都江堰亚热带森林常见木本植物果实组成与种子扩散策略

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2013.10106

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为了掌握亚热带森林木本植物的果实特征与其种子扩散策略之间的关系, 我们在都江堰般若寺林场10个森林斑块共设置了240个种子雨收集器, 对常见木本植物的果实组成、果实特征、结实物候和扩散模式等进行了调查。从2009年4月至2010年12月, 共收集到成熟果实10,542颗, 分属24科36属42种。物种数和果实数在秋季(9-12月)达到高峰, 在物种数量上以壳斗科(17%)、樟科(12%)、蔷薇科(10%)占优势。种子扩散模式以食果鸟类扩散的种类最多(52.4%), 其次为啮齿动物贮藏扩散的种类(19.0%)和食果鸟兽共同扩散的种类(16.7%), 以风力扩散的种类最少(11.9%)。果实类型以核果(48%)、坚果(17%)和球果(10%)较为常见, 而果实颜色以黑色(39%)最为常见, 其次是褐色(29%)和红色(21%)。果实直径在10 mm以下的种类较多(64.3%), 且以食果鸟类扩散为主; 10 mm以上的果实多以风力和啮齿动物来扩散的种类为主。研究结果说明都江堰亚热带常绿阔叶林中, 果实高峰出现在秋季(雨季末和旱季早期), 且木本植物的果实特征适合相关动物来传播其种子, 并成为该区域的主要种子扩散模式。

关键词: 果实特征, 果期物候, 种子扩散策略, 亚热带森林, 都江堰, 环境因子, 结实物候

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate relationships between fruit traits and seed dispersal in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest. Fruit composition and fruit phenology were monitored using 240 seed traps distributed over 10 separated stand patches in a fragmented forest in Dujiangyan City, Sichuan Province, Southwest China. A total of 10,542 mature fruits, belonging to 42 woody plant species of 36 genera and 24 families, were collected between April 2009 and December 2010. The peak of fruiting and fruit abundance occurred during autumn (between September and December) when there is less rainfall. Plant families with higher species richness included Fagaceae (17%), Lauraceae (12%), and Rosaceae (10%), while other families included only 1-2 fruiting species. Seed dispersal by animals was the most dominant dispersal mode (88.1% of species) while anemochory (wind dispersal) was the mode for other species. Seeds of animal-dispersed species were mainly dispersed by frugivorous birds (52.4%), followed by scatter-hoarding rodents (19.0%) and frugivorous birds and mammals combined (16.7%). Drupes (48%), nuts (17%), and cones (10%) were the most common fruit types. Species with black fruits (39%) and red fruits (21%) were most common and were dispersed by fruigivorous birds, while species with brown nuts (29%) were also common and were mainly dispersed by scatter-hoarding animals. Most fruiting species (64.3%) had relatively small fruits (<10 mm in diameter), and were mainly dispersed by birds, while those with larger fruits (>10 mm in diameter) were mainly dispersed by wind or rodents. Our study indicates that most of fruiting woody species occur during autumn (later wet season and early dry season) and fruit traits of these plants have been adapted by animal-mediated seed dispersal in the Dujiangyan subtropical forest.

Key words: fruit traits, fruiting phenology, seed dispersal, subtropical forest, Dujiangyan, environmental factor, fruit phenology

李娟, 郭聪, 肖治术 (2013) 都江堰亚热带森林常见木本植物果实组成与种子扩散策略. 生物多样性, 21, 572-581. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2013.10106.

Juan Li,Cong Guo,Zhishu Xiao (2013) Fruit composition and seed dispersal strategies of woody plants in a Dujiangyan subtropical forest, Southwest China. Biodiversity Science, 21, 572-581. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2013.10106.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1003.2013.10106

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2013/V21/I5/572

图/表 7

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科名 Family	中文学名 Species	生活型 Life form	果实类型 Fruit type	果实颜色 Fruit color	扩散模式 Dispersal mode	果期(月) Fruiting season (month)	果实直径 Fruit diameter (mm)	单果种子数 No. seeds per fruit	扩散单元 Dispersal unit
八角枫科 Alangiaceae	八角枫 Alangium chinense	Shrub	核果 Drupe	黑色 Black	Bird	9-10	5.0-8.0	1	Seed
柏科 Cupressaceae	柏木 Cupressus funebris	Tree	球果 Cone	深褐色 Dark brown	Wind	8-11	8.0-12.0	20-30	Fruit
冬青科 Aquifoliaceae	冬青 Ilex chinensis	Tree	核果 Drupe	红色 Red	B+M	11-12	6.0-8.0	4-5	Fruit
杜鹃花科 Ericaceae	江南越桔 Vaccinium mandarinorum	Shrub	浆果 Berry	紫黑色 Purple-black	Bird	8-9	4.0-5.0	10+	Seed
杜英科 Elaeocarpaceae	薯豆 Elaeocarpus japonicus	Tree	核果 Drupe	黑色 Black	B+M	8-10	7.0-9.0	1	Fruit
海桐花科 Pittosporaceae	海桐 Pittosporum tobira	Shrub	蒴果 Capsule	绿色 Green	Birds	10-11	10.0-16.0	8-16	Seed
桦木科 Betulaceae	亮叶桦 Betula luminifera	Tree	翅果 Samara	褐色 Brown	Wind	11-12	5.0-6.0	80-90	Seed
壳斗科 Fagaceae	板栗 Castanea mollissima	Tree	坚果 Nut	深褐色 Dark brown	Rodent	9-10	40.0-65.0	1-3	Seed
壳斗科 Fagaceae	栲 Castanopsis fargesii	Tree	坚果 Nut	黑色 Black	Rodent	10-11	25.0-30.0	1	Seed
壳斗科 Fagaceae	短刺米槠 Castanopsis carlesii var. spinulosa	Tree	坚果 Nut	黑色 Black	Rodent	10-11	10.0-15.0	1	Fruit
壳斗科 Fagaceae	港柯 Lithocarpus harlandii	Tree	坚果 Nut	褐色 Brown	Rodent	10-11	19.00	1	Seed
壳斗科 Fagaceae	枹栎 Quercus serrata	Tree	坚果 Nut	褐色 Brown	Rodent	9-11	9.20	1	Seed
壳斗科 Fagaceae	青冈 Cyclobalanopsis glauca	Tree	坚果 Nut	褐色 Brown	Rodent	9-11	10.30	1	Seed
壳斗科 Fagaceae	栓皮栎 Quercus variabilis	Tree	坚果 Nut	褐色 Brown	Rodent	9-11	14.00	1	Seed
苦木科 Simaroubaceae	苦树 Picrasma quassioides	Tree	核果 Drupe	蓝绿色 Blue-green	Bird	7	5.0-7.0	1	Fruit
漆树科 Anacardiaceae	漆树 Toxicodendron vernicifluum	Tree	核果 Drupe	灰色 Gray	B+M	9-11	8.0-10	1	Fruit
漆树科 Anacardiaceae	盐肤木 Rhus chinensis	Shrub	核果 Drupe	红色 Red	Bird	11-2	4.0-5.0	1	Fruit
蔷薇科 Rosaceae	火棘 Pyracantha fortuneana	Shrub	梨果 Pome	红色 Red	B+M	11-2	8.0-10	5	Fruit
蔷薇科 Rosaceae	七姊妹 Rosa multiflora var. Carnea	Shrub	蔷薇果 Hip	褐红色 Maroon	Bird	11-2	6.0	4	Fruit
蔷薇科 Rosaceae	小果蔷薇 Rosa cymosa var. cymosa	Shrub	蔷薇果 Hip	红色 Red	Bird	11-2	5.0	4	Fruit
蔷薇科 Rosaceae	樱桃 Cerasus pseudocerasus	Tree	核果 Drupe	红色 Red	Bird	5-6	10.0-15.0	1	Fruit
桑科 Moraceae	异叶榕 Ficus heteromorpha	Shrub	瘦果 Achene	紫黑色 Purple-black	Bird	9-11	6.0-10.0	12-15	Fruit
山茶科 Theaceae	细齿叶柃 Eurya nitida	Shrub	浆果 Berry	蓝黑色 Blue-black	Bird	10-12	3.0-4.0	20-30	Seed
山茶科 Theaceae	油茶 Camellia oleifera	Shrub	蒴果 Capsule	绿色 Green	Rodent	9-12	20.0-40.0	1-8	Seed
山矾科 Symplocaceae	黄牛奶树 Symplocos cochinchinensis var. laurina	Tree	核果 Drupe	褐色 Brown	B+M	10-12	4.0-6.0	1	Fruit
山矾科 Symplocaceae	老鼠矢 Symplocos stellaris	Shrub	核果 Drupe	黑色 Black	Bird	8-9	6.0-8.0	1	Fruit
山矾科 Symplocaceae	山矾 Symplocos sumuntia	Tree	核果 Drupe	褐色 Brown	Bird	7-8	7.0-8.0	1	Fruit
山茱萸科 Cornaceae	灯台树 Cornus controversa	Tree	核果 Drupe	紫黑色 Purple-black	B+M	9-10	7.0	1	Fruit
杉科 Taxodiaceae	柳杉 Cryptomeria fortuner	Tree	球果 Cone	深褐色 Dark brown	Wind	8-2	15.0-18.0	40-60	Seed
杉科 Taxodiaceae	杉木 Cunninghamia lanceolata	Tree	球果 Cone	深褐色 Dark brown	Wind	8-2	30.0-40.0	60-70	Seed
省沽油科 Staphyleaceae	野鸦椿 Euscaphis japonica	Shrub	蓇葖果 Follicle	紫红色 Purple red	Bird	10	10.0-15.0	2	Fruit
柿树科 Ebenaceae	野柿 Diospyros kaki var. silvestris	Shrub	浆果 Berry	黄色 Yellow	B+M	9-10	20.0-50.0	4	Fruit
鼠李科 Rhamnaceae	薄叶鼠李 Rhamnus leptophylla	Shrub	核果 Drupe	黑色 Black	Bird	11-12	4.0-6.0	12-15	Fruit
松科 Pinaceae	马尾松 Pinus massoniana	Tree	球果 Cone	深褐色 Dark brown	Wind	11-12	25.0-40.0	150-300	Seed
铁青树科 Olacaceae	青皮木 Schoepfia jasminodora	Tree	核果 Drupe	红色 Red	Bird	5-6	5.0-8.0	1	Fruit
榆科 Ulmaceae	糙叶树 Aphananthe aspera	Tree	核果 Drupe	紫黑色 Purple-black	Bird	10-11	6.0-9.0	4-6	Seed
樟科 Lauraceae	川钓樟 Lindera pulcherrima var. hemsleyana	Tree	核果 Drupe	黑色 Black	Bird	10-11	7.0	1	Fruit
樟科 Lauraceae	润楠 Machilus nanmu	Tree	核果 Drupe	黑色 Black	Bird	7-8	7.0-8.0	1	Fruit
樟科 Lauraceae	楠木 Phoebe zhennan	Tree	核果 Drupe	黑色 Black	Bird	10-11	6.0-8.0	1	Fruit
樟科 Lauraceae	香叶树 Lindera communis	Shrub	核果 Drupe	红色 Red	Bird	10-11	7.0-8.0	1	Fruit
樟科 Lauraceae	油樟 Cinnamomum longepaniculatum	Tree	核果 Drupe	黑色 Black	Bird	9-10	8.0	1	Fruit
紫金牛科 Myrsinaceae	紫金牛 Ardisia japonica	Shrub	核果 Drupe	黑色 Black	Bird	10-2	5.0-6.0	1	Fruit

科名 Family	中文学名 Species	生活型 Life form	果实类型 Fruit type	果实颜色 Fruit color	扩散模式 Dispersal mode	果期(月) Fruiting season (month)	果实直径 Fruit diameter (mm)	单果种子数 No. seeds per fruit	扩散单元 Dispersal unit
八角枫科 Alangiaceae	八角枫 Alangium chinense	Shrub	核果 Drupe	黑色 Black	Bird	9-10	5.0-8.0	1	Seed
柏科 Cupressaceae	柏木 Cupressus funebris	Tree	球果 Cone	深褐色 Dark brown	Wind	8-11	8.0-12.0	20-30	Fruit
冬青科 Aquifoliaceae	冬青 Ilex chinensis	Tree	核果 Drupe	红色 Red	B+M	11-12	6.0-8.0	4-5	Fruit
杜鹃花科 Ericaceae	江南越桔 Vaccinium mandarinorum	Shrub	浆果 Berry	紫黑色 Purple-black	Bird	8-9	4.0-5.0	10+	Seed
杜英科 Elaeocarpaceae	薯豆 Elaeocarpus japonicus	Tree	核果 Drupe	黑色 Black	B+M	8-10	7.0-9.0	1	Fruit
海桐花科 Pittosporaceae	海桐 Pittosporum tobira	Shrub	蒴果 Capsule	绿色 Green	Birds	10-11	10.0-16.0	8-16	Seed
桦木科 Betulaceae	亮叶桦 Betula luminifera	Tree	翅果 Samara	褐色 Brown	Wind	11-12	5.0-6.0	80-90	Seed
壳斗科 Fagaceae	板栗 Castanea mollissima	Tree	坚果 Nut	深褐色 Dark brown	Rodent	9-10	40.0-65.0	1-3	Seed
壳斗科 Fagaceae	栲 Castanopsis fargesii	Tree	坚果 Nut	黑色 Black	Rodent	10-11	25.0-30.0	1	Seed
壳斗科 Fagaceae	短刺米槠 Castanopsis carlesii var. spinulosa	Tree	坚果 Nut	黑色 Black	Rodent	10-11	10.0-15.0	1	Fruit
壳斗科 Fagaceae	港柯 Lithocarpus harlandii	Tree	坚果 Nut	褐色 Brown	Rodent	10-11	19.00	1	Seed
壳斗科 Fagaceae	枹栎 Quercus serrata	Tree	坚果 Nut	褐色 Brown	Rodent	9-11	9.20	1	Seed
壳斗科 Fagaceae	青冈 Cyclobalanopsis glauca	Tree	坚果 Nut	褐色 Brown	Rodent	9-11	10.30	1	Seed
壳斗科 Fagaceae	栓皮栎 Quercus variabilis	Tree	坚果 Nut	褐色 Brown	Rodent	9-11	14.00	1	Seed
苦木科 Simaroubaceae	苦树 Picrasma quassioides	Tree	核果 Drupe	蓝绿色 Blue-green	Bird	7	5.0-7.0	1	Fruit
漆树科 Anacardiaceae	漆树 Toxicodendron vernicifluum	Tree	核果 Drupe	灰色 Gray	B+M	9-11	8.0-10	1	Fruit
漆树科 Anacardiaceae	盐肤木 Rhus chinensis	Shrub	核果 Drupe	红色 Red	Bird	11-2	4.0-5.0	1	Fruit
蔷薇科 Rosaceae	火棘 Pyracantha fortuneana	Shrub	梨果 Pome	红色 Red	B+M	11-2	8.0-10	5	Fruit
蔷薇科 Rosaceae	七姊妹 Rosa multiflora var. Carnea	Shrub	蔷薇果 Hip	褐红色 Maroon	Bird	11-2	6.0	4	Fruit
蔷薇科 Rosaceae	小果蔷薇 Rosa cymosa var. cymosa	Shrub	蔷薇果 Hip	红色 Red	Bird	11-2	5.0	4	Fruit
蔷薇科 Rosaceae	樱桃 Cerasus pseudocerasus	Tree	核果 Drupe	红色 Red	Bird	5-6	10.0-15.0	1	Fruit
桑科 Moraceae	异叶榕 Ficus heteromorpha	Shrub	瘦果 Achene	紫黑色 Purple-black	Bird	9-11	6.0-10.0	12-15	Fruit
山茶科 Theaceae	细齿叶柃 Eurya nitida	Shrub	浆果 Berry	蓝黑色 Blue-black	Bird	10-12	3.0-4.0	20-30	Seed
山茶科 Theaceae	油茶 Camellia oleifera	Shrub	蒴果 Capsule	绿色 Green	Rodent	9-12	20.0-40.0	1-8	Seed
山矾科 Symplocaceae	黄牛奶树 Symplocos cochinchinensis var. laurina	Tree	核果 Drupe	褐色 Brown	B+M	10-12	4.0-6.0	1	Fruit
山矾科 Symplocaceae	老鼠矢 Symplocos stellaris	Shrub	核果 Drupe	黑色 Black	Bird	8-9	6.0-8.0	1	Fruit
山矾科 Symplocaceae	山矾 Symplocos sumuntia	Tree	核果 Drupe	褐色 Brown	Bird	7-8	7.0-8.0	1	Fruit
山茱萸科 Cornaceae	灯台树 Cornus controversa	Tree	核果 Drupe	紫黑色 Purple-black	B+M	9-10	7.0	1	Fruit
杉科 Taxodiaceae	柳杉 Cryptomeria fortuner	Tree	球果 Cone	深褐色 Dark brown	Wind	8-2	15.0-18.0	40-60	Seed
杉科 Taxodiaceae	杉木 Cunninghamia lanceolata	Tree	球果 Cone	深褐色 Dark brown	Wind	8-2	30.0-40.0	60-70	Seed
省沽油科 Staphyleaceae	野鸦椿 Euscaphis japonica	Shrub	蓇葖果 Follicle	紫红色 Purple red	Bird	10	10.0-15.0	2	Fruit
柿树科 Ebenaceae	野柿 Diospyros kaki var. silvestris	Shrub	浆果 Berry	黄色 Yellow	B+M	9-10	20.0-50.0	4	Fruit
鼠李科 Rhamnaceae	薄叶鼠李 Rhamnus leptophylla	Shrub	核果 Drupe	黑色 Black	Bird	11-12	4.0-6.0	12-15	Fruit
松科 Pinaceae	马尾松 Pinus massoniana	Tree	球果 Cone	深褐色 Dark brown	Wind	11-12	25.0-40.0	150-300	Seed
铁青树科 Olacaceae	青皮木 Schoepfia jasminodora	Tree	核果 Drupe	红色 Red	Bird	5-6	5.0-8.0	1	Fruit
榆科 Ulmaceae	糙叶树 Aphananthe aspera	Tree	核果 Drupe	紫黑色 Purple-black	Bird	10-11	6.0-9.0	4-6	Seed
樟科 Lauraceae	川钓樟 Lindera pulcherrima var. hemsleyana	Tree	核果 Drupe	黑色 Black	Bird	10-11	7.0	1	Fruit
樟科 Lauraceae	润楠 Machilus nanmu	Tree	核果 Drupe	黑色 Black	Bird	7-8	7.0-8.0	1	Fruit
樟科 Lauraceae	楠木 Phoebe zhennan	Tree	核果 Drupe	黑色 Black	Bird	10-11	6.0-8.0	1	Fruit
樟科 Lauraceae	香叶树 Lindera communis	Shrub	核果 Drupe	红色 Red	Bird	10-11	7.0-8.0	1	Fruit
樟科 Lauraceae	油樟 Cinnamomum longepaniculatum	Tree	核果 Drupe	黑色 Black	Bird	9-10	8.0	1	Fruit
紫金牛科 Myrsinaceae	紫金牛 Ardisia japonica	Shrub	核果 Drupe	黑色 Black	Bird	10-2	5.0-6.0	1	Fruit

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