激光雷达技术在动物生态学领域的研究进展

doi:10.17520/biods.2019166

摘要/Abstract

激光雷达(light detection and ranging, LiDAR)作为一门新兴的主动遥感技术, 近年来由于在提取和反演森林参数水平上不断提高, 被越来越多地应用于动物生态学研究中。本文通过整理和搜集国内外文献, 对激光雷达的技术特点及其在森林参数提取和动物生境上的研究进展进行综述, 指出当前基于LiDAR的森林参数反演算法主要服务于森林资源调查或林学研究, 缺少对动物生态或生理意义相关的参数量化信息。目前该技术在国内的动物生态学方面的应用较少, 尚未见文章发表。通过总结国外学者的研究, 分别从动物生境选择与三维森林结构的关系、栖息地立体生境制图、生物多样性评估和物种分布模型预测三个方面综述了LiDAR在动物生态学研究中的应用现状。相比传统方法, LiDAR技术提供的高精度三维结构信息, 能够显著提高动物生境质量的评估、生物多样性的监测水平和物种分布模型的评价精度, 有利于从机理上加深对物种生境选择和集群过程的理解。但目前LiDAR技术的应用主要集中在对已知的生态关系研究, 尤其是冠层结构与动物分布的关系, 缺少对林下层生活的动物生境质量和生物多样性的监测和评估, 同时很多有关动物生存和繁衍与立体生境的关系研究有待从LiDAR数据中进一步挖掘分析。未来应加强对森林林下层三维信息的提取, 提高林下层动物生境质量和生物多样性的监测水平, 同时建立适用于动物生态和生理意义相关的参数, 为动物生境质量和生物多样性的评估提供标准的量化指标。

关键词: 遥感, 动物生境监测, 物种分布, 生物多样性

LiDAR (light detection and ranging), a fairly new active remote sensing technology, is being widely used in the field of animal ecology by more and more scholars due to the recent development where forest parameters can be extracted and inverted from LiDAR. In this paper, we review the advances in forest parameter extraction from LiDAR and its many applications in studying wildlife habitat. We also analyze current research on forest parameter inversion algorithms based on LiDAR, mainly in forestry research, though we lack quantitative parameters related to the ecological significance of animals. Because few studies have applied LiDAR technology to animal ecology research in China, we consider foreign research in this field in three categories: (1) The relationship between species habitat selection and three-dimensional forest structure; (2) Three-dimensional habitat mapping; (3) Biodiversity assessment and species distribution model prediction. Compared with traditional methods, the high-precision three-dimensional structure information provided by LiDAR can significantly improve the efficacy of monitoring animal habitat quality and biodiversity and the modelling accuracy of species distribution models. These advancements contribute to deeper understanding of species habitat selection and the clustering process mechanism. However, the studies that utilize LiDAR to date have mainly focused on previously known ecological relationships, especially the relationship between canopy structure and species diversity. These studies fail to account for either forest understory habitat quality or biodiversity monitoring and evaluation. In short, the relationship between wildlife and its three-dimensional habitat needs to be further explored through analysis of LiDAR data. Future studies should focus on extracting three-dimensional structures of forest understories to improve the efficacy of monitoring habitat quality and biodiversity in the understory, and to provide standard quantitative indicators for the evaluation of animal ecology.

Key words: remote sensing, animal habitat monitoring, species distribution, biodiversity

李顺, 邹亮, 宫一男, 杨海涛, 王天明, 冯利民, 葛剑平. (2019) 激光雷达技术在动物生态学领域的研究进展. 生物多样性, 27(9), 1021-1031.

Shun Li, Liang Zou, Yinan Gong, Haitao Yang, Tianming Wang, Limin Feng, Jianping Ge. (2019) Advances in LiDAR technology in the field of animal ecology. Biodiversity Science, 27(9), 1021-1031.

图/表 4

表1

国内外主流激光雷达数据处理软件"

软件 Software	类型 Type	主要应用及特点 Application and characteristics
TerraSolid	商业软件 Commercial software	目前国内外航测部门广泛采用的软件, 用于点云、影像处理。A widely used software in aerial survey department at present, used for point cloud and image data processing.
ENVI LiDAR	商业软件 Commercial software	可以自动提取DEM/DSM/建筑物/植被等三维模型, 提取的信息可在其他平台(如ENVI、ArcGIS、Google Earth)进一步使用和分析, 提供二次开发接口。Automatically extracted 3D models such as DEM/DSM/buildings/vegetation, the extracted data can be further used and analyzed on other platforms (such as ENVI, ArcGIS and Google Earth), and provide secondary development interface.
Global Mapper LiDAR Module	商业软件 Commercial software	集成了一系列全面的点云处理工具和数据访问接口, 包括点云生成、自动分类及要素提取。Integrated a series of comprehensive point cloud processing tools and data access interface, including point cloud generation, automatic classification and element extraction.
Lastools	商业软件 Commercial software	提供高效点云处理算法的库, 支持点云格式转换、点云处理等常见的算法功能。Providing efficient point cloud processing algorithm library, and supporting the functions of point cloud format conversion, point cloud processing and other common algorithm.
Cloud Compare	开源软件 Open source software	提供了一些基本工具用于手动编辑和呈现3D点云数据及各种处理算法, 用于实现点云距离计算、空间统计分析、点云分割和几何特征估算。Providing some basic tools for manually editing and rendering 3D point cloud data and various processing algorithms, which are used to realize point cloud distance calculation, spatial statistical analysis, point cloud segmentation and geometric feature estimation.
Fusion	开源软件 Open source software	适合于林学和生态学研究, 可以提取多种点云获取的林业参数信息。Suitable for the study of forestry and ecology, and can extract the information of forestry parameters obtained from various point clouds.
RiALITY	商业软件 Commercial software	可在iPad上运行激光雷达数据可视化功能, 支持真彩色三维点云和导航功能。It can run LiDAR data visualization on the iPad, supporting true color 3D point cloud and navigation.
LP360	商业软件 Commercial software	桌面软件, 可以独立或在ArcGIS环境中实现, 提供不同解决方案, 从快速可视化到一些扩展线产品, 包括地面点云自动分类和信息提取。Desktop software, which can be implemented independently or in ArcGIS environment, providing different solutions, from rapid visualization to some extension line products, including ground point cloud automatic classification and information extraction.
FME	商业软件 Commercial software	由加拿大Safe Software公司研发, 最大特点是支持超过300多种空间数据格式及相互转换, 包括点云数据。Developed by Company of Safe Software, Canada, supporting for more than 300 spatial data formats and conversions, including point cloud data.
LiDAR 360	商业软件 Commercial software	由国内数字绿土公司研发, 有针对城市规划、林业、电力等不同行业应用需求的信息提取和模块分析, 尤其是针对林业应用的单木分割算法, 能够进行点云数据信息挖掘和超大数据处理功能。Developed by Green Valley Company in China, focusing on information extraction and analysis module for urban planning, forestry and electric power application, especially for forestry application of tree segmentation algorithm, with point cloud data mining and data processing functions.

表1

表2

图1

表3

激光雷达提取的用于动物生境研究的主要森林参数"

森林参数 Forest parameters	参数描述 Parametric description	与动物生境关系 Relationship with wildlife habitat	参考文献 Reference
郁闭度 Canopy cover	指森林中乔木树冠在阳光直射下在地面的总投影面积(冠幅)与此林地(林分)总面积的比, 反映林分的密度。The ratio of the total projected area (canopy width) of the canopy on the ground under direct sunlight to the total area of the forest (forest stand), which reflects the density of the forest stand.	大部分研究表明, 鸟类与蝙蝠类的活动与郁闭度高度相关; 有蹄类动物的季节选择与郁闭度相关。Most studies show that the activities of birds and bats are highly correlated with canopy density. Seasonal selection of ungulates is related to canopy cover.	Garabedian et al, 2014; Lone et al, 2014; Ewald et al, 2014; Melin et al, 2016b; Blakey et al, 2017
冠层高度 Canopy height	是森林垂直生境结构的重要参数, 反映的是森林冠层距离地面的平均高度。An important parameter of forest vertical habitat structure, which reflects the average height of forest canopy from the ground.	已有一些具有气候依赖性的鸟类在不同季节和不同气候条件下栖息的冠层高度不同; 鸟类和蝙蝠类动物的活动和占域在不同冠层高度上也呈现异质性。Some climate-dependent birds have different canopy heights in different seasons and climate. The activities and habitats of birds and bats are also present heterogeneous at different canopy heights.	Bradbury et al, 2005; Goetz et al, 2010; Garabedian et al, 2017; Blakey et al, 2017
冠层垂直分布 Canopy vertical distribution	冠层部分在不同高度层枝叶的结构和密度分布情况。The structure and density distribution of canopy in different height layers.	目前研究表明, 灵长类动物个体生境利用与冠层垂直分布相关。Current studies have shown that habitat use of individual primate is related to vertical canopy distribution.	Palminteri et al, 2012; Davies et al, 2019
林下层密度 Understory density	单位面积内树冠以下部分枝叶和灌草的分布密集程度。Distribution density of branches, leaves and shrubs in the understory within the unit area.	林下层密度关系到林下哺乳动物食物资源丰富度, 同时影响动物休息、捕猎和产仔等其他行为选择。The density of understory is related to the abundance of food resources of understory mammals, and also affects other behavioral choices such as resting, hunting and breeding.	Loarie et al, 2013; Davies et al, 2016; Melin et al, 2016a
水平结构 Horizontal structure	植被在二维平面上的结构状况, 包括郁闭度和灌草层覆盖度等。The structure of vegetation on the two-dimensional plane includes canopy cover and cover of shrub and herb.	多数研究表明, 植被水平结构的多样性与动物物种多样性具有正相关关系。Most studies show that the diversity of horizontal structure of vegetation is positively correlated with the diversity of animal species.	Flaspohler et al, 2010

表3

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方法 Methods	参考文献 Reference	树种 Tree species	分割精度 Accuracy of segmentation
区域增长 Region growing	Hyyppa et al, 2001	针叶林 Coniferous forest	-
“注水”算法 Pouring algorithm	Koch et al, 2006	针叶林、阔叶林 Coniferous forest and broad-leaved forest	62%
标记分水岭 Marked watershed	Chen et al, 2006	阔叶林 Broad-leaved forest	64%
K均值聚类 K-means clustering	Morsdorf et al, 2004	针叶林 Coniferous forest	61%
图论归一化分割 Graph theory normalized segmentation	Reitberger et al, 2009	针叶林、阔叶林 Coniferous forests and broad-leaved forest	66%
基于区域增长和阈值判断结合 Based on the combination of regional growth and threshold judgment	Li et al, 2012	针阔混交林 Theropencedrymion	94%
相对最短路径 Relative shortest path	Tao et al, 2015	针叶林、阔叶林 Coniferous forest and broad-leaved forest	83%-93%

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