Patterns and environmental drivers of the butterfly diversity in the western region of Qinling Mountains

doi:10.17520/biods.2022272

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims: The present work aims to analyze the environmental drivers of diversity in the butterfly community in the western Qinling Mountains.

Methods: In the autumn of 2020 and spring and summer of 2021, we investigated butterfly diversity in the western region of Qinling Mountains using line transects across multiple habitat types in 15 sampling areas. We used trend and extrapolation analyses for estimating α diversity, and non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and cluster analyses for β diversity. For determining drivers of butterfly diversity, we fit environmental factors to diversity indices using a generalized additive model (GAM).

Results: We observed a total of 8,898 individuals representing 169 species, 84 genera, and 5 families. Of these families, the highest number of individuals were from Pieridae (N = 3,671), and the most number of species were from Nymphalidae (N = 80). We found that α diversity was highest during the summer and in coniferous and broad-leaved forests. For β diversity, we found the highest degree of similarity between coniferous and broad-leaved forest and deciduous broad-leaved forest, the low similarity between seasons, and that species are concentrated in spring and summer but relatively dispersed in autumn. The GAM fitted curves demonstrated several key relationships between environmental factors and butterfly diversity, including: (1) plant heterogeneity was correlated with butterfly community diversity; (2) an ambient temperature between 24℃ and 30℃ underlined a higher Pielou evenness index and a more stable butterfly community structure; and (3) humidity between 70% and 85% was associated with a higher Simpson index.

Conclusion: Butterfly community composition and diversity in the western region of Qinling Mountains were closely related to habitat type and have a distinct chronological relationship with seasons. Plant cover, abundance, humidity, and temperature are important factors in maintaining the diversity of butterfly species on a regional scale.

Key words: butterfly, species diversity, community composition, habitat, season, Qinling Mountains

Chao Zhang, Juan Li, Haiyun Cheng, Jiachong Duan, Zhao Pan. Patterns and environmental drivers of the butterfly diversity in the western region of Qinling Mountains[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2023, 31(1): 22272.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2022272

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2023/V31/I1/22272

Figures/Tables 8

Fig. 1 Sampling areas of investigation

Table 1 Species composition and individual number of butterfly community in the western region of Qinling Mountains

科 Families	属 Genera	种 Species	个体数 Individuals	百分比 Percent (%)
蛱蝶科 Nymphalidae	37	80	2,465	27.70
粉蝶科 Pieridae	9	28	3,671	41.26
凤蝶科 Papilionidae	6	15	626	7.04
弄蝶科 Hesperiidae	16	23	329	3.70
灰蝶科 Lycaenidae	16	23	1,807	20.30
合计 Total	84	169	8,898	100

Fig.2 Species diversity of butterflies under different habitats in the western region of Qinling Mountains. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences in different habitats for diversity index.

Fig. 3 Species diversity extrapolated analysis results of butterflies under different habitats in the western region of Qinling Mountains. (a) Species richness; (b) Shannon-Wiener diversity; (c) Simpson diversity.

Fig. 4 Species diversity of butterflies under different seasons in the western region of Qinling Mountains. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences in different seasons for diversity index.

Fig. 5 Species diversity extrapolated analysis results of butterflies under different seasons in the western region of Qinling Mountains. (a) Species richness; (b) Shannon-Wiener diversity; (c) Simpson diversity.

Fig. 6 β diversity analysis of butterfly community. (a) NMDS analysis of butterflies in different habitats; (b) UPGMA cluster of butterflies in different habitats; (c) NMDS analysis of butterflies in different seasons; (d) UPGMA cluster of butterflies in different seasons.

Fig. 7 Fitting curve of generalized additive model of butterfly community diversity to environmental factors

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