Impacts of different pond-to-wetland restoration methods on macrofauna in the Liao River Estuary, China

doi:10.17520/biods.2024316

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims: A pond-to-wetland restoration project along the Liao River Estuary was launched in 2015 to improve coastal ecological protection. However, the recovery effects on macrofauna and the underlying mechanisms associated with different pond-to-wetland restoration methods remain unclear. We analyze the macrofaunal community characteristics and their relationships with environmental factors to assess the effects of different pond-to-wetland restoration methods on macrofauna recovery.

Methods: Macrofauna and environmental factors in May (spring) and September (autumn) 2023 were taken for our analysis. We used 82 sampling points across three types of restored pond sites with increasing degrees of pond-to- wetland restoration (unleveled, semi-leveled, and fully leveled pond dike sites) and a natural Suaeda salsa control site in the Liao River Estuary. We analyzed the community structure, biodiversity, and their relationships with environmental factors using classical taxonomy, biodiversity indices, non-metric multidimensional scaling, analysis of similarities, and nonlinear regression analysis.

Results: We collected a total of 21 macrofauna species and classified these into 3 phyla, 5 classes, and 16 families. The dominant species are Ilyoplax deschampsi, Assiminea latericea, and Capitella capitata in spring and Assiminea latericea, Assiminea sp., and Capitella capitata in autumn. In spring, the species biomass in the semi-leveled pond dike area is significantly higher than in the unleveled and fully leveled pond dike area. In autumn, the species density in the fully leveled pond dike area is significantly higher than in the unleveled and semi-leveled area. Further, biomass is significantly higher than in the unleveled area with an evenness index significantly lower than in the semi-leveled area. There are significant differences in macrofaunal community structure among the different restored pond dike areas in both seasons. We also find elevation, sediment temperature, water content, conductivity, sand content, and total nitrogen content are significantly related to macrofauna distribution.

Conclusion: The species density, biomass, and diversity index values for macrofauna rose as the degree of pond-to-wetland restoration increased. Still, the semi-leveled pond dike area showed a biomass recovery similar to that of the fully leveled pond dike area and had favorable biodiversity index results. These results suggest that the semi-leveled pond dike approach may be the most suitable option after taking into account resource consumption, project duration, and restoration effects.

Key words: pond-to-wetland, ecological restoration, macrofauna, coastal wetlands, environmental factors

Song Yuanhao, Gong Lü, Li Ben, Hu Yang, Li Xiuzhen. Impacts of different pond-to-wetland restoration methods on macrofauna in the Liao River Estuary, China[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2025, 33(2): 24316.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2024316

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2025/V33/I2/24316

Figures/Tables 8

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	[ 朱晓芬, 陈彬, 俞炜炜, 林俊辉, 黄雅琴, 廖建基 (2018) 厦门湾大型底栖动物分类学多样性指数及分类充分性. 生态学报, 38, 5554-5565.]

种类 Species	春季 Spring				秋季 Autumn
种类 Species	未推平塘坝区 UA	半推平塘坝区 SA	全推平塘坝区 FA	盐地碱蓬 SS	未推平塘坝区 UA	半推平塘坝区 SA	全推平塘坝区 FA	盐地碱蓬 SS
软体动物门 Mollusca
腹足纲 Gastropoda
微小螺属一种 Elachisina sp.	√			√	√	√	√
拟沼螺属一种 Assiminea sp.	√		√	√	√	√	√
绯拟沼螺 Assiminea latericea		√	√	√	√	√	√	√
粗糙滨螺 Littorina scabra	√		√		√	√	√
光滑狭口螺 Stenothyra glabra	√	√	√		√		√
泥螺 Bullacta exarata	√
古氏滩栖螺 Batillaria cumingii	√
双壳纲 Bivalvia
皱纹绿螂 Glauconome corrugata		√				√	√	√
节肢动物门 Arthropoda
软甲纲 Malacostraca
日本大眼蟹 Macrophthalmus japonicus	√
谭氏泥蟹 Ilyoplax deschampsi	√	√	√		√	√	√	√
天津厚蟹 Helice tientsinensis		√	√			√		√
日本旋卷蜾蠃蜚 Corophium volutator								√
昆虫纲 Insecta
鞘翅目幼虫 Coleoptera larva							√
双翅目幼虫 Diptera larva	√	√						√
毛头瘤虻 Hybomitra hirticeps		√
鳞翅目幼虫 Lepidoptera larva		√	√
环节动物门 Annelida
多毛纲 Polychaeta
小头虫 Capitella capitata	√	√			√	√	√	√
日本刺沙蚕 Neanthes japonica						√
双齿围沙蚕 Perinereis aibuhitensis		√	√			√		√
多齿围沙蚕 Perinereis nuntia	√					√
圆锯齿吻沙蚕 Dentinephtys glabra						√

种类 Species	春季 Spring				秋季 Autumn
种类 Species	未推平塘坝区 UA	半推平塘坝区 SA	全推平塘坝区 FA	盐地碱蓬 SS	未推平塘坝区 UA	半推平塘坝区 SA	全推平塘坝区 FA	盐地碱蓬 SS
软体动物门 Mollusca
腹足纲 Gastropoda
微小螺属一种 Elachisina sp.	√			√	√	√	√
拟沼螺属一种 Assiminea sp.	√		√	√	√	√	√
绯拟沼螺 Assiminea latericea		√	√	√	√	√	√	√
粗糙滨螺 Littorina scabra	√		√		√	√	√
光滑狭口螺 Stenothyra glabra	√	√	√		√		√
泥螺 Bullacta exarata	√
古氏滩栖螺 Batillaria cumingii	√
双壳纲 Bivalvia
皱纹绿螂 Glauconome corrugata		√				√	√	√
节肢动物门 Arthropoda
软甲纲 Malacostraca
日本大眼蟹 Macrophthalmus japonicus	√
谭氏泥蟹 Ilyoplax deschampsi	√	√	√		√	√	√	√
天津厚蟹 Helice tientsinensis		√	√			√		√
日本旋卷蜾蠃蜚 Corophium volutator								√
昆虫纲 Insecta
鞘翅目幼虫 Coleoptera larva							√
双翅目幼虫 Diptera larva	√	√						√
毛头瘤虻 Hybomitra hirticeps		√
鳞翅目幼虫 Lepidoptera larva		√	√
环节动物门 Annelida
多毛纲 Polychaeta
小头虫 Capitella capitata	√	√			√	√	√	√
日本刺沙蚕 Neanthes japonica						√
双齿围沙蚕 Perinereis aibuhitensis		√	√			√		√
多齿围沙蚕 Perinereis nuntia	√					√
圆锯齿吻沙蚕 Dentinephtys glabra						√

物种 Species	春季 Spring				秋季 Autumn
物种 Species	未推平塘坝区 UA	半推平塘坝区 SA	全推平塘坝区 FA	盐地碱蓬 SS	未推平塘坝区 UA	半推平塘坝区 SA	全推平塘坝区 FA	盐地碱蓬 SS
微小螺属一种 Elachisina sp.				0.033
拟沼螺属一种 Assiminea sp.			0.172	0.700	0.136		0.349	0.162
绯拟沼螺 Assiminea latericea			0.205	0.067	0.183	0.211	0.278
粗糙滨螺 Littorina scabra			0.054				0.178
皱纹绿螂 Glauconome corrugata		0.148				0.037		0.147
谭氏泥蟹 Ilyoplax deschampsi	0.256	0.087	0.097		0.039	0.056		0.088
双翅目幼虫 Diptera larva	0.033
小头虫 Capitella capitata	0.069	0.169			0.102	0.175		0.544
双齿围沙蚕 Perinereis aibuhitensis		0.028				0.036

物种 Species	春季 Spring				秋季 Autumn
物种 Species	未推平塘坝区 UA	半推平塘坝区 SA	全推平塘坝区 FA	盐地碱蓬 SS	未推平塘坝区 UA	半推平塘坝区 SA	全推平塘坝区 FA	盐地碱蓬 SS
微小螺属一种 Elachisina sp.				0.033
拟沼螺属一种 Assiminea sp.			0.172	0.700	0.136		0.349	0.162
绯拟沼螺 Assiminea latericea			0.205	0.067	0.183	0.211	0.278
粗糙滨螺 Littorina scabra			0.054				0.178
皱纹绿螂 Glauconome corrugata		0.148				0.037		0.147
谭氏泥蟹 Ilyoplax deschampsi	0.256	0.087	0.097		0.039	0.056		0.088
双翅目幼虫 Diptera larva	0.033
小头虫 Capitella capitata	0.069	0.169			0.102	0.175		0.544
双齿围沙蚕 Perinereis aibuhitensis		0.028				0.036

季节 Season	退塘方式 Types of restoration	筛选因子组合 Selected combination	相关系数 Correlation coefficient	P
春季 Spring	未推平塘坝区 Unleveled pond dike area	C, pH, TN	0.375	0.48
	半推平塘坝区 Semi-leveled pond dike area	T, TN	0.357	0.32
	全推平塘坝区 Fully leveled pond dike area	T, pH, TOC, MGS, Sand	0.220	0.90
	所有退塘区 The whole restoration area	WC, C, TN	0.259	0.04^*
秋季 Autumn	未推平塘坝区 Unleveled pond dike area	C, ELE	0.139	0.93
	半推平塘坝区 Semi-leveled pond dike area	TOC	0.360	0.21
	全推平塘坝区 Fully leveled pond dike area	WC, TOC, Silt	0.486	0.14
	所有退塘区 The whole restoration area	ELE	0.187	0.34
所有退塘区 The whole restoration area		T, TN, ELE, Sand	0.238	0.01^*