Research progress and prospects of forest canopy science based on canopy cranes

doi:10.17520/biods.2023363

Abstract

Abstract:

Background & Aims: Forest canopies are one of the most species-rich habitats in the biosphere. However, the biodiversity, structure, and functional and ecological processes of the forest canopies remain understudied because of the three-dimensional spatial complexity of forests and the limitation of canopy access techniques. Canopy cranes have begun to close this gap by making canopies more accessible. Using canopy cranes, a series of research programs such as Investigating the Biodiversity of Soil and Canopy Arthropods (IBISCA), Tropical Canopy Biology Program (TCBP), Free Air CO₂ Enrichment (FACE), and canopy warming experiments have been launched. These programs address the fundamental questions in biology, such as “how many species are there”, “where are they”, and “how do they respond to the changing environment”.

Progress: This review first introduces canopy access techniques and the history of their development. Secondly, it summarizes the research progress of canopy research programs facilitated by canopy cranes with respect to the three aspects: biodiversity patterns, ecological processes in the forest canopies, and their responses and adaptations to global change. Finally, it addresses the important implications of canopy research programs including major discoveries driven by canopy access technologies, main research frameworks, and the regionalism and limitations of forest canopy science.

Prospects: It is proposed that future canopy research should pay attention to the overall ecological structure and processes of the three continuous forest strata (canopy, understory, and soil). Multi-dimensional, global-scale data are needed to elucidate biodiversity patterns, ecological processes and their maintenance mechanisms, and the responses of forest canopies to multi-scale and multifaceted anthropogenic impacts through the integration of multivariate data from heterogeneous sources and artificial intelligence technology.

Key words: canopy crane, canopy ecology, biodiversity, ecological process, global change

Liang Song, Yi Wu, Haixia Hu, Wenyao Liu, Akihiro Nakamura, Yajun Chen, Keping Ma. Research progress and prospects of forest canopy science based on canopy cranes[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2023, 31(12): 23363.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2023363

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2023/V31/I12/23363

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时间 Time	林冠访问工具 Tools	人物 People	地点 Location	基本特征 Characteristics	参考文献 Reference
1878	望远镜 Telescope	Alfred R. Wallace		基于地面对林冠的初步认知 Preliminary understanding of forest canopy based on ground observation	Lowman, 2009
1926	长梯 Spike ladder	W. C. Allee	巴拿马巴罗科罗拉多岛 Panama Barro Colorado Island (BCI)	实测林冠垂直梯度的小气候 Measuring vertical gradient microclimate of the forest canopy	Hingston, 1930
1929	抛绳枪 + 观察座椅 Line throwing gun and observation chair	R. W. G. Hingston	英属圭亚那 British Guyana	研究林冠昆虫、鸟类及哺乳类生物 Study on canopy insects, birds and mammals	Hingston, 1930
1958	林冠铁塔 High tower		乌干达Mpanga森林保护区 Uganda Mpanga Forest Reserve	研究热带雨林内温湿度垂直梯度和昆虫多样性 Study on temperature and humidity and insect diversity along the vertical gradient of tropical rainforests	Haddow et al, 1961
1968	林冠走廊 Canopy walkway	Ilar Muul	马来西亚 Malaysia	研究热带雨林中动物传播疾病及其对军队的影响。截至2009年, 全球有51座林冠走廊 Study of animal-borne diseases in tropical rainforests and their impacts on the military. Until 2009, there were 51 canopy walkways worldwide	Muul & Liat, 1970; Lowman, 2009; Ramlan et al, 2012
1978	单绳攀爬技术 Single rope technique	Donald R. Perry	哥斯达黎加La Selva生态站 La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica	研究散生巨树生态学 Study on the ecology of emergent and canopy trees	Perry, 1978
1981	林冠吊杆 Canopy boom	Peter Ashton	马来西亚巴索森林保护区 Malaysia Pasoh Forest Reserve	研究龙脑香植物传粉生物学 Study on pollination biology of dipterocarp plants	Lowman, 2009
1982	林冠喷雾设备 Canopy fogging apparatus	Terry Erwin	巴拿马巴罗科罗拉多岛 Panama BCI	研究热带森林的林冠昆虫多样性 Studying canopy insect diversity in tropical forests	Erwin, 1983
1986	飞艇(热气球) + 林冠筏等系列外挂设备 Airship (hot-air balloon), canopy raft and other external equipment	Francis Hallé, Gilles Ebersolt	法属圭亚那(1986、1989、1996)、喀麦隆(1991)、加蓬(1999)、马达加斯加(2001)、巴拿马BCI (2004)、老挝Khammouane (2012-2015) French Guyana (1986, 1989, 1996), Cameroon (1991), Gabon (1999), Madagascar (2001), Panama BCI (2004), Laos Khammouane (2012-2015)	外层林冠(林冠-大气交互面), 可一次性搭载74名科学家在林冠层开展工作 Studying outer canopies (canopy- atmospheric interface), which can carry 74 scientists to work in the canopy at a time	Opération Canopée http://www.radeau-des-cimes.org/?lang=en; Mitchell et al, 2002
1990	林冠塔吊 Canopy crane	Alan Smith	截至2023年, 全球共建成22座林冠塔吊(3座已停运), 其中7座位于热带森林 Until 2023, a total of 22 canopy cranes have been built worldwide (3 are disused), of which 7 are located in tropical forests	依托塔吊先后开展了IBISCA、FACE、TCBP等林冠研究计划 Canopy research programs such as IBISCA, FACE, and TCBP have been carried out successively using canopy cranes	吴毅等, 2016; Nakamura et al, 2017; 沈浩等, 2017
2001	Biotopia研究中心(构想) Biotopia Research Center (conceptual idea)	Andrew Mitchell		集成塔吊、走廊、林冠筏、铁塔、单绳等各种工具为一体 Canopy access techniques including crane, walkway, craft, tower, and single rope technique were combined	Stork & Best, 1994; Mitchell, 2001
2014	林冠研究永久访问系统 Canopy Operation Permanent Access System (COPAS)	G. Gottsberger	法属圭亚那Nouragues生态站Nouragues Ecology Station, French Guyana	3座45 m高的铁塔, 通过缆绳连接, 构成边长为180 m的等边三角形, 覆盖森林面积1.4 ha Three 45 m high towers, connected by cables, form an equilateral triangle with a side length of 180 m, covering a forest area of 1.4 ha	Basset et al, 2003; http://www.nouragues.cnrs.fr/spip.php?rubrique4
2015	无人机和激光雷达 Drones and light detection and ranging (LiDAR)	Greg Asner, Roberta Martin	美国亚利桑那州立大学 Arizona State University, USA	结合激光雷达(LiDAR)与高保真成像光谱(HiFIS), 通过计算森林冠层含水量的损失来量化干旱程度 Combined with LiDAR and HiFIS, the degree of drought was quantified by calculating the loss of forest canopy water content	Asner et al, 2016

时间 Time	林冠访问工具 Tools	人物 People	地点 Location	基本特征 Characteristics	参考文献 Reference
1878	望远镜 Telescope	Alfred R. Wallace		基于地面对林冠的初步认知 Preliminary understanding of forest canopy based on ground observation	Lowman, 2009
1926	长梯 Spike ladder	W. C. Allee	巴拿马巴罗科罗拉多岛 Panama Barro Colorado Island (BCI)	实测林冠垂直梯度的小气候 Measuring vertical gradient microclimate of the forest canopy	Hingston, 1930
1929	抛绳枪 + 观察座椅 Line throwing gun and observation chair	R. W. G. Hingston	英属圭亚那 British Guyana	研究林冠昆虫、鸟类及哺乳类生物 Study on canopy insects, birds and mammals	Hingston, 1930
1958	林冠铁塔 High tower		乌干达Mpanga森林保护区 Uganda Mpanga Forest Reserve	研究热带雨林内温湿度垂直梯度和昆虫多样性 Study on temperature and humidity and insect diversity along the vertical gradient of tropical rainforests	Haddow et al, 1961
1968	林冠走廊 Canopy walkway	Ilar Muul	马来西亚 Malaysia	研究热带雨林中动物传播疾病及其对军队的影响。截至2009年, 全球有51座林冠走廊 Study of animal-borne diseases in tropical rainforests and their impacts on the military. Until 2009, there were 51 canopy walkways worldwide	Muul & Liat, 1970; Lowman, 2009; Ramlan et al, 2012
1978	单绳攀爬技术 Single rope technique	Donald R. Perry	哥斯达黎加La Selva生态站 La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica	研究散生巨树生态学 Study on the ecology of emergent and canopy trees	Perry, 1978
1981	林冠吊杆 Canopy boom	Peter Ashton	马来西亚巴索森林保护区 Malaysia Pasoh Forest Reserve	研究龙脑香植物传粉生物学 Study on pollination biology of dipterocarp plants	Lowman, 2009
1982	林冠喷雾设备 Canopy fogging apparatus	Terry Erwin	巴拿马巴罗科罗拉多岛 Panama BCI	研究热带森林的林冠昆虫多样性 Studying canopy insect diversity in tropical forests	Erwin, 1983
1986	飞艇(热气球) + 林冠筏等系列外挂设备 Airship (hot-air balloon), canopy raft and other external equipment	Francis Hallé, Gilles Ebersolt	法属圭亚那(1986、1989、1996)、喀麦隆(1991)、加蓬(1999)、马达加斯加(2001)、巴拿马BCI (2004)、老挝Khammouane (2012-2015) French Guyana (1986, 1989, 1996), Cameroon (1991), Gabon (1999), Madagascar (2001), Panama BCI (2004), Laos Khammouane (2012-2015)	外层林冠(林冠-大气交互面), 可一次性搭载74名科学家在林冠层开展工作 Studying outer canopies (canopy- atmospheric interface), which can carry 74 scientists to work in the canopy at a time	Opération Canopée http://www.radeau-des-cimes.org/?lang=en; Mitchell et al, 2002
1990	林冠塔吊 Canopy crane	Alan Smith	截至2023年, 全球共建成22座林冠塔吊(3座已停运), 其中7座位于热带森林 Until 2023, a total of 22 canopy cranes have been built worldwide (3 are disused), of which 7 are located in tropical forests	依托塔吊先后开展了IBISCA、FACE、TCBP等林冠研究计划 Canopy research programs such as IBISCA, FACE, and TCBP have been carried out successively using canopy cranes	吴毅等, 2016; Nakamura et al, 2017; 沈浩等, 2017
2001	Biotopia研究中心(构想) Biotopia Research Center (conceptual idea)	Andrew Mitchell		集成塔吊、走廊、林冠筏、铁塔、单绳等各种工具为一体 Canopy access techniques including crane, walkway, craft, tower, and single rope technique were combined	Stork & Best, 1994; Mitchell, 2001
2014	林冠研究永久访问系统 Canopy Operation Permanent Access System (COPAS)	G. Gottsberger	法属圭亚那Nouragues生态站Nouragues Ecology Station, French Guyana	3座45 m高的铁塔, 通过缆绳连接, 构成边长为180 m的等边三角形, 覆盖森林面积1.4 ha Three 45 m high towers, connected by cables, form an equilateral triangle with a side length of 180 m, covering a forest area of 1.4 ha	Basset et al, 2003; http://www.nouragues.cnrs.fr/spip.php?rubrique4
2015	无人机和激光雷达 Drones and light detection and ranging (LiDAR)	Greg Asner, Roberta Martin	美国亚利桑那州立大学 Arizona State University, USA	结合激光雷达(LiDAR)与高保真成像光谱(HiFIS), 通过计算森林冠层含水量的损失来量化干旱程度 Combined with LiDAR and HiFIS, the degree of drought was quantified by calculating the loss of forest canopy water content	Asner et al, 2016