Species diversity and global distribution of Limacodidae (Lepidoptera) using online databases

doi:10.17520/biods.2019132

Abstract

Abstract:

Limacodidae (Lepidoptera) is a globally distributed insect and is classified as a pest destroying economic and roadway trees. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the species diversity and global distribution of Limacodidae and to explore the reasons for uneven distribution patterns, which could provide a scientific basis for biodiversity conservation and pest control. Detailed information was downloaded and analyzed from the Barcode of Life Data System V4 (BOLD V4) and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), as well as other local databases of Lepidoptera and related research. A total of 61,947 global distributional records of Limacodidae with explicit coordinates were gathered, including 187 genera and 637 species. At the biogeographic realm scale, 72 genera were recorded in Indomalayan realm, 31 in the Palearctic realm, 27 in the Australasian realm, 27 in the Neotropical realm, 22 in the Afrotropical realm, and 19 in the Nearctic realm. At the national scale, China has the highest species richness (123 species), followed by Vietnam (116 species), Costa Rica (75 species), and then Australia (69 species). The higher species diversity and richness of the Limacodidae in mid-low latitudinal regions may be related to stable climatic history and a vast number of host plants in these regions.

Key words: Limacodidae, species diversity, zoogeographic realms, global distribution

Jiao Meng, Li Jing, Zhao Huifeng, Wu Chunsheng, Zhang Aibing. Species diversity and global distribution of Limacodidae (Lepidoptera) using online databases[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2019, 27(7): 778-786.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2019132

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2019/V27/I7/778

Figures/Tables 7

References 41

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动物地理区系 Zoogeographical realms	区系存在属 Existing genera	总计 Sum
东洋区 Indomalayan	Allothosea, Altha, Althonarosa, Aphendala, Arabessa, Atosia, Austrapoda, Avatara, Barabashka, Barisania, Belippa, Birthamula, Birthosea, Caelestomorpha, Caissa, Calauta, Cania, Ceratonema, Chalcocelis, Chalcoscelides, Cheromettia, Chibaraga, Darna, Demonarosa, Dudgeonea, Euphlyctinides, Flavinarosa, Griseothosea, Hampsonella, Heringarosa, Hindothosea, Hyphorma, Hyphormides, Iraga, Kitanola, Limacocera, Mahanta, Matsumurides, Miresa, Monema, Mummu, Nagodopsis, Narosa, Narosoideus, Neothosea, Nephelimorpha, Nirmides, Oxyplax, Parasa, Phlossa, Phocoderma, Polyphena, Praesetora, Prapata, Pretas, Pseudaltha, Pseudidonauton, Pseudocaissa, Pseudonirmides, Quasinarosa, Quasithosea, Rhamnosa, Sansarea, Scopelodes, Setora, Setothosea, Squamosa, Susica, Tanvia, Tennya, Thosea, Vipaka	72
古北区 Palearctic	Acraephnes, Altha, Aphendala, Apoda, Austrapoda, Belippa, Birthosea, Caissa, Ceratonema, Chalcoscelides, Chibaraga, Darna, Heterogenea, Iraga, Iragoides, Isa, Mahanta, Mediocampa, Microcampa, Microleon, Monema, Narosa, Narosoideus, Neothosea, Parasa, Phlossa, Phrixolepia, Rhamnosa, Scopelodes, Setora, Thosea	31
澳新区 Australasian	Anaxidia, Anepopsia, Apodecta, Birthamoides, Calcarifera, Chalcocelis, Comana, Comanula, Doratifera, Ecnomoctena, Elassoptila, Eloasa, Hedraea, Hydroclada, Hypselolopha, Lamprolepida, Limacochara, Mambara, Mecytha, Parasoidea, Pinzulenza, Praesusica, Pseudanapaea, Pygmaeomorpha, Scopelodes, Squamosa, Thosea	27
新热带区 Neotropical	Acharia, Alarodia, Blazia, Dichromapteryx, Epiperola, Euclea, Euphobetron, Euprosterna, Heuretes, Isa, Isochaetes, Leucophobetron, Miresa, Monoleuca, Narosopsis, Natada, Parasa, Perola, Phobetron, Prolimacodes, Pseudovipsania, Semyra, Talima, Tanadema, Venadicodia, Vipsania, Vipsophobetron	27
非洲热带区 Afrotropical	Afrobirthama, Ambaliha, Andaingo, Birthama, Chrysopoloma, Coenobasis, Cosuma, Crothaema, Ctenolita, Delorhachis, Hadraphe, Halseyia, Hamartia, Latoia, Micraphe, Pantoctenia, Parapluda, Scotinochroa, Strigivenifera, Teinorhynca, Thliptocnemis, Uniserrata	22
新北区 Nearctic	Adoneta, Acharia, Alarodia, Apoda, Cryptophobetron, Darna, Euclea, Euprosterna, Heterogenea, Isa, Isochaetes, Lithacodes, Monoleuca, Natad, Packardia, Parasa, Phobetron, Prolimacodes, Tortricidia	19

动物地理区系 Zoogeographical realms	区系存在属 Existing genera	总计 Sum
东洋区 Indomalayan	Allothosea, Altha, Althonarosa, Aphendala, Arabessa, Atosia, Austrapoda, Avatara, Barabashka, Barisania, Belippa, Birthamula, Birthosea, Caelestomorpha, Caissa, Calauta, Cania, Ceratonema, Chalcocelis, Chalcoscelides, Cheromettia, Chibaraga, Darna, Demonarosa, Dudgeonea, Euphlyctinides, Flavinarosa, Griseothosea, Hampsonella, Heringarosa, Hindothosea, Hyphorma, Hyphormides, Iraga, Kitanola, Limacocera, Mahanta, Matsumurides, Miresa, Monema, Mummu, Nagodopsis, Narosa, Narosoideus, Neothosea, Nephelimorpha, Nirmides, Oxyplax, Parasa, Phlossa, Phocoderma, Polyphena, Praesetora, Prapata, Pretas, Pseudaltha, Pseudidonauton, Pseudocaissa, Pseudonirmides, Quasinarosa, Quasithosea, Rhamnosa, Sansarea, Scopelodes, Setora, Setothosea, Squamosa, Susica, Tanvia, Tennya, Thosea, Vipaka	72
古北区 Palearctic	Acraephnes, Altha, Aphendala, Apoda, Austrapoda, Belippa, Birthosea, Caissa, Ceratonema, Chalcoscelides, Chibaraga, Darna, Heterogenea, Iraga, Iragoides, Isa, Mahanta, Mediocampa, Microcampa, Microleon, Monema, Narosa, Narosoideus, Neothosea, Parasa, Phlossa, Phrixolepia, Rhamnosa, Scopelodes, Setora, Thosea	31
澳新区 Australasian	Anaxidia, Anepopsia, Apodecta, Birthamoides, Calcarifera, Chalcocelis, Comana, Comanula, Doratifera, Ecnomoctena, Elassoptila, Eloasa, Hedraea, Hydroclada, Hypselolopha, Lamprolepida, Limacochara, Mambara, Mecytha, Parasoidea, Pinzulenza, Praesusica, Pseudanapaea, Pygmaeomorpha, Scopelodes, Squamosa, Thosea	27
新热带区 Neotropical	Acharia, Alarodia, Blazia, Dichromapteryx, Epiperola, Euclea, Euphobetron, Euprosterna, Heuretes, Isa, Isochaetes, Leucophobetron, Miresa, Monoleuca, Narosopsis, Natada, Parasa, Perola, Phobetron, Prolimacodes, Pseudovipsania, Semyra, Talima, Tanadema, Venadicodia, Vipsania, Vipsophobetron	27
非洲热带区 Afrotropical	Afrobirthama, Ambaliha, Andaingo, Birthama, Chrysopoloma, Coenobasis, Cosuma, Crothaema, Ctenolita, Delorhachis, Hadraphe, Halseyia, Hamartia, Latoia, Micraphe, Pantoctenia, Parapluda, Scotinochroa, Strigivenifera, Teinorhynca, Thliptocnemis, Uniserrata	22
新北区 Nearctic	Adoneta, Acharia, Alarodia, Apoda, Cryptophobetron, Darna, Euclea, Euprosterna, Heterogenea, Isa, Isochaetes, Lithacodes, Monoleuca, Natad, Packardia, Parasa, Phobetron, Prolimacodes, Tortricidia	19

动物地理区系 Zoogeographical realms	属数 No. of genera	占比 Proportion (%)
东洋区 Indomalayan	72	38.50
古北区 Palearctic	31	16.58
澳新区 Australasian	27	14.43
新热带区 Neotropical	27	14.43
非洲热带区 Afrotropical	22	11.76
新北区 Nearctic	19	10.16
东洋区 + 古北区 Indomalayan + Palearctic	19	10.16
新北区 + 新热带区 Nearctic + Neotropical	9	4.81
澳新区 + 东洋区 Australasian + Indomalayan	2	1.07
古北区 + 新北区 Palearctic + Nearctic	2	1.07
东洋区 + 新北区 Indomalayan + Nearctic	1	0.53
澳新区 + 东洋区 + 古北区 Australasian + Indomalayan + Palearctic	2	1.07
东洋区 + 古北区 + 新北区 Indomalayan + Palearctic + Nearctic	1	0.53
古北区 + 新北区 + 新热带区 Palearctic + Nearctic + Neotropical	1	0.53
东洋区 + 古北区 + 新北区 + 新热带区 Indomalayan + Palearctic + Nearctic + Neotropical	1	0.53

动物地理区系 Zoogeographical realms	属数 No. of genera	占比 Proportion (%)
东洋区 Indomalayan	72	38.50
古北区 Palearctic	31	16.58
澳新区 Australasian	27	14.43
新热带区 Neotropical	27	14.43
非洲热带区 Afrotropical	22	11.76
新北区 Nearctic	19	10.16
东洋区 + 古北区 Indomalayan + Palearctic	19	10.16
新北区 + 新热带区 Nearctic + Neotropical	9	4.81
澳新区 + 东洋区 Australasian + Indomalayan	2	1.07
古北区 + 新北区 Palearctic + Nearctic	2	1.07
东洋区 + 新北区 Indomalayan + Nearctic	1	0.53
澳新区 + 东洋区 + 古北区 Australasian + Indomalayan + Palearctic	2	1.07
东洋区 + 古北区 + 新北区 Indomalayan + Palearctic + Nearctic	1	0.53
古北区 + 新北区 + 新热带区 Palearctic + Nearctic + Neotropical	1	0.53
东洋区 + 古北区 + 新北区 + 新热带区 Indomalayan + Palearctic + Nearctic + Neotropical	1	0.53

属名 Genus	动物地理区系 Zoogeographical realms
属名 Genus	澳新区 Australasian	东洋区 Indomalayan	古北区 Palearctic	新北区 Nearctic	新热带区 Neotropical	非洲热带区 Afrotropical
Acharia				+	+
Alarodia				+	+
Altha		+	+
Aphendala		+	+
Apoda			+	+
Austrapoda		+	+
Belippa		+	+
Birthosea		+	+
Caissa		+	+
Ceratonema		+	+
Chalcocelis	+	+
Chalcoscelides		+	+
Chibaraga		+	+
Darna		+	+	+
Euclea				+	+
Euprosterna				+	+
Heterogenea			+	+
Iraga		+	+
Iragoides		+	+
Isochaetes				+	+
Isa			+	+	+
Mahanta		+	+
Miresa		+			+
Monoleuca				+	+
Monema		+	+
Narosa		+	+
Narosoideus		+	+
Natada				+	+
Neothosea		+	+
Parasa		+	+	+	+
Phlossa		+	+
Phobetron				+	+
Prolimacodes				+	+
Rhamnosa		+	+
Scopelodes	+	+	+
Setora		+	+
Squamosa	+	+
Thosea	+	+	+
总计 Sum	4	26	26	14	12	0