Nematode response to long-term fertilization in purple soil

doi:10.17520/biods.2022189

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims: Soil nematodes are abundant in agroecosystems and are sensitive to edaphic environmental changes, they can be used to assess soil health under different field management conditions. This study aims to investigate the effects of long-term fertilization and soil aggregation patterns on nematode community distribution and functional diversity in purple soil.
Methods: Five fertilization treatments were established: no fertilizer (control, CK), chemical fertilizer alone (NPK), biochar + chemical fertilizer (BCNPK), commercial pig manure + chemical fertilizer (OMNPK) and straw + chemical fertilizer (RSDNPK). Soil particle sizes were categorized as: bulk soil, large macroaggregates (> 2 mm) and small macroaggregates (0.25-2 mm).
Results: Fertilization increased the number of soil nematodes compared to the CK with a minimum increase of 66% under the NPK treatment group. Soil treated with a combination of organic and chemical fertilizers exhibited an increase in nematode abundance of 206%. The relative abundance of nematode groups was consistent across treatments: bacterivores > omnivores/predators > plant parasites > fungivores. However, omnivores/predators and bacterivores populations in small macroaggregates were smaller and larger, respectively, than populations associated with other soil particle categories. Community structure and enrichment index values increased in the RSDNPK group, and the nematodes’ functional footprint varied across treatments.
Conclusions: The application of a combination of organic and chemical fertilizers (especially RSDNPK) can increase soil nutrient supply capacity and help establish stable and healthy soil ecosystems, supporting the development of sustainable local agriculture.

Key words: soil nematode, optimizing fertilization, soil aggregates, diversity, soil food web

Huiling Hu, Zhiyuan Yao, Shibin Gao, Bo Zhu. Nematode response to long-term fertilization in purple soil[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2022, 30(12): 22189.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2022189

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2022/V30/I12/22189

Figures/Tables 10

Table 1 Relative abundance of soil nematodes under different fertilization treatments. CK, No fertilizer; NPK, Chemical fertilizer alone; BCNPK, Biochar + chemical fertilizer; OMNPK, Commercial pig manure + chemical fertilizer; RSDNPK, Straw + chemical fertilizer.

营养类群 Trophic group	线虫类群 Nematode group	CK (%)	NPK (%)	BCNPK (%)	OMNPK (%)	RSDNPK (%)	c-p值 c-p value
食细菌线虫 Bacterivores (BA)	丽突属 Acrobeles	0.1	0.9	0.7	1.1	0.3	2
	头叶科 Cephalobidae	0.0	0.4	0.1	0.4	0.5	2
	头叶属 Cephalobus	0.8	1.0	0.6	0.8	0.8	2
	板唇属 Chiloplacus	44.9	45.6	41.3	41.1	25.2	2
	真头叶属 Eucephalobus	0.1	0.2	0.6	0.2	0.1	2
	中杆属 Mesorhabditis	1.8	0.3	3.9	0.6	4.0	1
	Oscheius	1.8	7.2	1.7	11.5	10.5	1
	盆咽属 Panagrolaimus	0.5	0.2	0.8	2.3	6.0	1
食真菌线虫 Fungivores (FU)	滑刃属 Aphelenchoides	0.7	1.7	1.3	1.1	6.4	2
	茎属 Ditylenchus	1.0	3.8	5.8	0.7	0.5	2
	丝尾垫刃属 Filenchus	1.0	1.3	0.8	2.0	3.6	2
	拟滑刃属 Paraphelenchus	4.6	4.3	6.5	4.2	4.3	2
植食线虫 Plant parasites (PP)	矮化属 Tylenchorhynchus	2.0	6.3	4.9	5.9	4.7	3
	伊朗垫刃属 Irantylenchus	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.4	0.8	2
	新平滑垫刃属 Neopsilenchus	2.8	2.6	6.0	1.7	0.7	2
	短体属 Pratylenchus	0.4	1.8	6.6	2.3	1.0	3
	根结属 Meloidogyne	2.6	3.0	5.4	3.3	1.3	3
杂食/捕食线虫 Omnivores/predators (OP)	异色矛属 Achromadora	1.5	1.0	2.4	1.2	0.5	3
	大茅属 Enchodelus	0.0	0.1	0.1	0.9	0.2	4
	挫齿属 Mylonchulus	0.2	0.6	0.9	1.7	0.4	4
	丝尾属 Oxydirus	19.1	0.3	0.6	2.4	0.7	5
	Pristionchus	2.9	7.5	2.5	2.0	12.9	1
	小三孔属 Tripylina	10.5	9.5	5.1	11.0	14.2	3
	三裂体属 Trischistoma	0.5	0.5	1.2	0.9	0.4	3

Fig. 1 Abundance of soil nematodes within aggregates in different fertilization treatments (mean ± SE). Different capital letters represented significant differences in nematode abundance under different fertilization treatments (P < 0.05). BS, Bulk soil; LA, Large aggregate; SA, Small aggregate. CK, NPK, BCNPK, OMNPK, RSDNPK see Table 1.

Fig. 2 Principal coordinate analysis of nematode community structure. Eclipses indicate the confidence interval of mean ± standard deviation; Adonis R2 indicates the variance can be explained by fertilization regimes. CK, NPK, BCNPK, OMNPK, RSDNPK see Table 1.

Fig. 3 Relative abundance of soil nematode trophic groups within aggregates in different fertilization treatments. Different capital letters represent significant differences in relative abundance of nematode trophic groups under different fertilization treatments (P < 0.05). Different lowercase letters represent significant differences in relative abundance of nematode trophic groups within aggregates under different fertilization treatments (P < 0.05). BS, Bulk soil; LA, Large aggregate; SA, Small aggregate. CK, NPK, BCNPK, OMNPK, RSDNPK, PP, OP, FU, BA see Table 1.

Fig. 4 Shannon-Wiener diversity index of soil nematode communities within aggregates in different fertilization treatments (mean ± SE). Different capital letters represent significant differences in Shannon-Wiener diversity index under different fertilization treatments (P < 0.05). BS, Bulk soil; LA, Large aggregate; SA, Small aggregate. CK, NPK, BCNPK, OMNPK, RSDNPK see Table 1.

Table 2 Diversity indices of soil nematode communities within aggregates in different fertilization treatments (mean ± SE). Different capital letters indicate that there are significant differences in nematode community diversity indices under different fertilization treatments (P < 0.05), and different lowercase letters indicate that there are significant differences in nematode community diversity indices within aggregates under different fertilization treatments (P < 0.05). BS, Bulk soil; LA, Large aggregate; SA, Small aggregate. CK, NPK, BCNPK, OMNPK, RSDNPK see Table 1.

处理 Fertilization treatment	不同粒径团聚体 Aggregates class	丰富度指数 Margalef index (SR)	均匀度指数 Pielou index (J)	优势度指数 Simpson index (λ)	营养多样性 Trophic diversity (TD)
CK	BS	2.67 ± 0.29^Ca	0.48 ± 0.06^Ca	0.17 ± 0.04^Aa	2.30 ± 0.23^Aa
	LA	2.56 ± 0.18^Ca	0.48 ± 0.04^Ca	0.12 ± 0.03^Aa	2.44 ± 0.11^Aa
	SA	2.51 ± 0.19^Ca	0.46 ± 0.07^Ca	0.11 ± 0.02^Aa	2.29 ± 0.13^Ab
NPK	BS	3.14 ± 0.09^Aa	0.46 ± 0.06^Ca	0.18 ± 0.03^Aa	2.52 ± 0.12^Aa
	LA	3.22 ± 0.04^Aa	0.48 ± 0.03^Ca	0.09 ± 0.02^Aa	2.98 ± 0.18^Aa
	SA	3.30 ± 0.17^Aa	0.45 ± 0.02^Ca	0.24 ± 0.02^Aa	1.79 ± 0.07^Ab
BCNPK	BS	3.08 ± 0.21^Ba	0.51 ± 0.03^Ba	0.09 ± 0.02^Aa	3.04 ± 0.09^Aa
	LA	2.92 ± 0.10^Ba	0.54 ± 0.01^Ba	0.09 ± 0.01^Aa	3.09 ± 0.17^Aa
	SA	2.89 ± 0.03^Ba	0.49 ± 0.02^Ba	0.13 ± 0.03^Aa	2.45 ± 0.22^Ab
OMNPK	BS	3.02 ± 0.09^Aa	0.48 ± 0.02^Ca	0.11 ± 0.02^Aa	2.62 ± 0.01^Aa
	LA	3.20 ± 0.12^Aa	0.48 ± 0.03^Ca	0.09 ± 0.03^Aa	2.83 ± 0.27^Aa
	SA	3.06 ± 0.04^Aa	0.49 ± 0.05^Ca	0.18 ± 0.03^Aa	1.87 ± 0.25^Ab
RSDNPK	BS	2.96 ± 0.07^Aa	0.60 ± 0.01^Aa	0.10 ± 0.02^Aa	2.56 ± 0.29^Aa
	LA	3.07 ± 0.11^Aa	0.55 ± 0.03^Aa	0.12 ± 0.05^Aa	2.90 ± 0.28^Aa
	SA	3.02 ± 0.11^Aa	0.62 ± 0.01^Aa	0.10 ± 0.01^Aa	2.62 ± 0.08^Ab

Fig. 5 Nematode faunal analysis of within aggregates in different fertilization treatments (mean ± SE). Different capital letters indicate that there are significant differences in nematode functional guild indices under different fertilization treatments (P < 0.05). BS, Bulk soil; LA, Large aggregate; SA, Small aggregate. CK, NPK, BCNPK, OMNPK, RSDNPK see Table 1.

Fig. 6 Total soil nematode metabolic footprint within aggregates in different fertilization treatments. There are no significant differences in total nematode metabolic footprint between fertilization treatments and within aggregates. BS, Bulk soil; LA, Large aggregate; SA, Small aggregate. CK, NPK, BCNPK, OMNPK, RSDNPK see Table 1.

Fig. 7 The faunal analysis of soil nematodes within aggregates in different fertilization treatments (Based on nematode metabolic footprint). BS, Bulk soil; LA, Large aggregate; SA, Small aggregate. CK, NPK, BCNPK, OMNPK, RSDNPK see Table 1. The solid line represents the mean and the dotted line represents the standard deviation. A, Quadrant A; B, Quadrant B; C, Quadrant C; D, Quadrant D.

Fig. 8 Wheat yield in different fertilization treatments (mean ± SE). Different lowercase letters represent significant difference under different fertilization treatments (P < 0.05). CK, NPK, BCNPK, OMNPK, RSDNPK see Table 1.

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