34	Eardley CD, Gikungu M, Schwarz MP (2009) Bee conservation in sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar: diversity, status and threats.Apidologie, 40, 355-366.
35	Eilers EJ, Kremen C, Greenleaf SS, Garber AK, Klein AM (2011) Contribution of pollinator-mediated crops to nutrients in the human food supply.PLoS ONE, 6, e21363.
36	FAOSTAT (2012) Download Data/Inputs/Land.
37	Fitter AH, Fitter R (2002) Rapid changes in flowering time in British plants.Science, 296, 1689-1691.
38	Fontaine C, Dajoz I, Meriguet J, Loreau M (2006) Functional diversity of plant-pollinator interaction webs enhances the persistence of plant communities.PLoS Biology, 4, 129-135.
39	Fruend J, Linsenmair KE, Bluethgen N (2010) Pollinator diversity and specialization in relation to flower diversity.Oikos, 119, 1581-1590.
40	Gallai N, Salles J, Settele J, Vaissiere BE (2009) Economic valuation of the vulnerability of world agriculture confronted with pollinator decline.Ecological Economics, 68, 810-821.
1	Abrol DP (2012) Pollination—basic concepts. In: Pollination Biology (ed. Abrol DP), pp. 37-54. Springer, Dordrecht.
2	Aizen MA, Feinsinger P (1994) Habitat fragmentation, native insect pollinators, and feral honey bees in Argentine ‘Chaco serrano’.Ecological Applications, 4, 378-392.
41	Garibaldi LA, Aizen MA, Klein AM, Cunningham SA, Harder LD (2011) Global growth and stability of agricultural yield decrease with pollinator dependence.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 108, 5909-5914.
42	Garibaldi LA, Steffan-Dewenter I, Winfree R, Aizen MA, Bommarco R, Cunningham SA, Kremen C, Carvalheiro LG, Harder LD, Afik O, Bartomeus I, Benjamin F, Boreux V, Cariveau D, Chacoff NP, Dudenhoffer JH, Freitas BM, Ghazoul J, Greenleaf S, Hipolito J, Holzschuh A, Howlett B, Isaacs R, Javorek SK, Kennedy CM, Krewenka KM, Krishnan S, Mandelik Y, Mayfield MM, Motzke I, Munyuli T, Nault BA, Otieno M, Petersen J, Pisanty G, Potts SG, Rader R, Ricketts TH, Rundlof M, Seymour CL, Schuepp C, Szentgyorgyi H, Taki H, Tscharntke T, Vergara CH, Viana BF, Wanger TC, Westphal C, Williams N, Klein AM (2013) Wild pollinators enhance fruit set of crops regardless of honey bee abundance.Science, 339, 1608-1611.
3	Aizen MA, Garibaldi LA, Cunningham SA, Klein AM (2008) Long-term global trends in crop yield and production reveal no current pollination shortage but increasing pollinator dependency.Current Biology, 18, 1572-1575.
4	Aizen MA, Garibaldi LA, Cunningham SA, Klein AM (2009) How much does agriculture depend on pollinators? Lessons from long-term trends in crop production.Annals of Botany, 103, 1579-1588.
43	Gathmann A, Tscharntke T (2002) Foraging ranges of solitary bees.Journal of Animal Ecology, 71, 757-764.
44	Genersch E (2010) Honey bee pathology: current threats to honey bees and beekeeping.Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 87, 87-97.
45	Genersch E, von der Ohe W, Kaatz H, Schroeder A, Otten C, Buechler R, Berg S, Ritter W, Muehlen W, Gisder S, Meixner M, Liebig G, Rosenkranz P (2010) The German bee monitoring project: a long term study to understand periodically high winter losses of honey bee colonies.Apidologie, 41, 332-352.
46	Giannini TC, Acosta AL, Garofalo CA, Saraiva AM, Alves- dos-Santos I, Imperatriz-Fonseca VL (2012) Pollination services at risk: bee habitats will decrease owing to climate change in Brazil.Ecological Modelling, 244, 127-131.
47	Gill RJ, Ramos-Rodriguez O, Raine NE (2012) Combined pesticide exposure severely affects individual- and colony-level traits in bees.Nature, 491, 105-119.
5	Aizen MA, Harder LD (2009) The global stock of domesticated honey bees is growing slower than agricultural demand for pollination.Current Biology, 19, 915-918.
6	Albrecht M, Duelli P, Mueller C, Kleijn D, Schmid B (2007) The Swiss agri-environment scheme enhances pollinator diversity and plant reproductive success in nearby intensively managed farmland.Journal of Applied Ecology, 44, 813-822.
7	Albrecht M, Schmid B, Hautier Y, Mueller CB (2012) Diverse pollinator communities enhance plant reproductive success.Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 279, 4845-4852.
48	Gotlieb A, Hollender Y, Mandelik Y (2011) Gardening in the desert changes bee communities and pollination network characteristics.Basic and Applied Ecology, 12, 310-320.
49	Goulson D (2003) Conserving wild bees for crop pollination.Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment, 1, 142-144.
50	Greenleaf SS, Williams NM, Winfree R, Kremen C (2007) Bee foraging ranges and their relationship to body size.Oecologia, 153, 589-596.
51	Guo BS (郭柏寿), Yang JM (杨继民), Xu YB (许育彬) (2001) Problems and research advance of the pollination insects.Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences(西南农业学报), 14, 102-108. (in Chinese with English abstract)
52	Hegland SJ, Nielsen A, Lázaro A, Bjerknes A, Totland Ø (2009) How does climate warming affect plant-pollinator interactions?Ecology Letters, 12, 184-195.
53	Hoehn P, Tscharntke T, Tylianakis JM, Steffan-Dewenter I (2008) Functional group diversity of bee pollinators increases crop yield.Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 275, 2283-2291.
54	Holzschuh A, Dudenhoeffer J, Tscharntke T (2012) Landscapes with wild bee habitats enhance pollination, fruit set and yield of sweet cherry.Biological Conservation, 153, 101-107.
55	Holzschuh A, Steffan-Dewenter I, Kleijn D, Tscharntke T (2007) Diversity of flower-visiting bees in cereal fields: effects of farming system, landscape composition and regional context.Journal of Applied Ecology, 44, 41-49.
56	Hopwood JL (2008) The contribution of roadside grassland restorations to native bee conservation.Biological Conservation, 141, 2632-2640.
57	Huang SQ (黄双全), Guo YH (郭友好) (2000) Advances in the pollination biology.Chinese Science Bulletin(科学通报), 45, 225-237. (in Chinese)
58	Jaffe R, Dietemann V, Allsopp MH, Costa C, Crewe RM, Dall’Olio R, De la Rua P, El-Niweiri MAA, Fries I, Kezic N, Meusel MS, Paxton RJ, Shaibi T, Stolle E, Moritz RFA (2010) Estimating the density of honeybee colonies across their natural range to fill the gap in pollinator decline censuses.Conservation Biology, 24, 583-593.
59	Kearns CA, Inouye DW, Waser NM (1998) Endangered mutualisms: the conservation of plant-pollinator interactions.Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 29, 83-112.
60	Kevan PG, Baker HG (1983) Insects as flower visitors and pollinators.Annual Review of Entomology, 28, 407-453.
61	Klatt BK, Holzschuh A, Westphal C, Clough Y, Smit I, Pawelzik E, Tscharntke T (2014) Bee pollination improves crop quality, shelf life and commercial value.Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 281, 20132440.
62	Klein AM, Steffan-Dewenter I, Tscharntke T (2003a) Fruit set of highland coffee increases with the diversity of pollinating bees.Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 270, 955-961.
63	Klein AM, Steffan-Dewenter I, Tscharntke T (2003b) Pollination of Coffea canephora in relation to local and regional agroforestry management.Journal of Applied Ecology, 40, 837-845.
64	Klein AM, Vaissiere BE, Cane JH, Steffan-Dewenter I, Cunningham SA, Kremen C, Tscharntke T (2007) Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops.Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 274, 303-313.
65	Kovacs-Hostyanszki A, Batary P, Baldi A (2011) Local and landscape effects on bee communities of Hungarian winter cereal fields.Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 13, 59-66.
66	Kraus B, Page RE (1995) Effect of Varroa jacobsoni (Mesostigmata: Varroidae) on feral Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in California.Environmental Entomology, 24, 1473-1480.
67	Kremen C, Williams NM, Aizen MA, Gemmill-Herren B, Lebuhn G, Minckley R, Packer L, Potts SG, Roulston T, Steffan-Dewenter I, Vazquez DP, Winfree R, Adams L, Crone EE, Greenleaf SS, Keitt TH, Klein AM, Regetz J, Ricketts TH (2007) Pollination and other ecosystem services produced by mobile organisms: a conceptual framework for the effects of land-use change.Ecology Letters, 10, 299-314.
68	Kremen C, Williams NM, Thorp RW (2002) Crop pollination from native bees at risk from agricultural intensification.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 99, 16812-16816.
69	Larsen TH, Williams NM, Kremen C (2005) Extinction order and altered community structure rapidly disrupt ecosystem functioning.Ecology Letters, 8, 538-547.
70	Lautenbach S, Seppelt R, Liebscher J, Dormann CF (2012) Spatial and temporal trends of global pollination benefit.PLoS ONE, 7, e35954.
71	Le Feon V, Burel F, Chifflet R, Henry M, Ricroch A, Vaissiere BE, Baudry J (2013) Solitary bee abundance and species richness in dynamic agricultural landscapes.Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment, 166, 94-101.
72	Li J (李捷), Zhu CD (朱朝东), Wang FH (王凤鹤), Huang DY (黄敦元), Zhang YZ (张彦周), Ding L (丁亮), Huang HR (黄海荣) (2007) Current research on the status of wild bees and their pollination roles.Biodiversity Science(生物多样性), 15, 687-692. (in Chinese with English abstract)
73	Liu HP (刘红平), Li XX (李晓霞), Wang XJ (王晓娟) (2008) Pollinating insect species and their foraging behaviors on Medicago sativa.Chinese Journal of Ecology(生态学杂志), 27, 780-784. (in Chinese with English abstract)
74	Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) (2005) Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis. (2014-08- 07
75	Magrach A, Santamaria L, Larrinaga AR (2012) Differential effects of anthropogenic edges and gaps on the reproduction of a forest-dwelling plant: the role of plant reproductive effort and nectar robbing by bumblebees.Austral Ecology, 37, 600-609.
76	Mandelik Y, Winfree R, Neeson T, Kremen C (2012) Complementary habitat use by wild bees in agro-natural landscapes.Ecological Applications, 22, 1535-1546.
77	Mawdsley JR, O'Malley R, Ojima DS (2009) A review of climate-change adaptation strategies for wildlife management and biodiversity conservation.Conservation Biology, 23, 1080-1089.
78	Memmott J, Craze PG, Waser NM, Price MV (2007) Global warming and the disruption of plant-pollinator interactions.Ecology Letters, 10, 710-717.
79	Memmott J, Waser NM, Price MV (2004) Tolerance of pollination networks to species extinctions.Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 271, 2605-2611.
80	Michener CD (2007) The Bees of the World, 2nd edn. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, USA.
81	Minckley RLRM, Roulston TH, Williams NM (2013) Resource assurance predicts specialist and generalist bee activity in drought.Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 280, 20122703.
82	Moisan-Deserres J, Girard M, Chagnon M, Fournier V (2014) Pollen loads and specificity of native pollinators of lowbush blueberry.Journal of Economic Entomology, 107, 1156-1162.
83	Morandin LA, Kremen C (2013a) Hedgerow restoration promotes pollinator populations and exports native bees to adjacent fields.Ecological Applications, 23, 829-839.
84	Morandin LA, Kremen C (2013b) Bee preference for native versus exotic plants in restored agricultural hedgerows.Restoration Ecology, 21, 26-32.
85	Moritz RFA, Kraus FB, Kryger P, Crewe RM (2007) The size of wild honeybee populations (Apis mellifera) and its implications for the conservation of honeybees.Journal of Insect Conservation, 11, 391-397.
86	Nicholls CI, Altieri MA (2013) Plant biodiversity enhances bees and other insect pollinators in agroecosystems: a review.Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 33, 257-274.
87	Nichols E, Spector S, Louzada J, Larsen T, Amezquita S, Favila ME (2008) Ecological functions and ecosystem services provided by Scarabaeinae dung beetles.Biological Conservation, 141, 1461-1474.
88	National Research Council (NRC) (2007) Status of Pollinators in North America. (2014-08-13)
89	Ockinger E, Smith HG (2007) Semi-natural grasslands as population sources for pollinating insects in agricultural landscapes.Journal of Applied Ecology, 44, 50-59.
90	Otieno M, Woodcock BA, Wilby A, Vogiatzakis IN, Mauchline AL, Gikungu MW, Potts SG (2011) Local management and landscape drivers of pollination and biological control services in a Kenyan agro-ecosystem.Biological Conservation, 144, 2424-2431.
91	Parmesan C, Ryrholm N, Stefanescu C, Hill JK, Thomas CD, Descimon H, Huntley B, Kaila L, Kullberg J, Tammaru T, Tennent WJ, Thomas JA, Warren M (1999) Poleward shifts in geographical ranges of butterfly species associated with regional warming.Nature, 399, 579-583.
92	Parsche S, Fruend J, Tscharntke T (2011) Experimental environmental change and mutualistic vs. antagonistic plant flower-visitor interactions.Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 13, 27-35.
93	Pettis JS, Lichtenberg EM, Andree M, Stitzinger J, Rose R, Vanengelsdorp D (2013) Crop pollination exposes honey bees to pesticides which alters their susceptibility to the gut pathogen Nosema ceranae.PLoS ONE, 8, e70182.
94	Pimentel D, Stachow U, Takacs DA, Brubaker HW, Dumas AR, Meaney JJ, O’Neil JAS, Onsi DE, Corzilius DB (1992) Conserving biological diversity in agricultural/forestry systems.BioScience, 42, 354-362.
95	Polce C, Garratt MP, Termansen M, Ramirez-Villegas J, Challinor AJ, Lappage MG, Boatman ND, Crowe A, Endalew AM, Potts SG, Somerwill KE, Biesmeijer JC (2014) Climate-driven spatial mismatches between British orchards and their pollinators: increased risks of pollination deficits.Global Change Biology, 20, 2815-2828.
96	Potts SG, Biesmeijer JC, Kremen C, Neumann P, Schweiger O, Kunin WE (2010a) Global pollinator declines: trends, impacts and drivers.Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 25, 345-353.
97	Potts SG, Roberts SPM, Dean R, Marris G, Brown MA, Jones R, Neumann P, Settele J (2010b) Declines of managed honey bees and beekeepers in Europe.Journal of Apicultural Research, 49, 15-22.
98	Pywell RF, Warman EA, Carvell C, Sparks TH, Dicks LV, Bennett D, Wright A, Critchley C, Sherwood A (2005) Providing foraging resources for bumblebees in intensively farmed landscapes.Biological Conservation, 121, 479-494.
99	Rader R, Reilly J, Bartomeus I, Winfree R (2013) Native bees buffer the negative impact of climate warming on honey bee pollination of watermelon crops.Global Change Biology, 19, 3103-3110.
100	Rafferty NE, Ives AR (2012) Pollinator effectiveness varies with experimental shifts in flowering time.Ecology, 93, 803-814.
101	Ricketts TH (2004) Tropical forest fragments enhance pollinator activity in nearby coffee crops.Conservation Biology, 18, 1262-1271.
102	Ricketts TH, Regetz J, Steffan-Dewenter I, Cunningham SA, Kremen C, Bogdanski A, Gemmill-Herren B, Greenleaf SS, Klein AM, Mayfield MM, Morandin LA, Ochieng A, Viana BF (2008) Landscape effects on crop pollination services: are there general patterns?Ecology Letters, 11, 499-515.
103	Riscu A, Bura M (2013) The impact of pesticides on honey bees and hence on humans.Scientific Papers: Animal Science and Biotechnologies, 46, 272-277.
104	Rollin O, Bretagnolle V, Decourtye A, Aptel J, Michel N, Vaissiere BE, Henry M (2013) Differences of floral resource use between honey bees and wild bees in an intensive farming system.Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 179, 78-86.
105	Scherr SJ, McNeely JA (2008) Biodiversity conservation and agricultural sustainability: towards a new paradigm of ‘ecoagriculture’ landscapes.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 363, 477-494.
106	Schulp CJE, Lautenbach S, Verburg PH (2014) Quantifying and mapping ecosystem services: demand and supply of pollination in the European Union.Ecological Indicators, 36, 131-141.
107	Shrestha JB (2008) Honeybees: the pollinator sustaining crop diversity.Journal of Agriculture and Environment, 9, 90-92.
108	Stanley DA, Gunning D, Stout JC (2013) Pollinators and pollination of oilseed rape crops (Brassica napus L.) in Ireland: ecological and economic incentives for pollinator conservation.Journal of Insect Conservation, 17, 1181-1189.
109	Steffan-Dewenter I, Munzenberg U, Burger C, Thies C, Tscharntke T (2002) Scale-dependent effects of landscape context on three pollinator guilds.Ecology, 83, 1421-1432.
110	Steffan-Dewenter I, Potts SG, Packer L (2005) Pollinator diversity and crop pollination services are at risk.Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 20, 651-652.
111	Steffan-Dewenter I, Tscharntke T (1999) Effects of habitat isolation on pollinator communities and seed set.Oecologia, 121, 432-440.
112	Steffan-Dewenter I, Westphal C (2008) The interplay of pollinator diversity, pollination services and landscape change.Journal of Applied Ecology, 45, 737-741.
113	Stone GN, Willmer PG (1989) Warm-up rates and body temperatures in bees: the importance of body size, thermal regime and phylogeny.Journal of Experimental Biology, 147, 303-328.
114	Trant AJ, Herman TB, Good-Avila SV (2010) Effects of anthropogenic disturbance on the reproductive ecology and pollination service of Plymouth gentian (Sabatia kennedyana Fern.), a lakeshore plant species at risk.Plant Ecology, 210, 241-252.
115	Tscharntke T, Klein AM, Kruess A, Steffan-Dewenter I, Thies C (2005) Landscape perspectives on agricultural intensification and biodiversity—ecosystem service management.Ecology Letters, 8, 857-874.
116	van der Sluijs JP, Simon-Delso N, Goulson D, Maxim L, Bonmatin J, Belzunces LP (2013) Neonicotinoids, bee disorders and the sustainability of pollinator services.Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 5, 293-305.
117	Wall MA, Timmerman-Erskine M, Boyd RS (2003) Conservation impact of climatic variability on pollination of the federally endangered plant, Clematis socialis (Ranunculaceae).Southeastern Naturalist, 2, 11-24.
118	Wang XH, Ding SY (2012) Pollinator-dependent production of food nutrients by fruits and vegetables in China.African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7, 6136-6142.
119	Wanger TC (2014) Cocoa shortfall: pollination curbs climate risk to cocoa.Nature, 511, 155.
120	Warren MS, Hill JK, Thomas JA, Asher J, Fox R, Huntley B, Roy DB, Telfer MG, Jeffcoate S, Harding P, Jeffcoate G, Willis SG, Greatorex-Davies JN, Moss D, Thomas CD (2001) Rapid responses of British butterflies to opposing forces of climate and habitat change.Nature, 414, 65-69.
121	Westphal C, Steffan-Dewenter I, Tscharntke T (2003) Mass flowering crops enhance pollinator densities at a landscape scale.Ecology Letters, 6, 961-965.
122	Westrich P (1996) Habitat requirements of central European bees and the problems of partial habitats. In: The Conservation of Bees (eds Matheson A, Buchmann SL, O’Toole C, Westrich P, Williams IH), pp. 1-16. Academic Press, London.
123	Williams NM, Kremen C (2007) Resource distributions among habitats determine solitary bee offspring production in a mosaic landscape.Ecological Applications, 17, 910-921.
124	Williams PH, Araujo MB, Rasmont P (2007) Can vulnerability among British bumblebee (Bombus) species be explained by niche position and breadth?Biological Conservation, 138, 493-505.
125	Winfree R, Aguilar R, Vazquez DP, Lebuhn G, Aizen MA (2009) A meta-analysis of bees’ responses to anthropogenic disturbance.Ecology, 90, 2068-2076.
126	Winfree R, Bartomeus I, Cariveau DP (2011) Native pollinators in anthropogenic habitats.Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 42, 1-22.
127	Winfree R, Williams NM, Dushoff J, Kremen C (2014) Species abundance, not diet breadth, drives the persistence of the most linked pollinators as plant-pollinator networks disassemble.The American Naturalist, 183, 600-611.
128	Winfree R, Williams NM, Gaines H, Ascher JS, Kremen C (2008) Wild bee pollinators provide the majority of crop visitation across land-use gradients in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, USA.Journal of Applied Ecology, 45, 793-802.
129	Wu J (吴杰) (2003) The characteristics and application of several important pollinating bees.Apiculture of China(中国养蜂), 54(5), 24-25. (in Chinese)
130	Xie ZH (谢正华), Xu HL (徐环李), Yang P (杨璞) (2011) Notes on monitoring, assessing and conserving pollinator biodiversity.Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology(应用昆虫学报), 48, 746-752. (in Chinese with English abstract)
131	Xu HL (徐环李), Yang JW (杨俊伟), Sun JR (孙洁茹) (2009) Current status on the study of wild bee-pollinators and conservation strategies in China.Acta Phytophylacica Sinica(植物保护学报), 36, 371-376. (in Chinese with English abstract)
132	Yang GH (杨冠煌) (2005) Harm of introducing the western honeybee Apis mellifera L. to the Chinese honeybee Apis cerana F. and its ecological impact.Acta Entomologica Sinica(昆虫学报), 48, 401-406. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[1]	何智荣, 吴思雨, 时莹莹, 王雨婷, 江艺欣, 张春娜, 赵娜, 王苏盆. 壶菌及其感染对两栖动物种群影响的研究现状与挑战[J]. 生物多样性, 2024, 32(2): 23274-.
[2]	彭昀月, 靳彤, 张小全. 生物多样性信用的概念、原则、交易和挑战[J]. 生物多样性, 2024, 32(2): 23300-.
[3]	吴相獐, 雷富民, 单壹壹, 于晶. 上海城市公园苔藓植物多样性分布格局及其环境影响因子[J]. 生物多样性, 2024, 32(2): 23364-0.
[4]	张飞飞, 杨天凤, 陈莉荣, 刘冬梅, 杨柳园, 杨杜宇, 鞠鹏, 陆露. 被子植物花粉颜色多样性及应用研究进展[J]. 生物多样性, 2024, 32(1): 23346-.
[5]	刘昱齐, 刘晶岚, 樊晓丽, 胡宜深, 郭鸿筱, 薛凡. 鸟鸣多样性感知与声景感知恢复性: 鸟鸣音频和科普的干预[J]. 生物多样性, 2024, 32(1): 23230-.
[6]	韩丽霞, 王永健, 刘宣. 外来物种入侵与本土物种分布区扩张的异同[J]. 生物多样性, 2024, 32(1): 23396-.
[7]	陈进. 《昆明-蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架》与国家植物园体系建设[J]. 生物多样性, 2023, 31(9): 23257-.
[8]	冯晨, 张洁, 黄宏文. 统筹植物就地保护与迁地保护的解决方案: 植物并地保护(parallel situ conservation)[J]. 生物多样性, 2023, 31(9): 23184-.
[9]	陈慧妹, 李文军, 邱娟, 马占仓, 李波, 杨宗宗, 闻志彬, 孟岩, 曹秋梅, 邱东, 刘丹辉, 金光照. 新疆野生维管植物名录[J]. 生物多样性, 2023, 31(9): 23124-.
[10]	罗正明, 刘晋仙, 张变华, 周妍英, 郝爱华, 杨凯, 柴宝峰. 不同退化阶段亚高山草甸土壤原生生物群落多样性特征及驱动因素[J]. 生物多样性, 2023, 31(8): 23136-.
[11]	邓晶, 李艺, 侯一蕾. 城市生物多样性保护: 基于中欧对比视角下的经验借鉴[J]. 生物多样性, 2023, 31(8): 23070-.
[12]	杜红. “物种”与“个体”: 究竟谁是生物多样性保护的恰当对象?[J]. 生物多样性, 2023, 31(8): 23140-.
[13]	朱旭, 李嘉奇. 全球协同落实《昆明-蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架》的挑战与出路: 基于SFIC模型的分析[J]. 生物多样性, 2023, 31(8): 23167-.
[14]	邢超, 林依, 周智强, 赵联军, 蒋仕伟, 林蓁蓁, 徐基良, 詹祥江. 基于DNA条形码技术构建王朗国家级自然保护区陆生脊椎动物遗传资源数据库及物种鉴定[J]. 生物多样性, 2023, 31(7): 22661-.
[15]	苏荣菲, 陈睿山, 郭晓娜. 城市社区更新中生物多样性的保护策略: 以上海市长宁区生境花园为例[J]. 生物多样性, 2023, 31(7): 23118-.