Biodiv Sci ›› 2013, Vol. 21 ›› Issue (6): 738-749. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2013.12113
• Orginal Article • Previous Articles Next Articles
Jian Zhang1,*(), Shengbin Chen2, Bin Chen3, Yanjun Du3, Xiaolei Huang4, Xubin Pan5, Qiang Zhang6
Received:
2013-05-09
Accepted:
2013-09-03
Online:
2013-11-20
Published:
2013-12-02
Contact:
Zhang Jian
Jian Zhang,Shengbin Chen,Bin Chen,Yanjun Du,Xiaolei Huang,Xubin Pan,Qiang Zhang. Citizen science: integrating scientific research, ecological conservation and public participation[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2013, 21(6): 738-749.
Fig. 1 The number of peer-reviewed publications with the key word “citizen science” as determined in a search of the Web of Science (accessed on April 29, 2013)
科学研究的步骤 Steps in scientific process | 契约型 Contractual | 辅助型 Contributory | 合作型 Collaborative | 共创型 Co-created | 学院型 Collegial |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
选择或定义研究问题 Choose or define question(s) for study | √ | √ | √ | ||
收集信息和资源 Gather information and resources | (√) | √ | √ | ||
提出假说或解释 Develop explanations (hypotheses) | √ | √ | |||
设计数据收集方法 Design data collection methodologies | (√) | √ | √ | ||
收集样品、记录数据 Collect samples and/or record data | √ | √ | √ | √ | |
分析样品 Analyze samples | √ | √ | √ | ||
分析数据 Analyze data | (√) | √ | √ | √ | |
解释数据、得出结论 Interpret data and draw conclusions | (√) | (√) | √ | √ | |
宣传研究结果或转换科研结果到实践 Disseminate conclusions/translate results into action | (√) | (√) | (√) | √ | √ |
讨论研究结果、提出新的问题 Discuss results and ask new questions | √ | √ | √ |
Table 1 Models for developing a citizen science project (Bonney et al., 2009a; Shirk et al., 2012)
科学研究的步骤 Steps in scientific process | 契约型 Contractual | 辅助型 Contributory | 合作型 Collaborative | 共创型 Co-created | 学院型 Collegial |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
选择或定义研究问题 Choose or define question(s) for study | √ | √ | √ | ||
收集信息和资源 Gather information and resources | (√) | √ | √ | ||
提出假说或解释 Develop explanations (hypotheses) | √ | √ | |||
设计数据收集方法 Design data collection methodologies | (√) | √ | √ | ||
收集样品、记录数据 Collect samples and/or record data | √ | √ | √ | √ | |
分析样品 Analyze samples | √ | √ | √ | ||
分析数据 Analyze data | (√) | √ | √ | √ | |
解释数据、得出结论 Interpret data and draw conclusions | (√) | (√) | √ | √ | |
宣传研究结果或转换科研结果到实践 Disseminate conclusions/translate results into action | (√) | (√) | (√) | √ | √ |
讨论研究结果、提出新的问题 Discuss results and ask new questions | √ | √ | √ |
网站 Websites | 提供的资源 Resources |
---|---|
Citizen Science Central: www.citizenscience.org | 项目开发、文献数据库、讨论组等相关的工具 Toolkit for project development, tips and tools, reference database, conference proceedings, searchable project list, discussion forum, news feed, professional network |
SciStarter: www.scistarter.com | 项目搜索工具、项目添加工具等 Project finder and add project tools, editor’s picks, member and site blogs |
中国自然标本馆: www.cfh.ac.cn | 生物多样性基础数据支持, 公众科学项目数据存储、物种鉴定、编目和分类管理、团队协作等功能支持 Tools for biodiversity data collection, species identification, and group cooperation |
CitSci.org: www.citsci.org | 制作数据输入表格的工具 Tools for creating customized data-entry forms so that volunteers can submit data |
Data Observation Network for Earth: www.dataone.org | 数据管理、数据标准化、数据分析和可视化的工具 Tools on data management and data standards that will enable the integration of data from diverse studies and taxa, data analysis and visualization tools |
The Public Laboratory for Open Technology and Science: www.publiclaboratory.org | 工具、方法、会议信息 Tools and methods, information on conferences |
iSpot: http://www.ispot.org.uk | 各种动植物类群监测网络平台 Species identification and monitoring |
Table 2 A selection of projects and websites that provide cyberinfrastructure, tools, and information for project developers and participants
网站 Websites | 提供的资源 Resources |
---|---|
Citizen Science Central: www.citizenscience.org | 项目开发、文献数据库、讨论组等相关的工具 Toolkit for project development, tips and tools, reference database, conference proceedings, searchable project list, discussion forum, news feed, professional network |
SciStarter: www.scistarter.com | 项目搜索工具、项目添加工具等 Project finder and add project tools, editor’s picks, member and site blogs |
中国自然标本馆: www.cfh.ac.cn | 生物多样性基础数据支持, 公众科学项目数据存储、物种鉴定、编目和分类管理、团队协作等功能支持 Tools for biodiversity data collection, species identification, and group cooperation |
CitSci.org: www.citsci.org | 制作数据输入表格的工具 Tools for creating customized data-entry forms so that volunteers can submit data |
Data Observation Network for Earth: www.dataone.org | 数据管理、数据标准化、数据分析和可视化的工具 Tools on data management and data standards that will enable the integration of data from diverse studies and taxa, data analysis and visualization tools |
The Public Laboratory for Open Technology and Science: www.publiclaboratory.org | 工具、方法、会议信息 Tools and methods, information on conferences |
iSpot: http://www.ispot.org.uk | 各种动植物类群监测网络平台 Species identification and monitoring |
Fig. 2 The distribution of monitoring sites in 23 selected citizen science projects in USA (After Wiggins et al., 2013. Used by permission of Dr. Andrea Wiggins). Different colors of dots stand for different citizen science projects.
类型 Type of science | 定义 Definition | 花费 Cost | 数据质量 Data quality | 信息传播 Information dissemination |
---|---|---|---|---|
传统科学项目 Traditional science | 科学家执行研究活动 Scientists conduct all aspects of the research process | 高 High | 高 High | 慢 Slow |
验证式公众科学项目 Verified citizen science | 科学家和公众共同执行研究活动 Scientists and citizens conduct the research process together | 中等 Medium | 中等 Medium | 中等 Medium |
直接式公众科学项目 Direct citizen science | 完全由公众执行的研究活动 Citizens conduct all aspects of the research process | 低 Low | 低 Low | 快 Fast |
Table 3 The comparison among traditional science, verified citizen science, and direct citizen science (Gardiner et al., 2012)
类型 Type of science | 定义 Definition | 花费 Cost | 数据质量 Data quality | 信息传播 Information dissemination |
---|---|---|---|---|
传统科学项目 Traditional science | 科学家执行研究活动 Scientists conduct all aspects of the research process | 高 High | 高 High | 慢 Slow |
验证式公众科学项目 Verified citizen science | 科学家和公众共同执行研究活动 Scientists and citizens conduct the research process together | 中等 Medium | 中等 Medium | 中等 Medium |
直接式公众科学项目 Direct citizen science | 完全由公众执行的研究活动 Citizens conduct all aspects of the research process | 低 Low | 低 Low | 快 Fast |
费用类型 Type of costs | 费用(美元) Costs (US$) | ||
---|---|---|---|
传统科学 Traditional science | 验证性公众科学 Verified citizen science | 直接式公众科学 Direct citizen science | |
实验材料费用 Traps and fence cost | 4.17 | 4.17 | 4.17 |
旅行费用 Travel to field site | 85.46 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
参与者收集捕捉器的工资 Student payment for collecting trap samples | 34.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
参与者收集数据的工资 Student payment for collecting data | 0.00 | 4.25 | 0.00 |
科学家帮助参与者培训的工资 Researcher investment to train students | 2.99 | 2.99 | 0.00 |
调查者邮寄数据给科学家的费用 Mailing cost | 0.00 | 1.61 | 0.00 |
举行培训班的花费 Hosting volunteer training workshops | 0.00 | 9.89 | 9.89 |
网站开发和维护 Website development and maintenance | 0.00 | 17.38 | 17.38 |
每个捕捉器的总花费 Total cost per trap | 126.62 | 40.29 | 31.44 |
Table 4 The comparison among the costs of traditional science, direct citizen science, or verified citizen science: collecting one lady beetle trap sample as an example (all currency in US$) (Gardiner et al., 2012)
费用类型 Type of costs | 费用(美元) Costs (US$) | ||
---|---|---|---|
传统科学 Traditional science | 验证性公众科学 Verified citizen science | 直接式公众科学 Direct citizen science | |
实验材料费用 Traps and fence cost | 4.17 | 4.17 | 4.17 |
旅行费用 Travel to field site | 85.46 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
参与者收集捕捉器的工资 Student payment for collecting trap samples | 34.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
参与者收集数据的工资 Student payment for collecting data | 0.00 | 4.25 | 0.00 |
科学家帮助参与者培训的工资 Researcher investment to train students | 2.99 | 2.99 | 0.00 |
调查者邮寄数据给科学家的费用 Mailing cost | 0.00 | 1.61 | 0.00 |
举行培训班的花费 Hosting volunteer training workshops | 0.00 | 9.89 | 9.89 |
网站开发和维护 Website development and maintenance | 0.00 | 17.38 | 17.38 |
每个捕捉器的总花费 Total cost per trap | 126.62 | 40.29 | 31.44 |
Fig. 3 The application of new techniques in citizen science projects. (a) iBats smartphone app (https://sites.google.com/site/ibatsresources), which allows a smartphone to be directly connected to the ultrasonic detector and the geo-referenced sound files can then be automatically uploaded onto the ibats website; (b) BudBurst smartphone App (http://budburst.org/gomobile.php), which uses a smartphone to monitor plants as the season changes.
Fig. 4 Summary of China Birding Records between 2002 and 2012: the trends of recent ten years on (A) the number of observers; (B) the number of birding records; (C) the number of bird species; and (D) the number of observed sites (Data source: http://birdtalker.net/ birdtalker/report/statistics.asp).
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