Educational use in global national parks: Review and implications

doi:10.17520/biods.2020011

Abstract

Abstract:

Education is one of the most important functions of national parks, and its use in national parks is underscored by the parks’ characteristics of public welfare and national ownership. China’s national park system was established only recently. Consequently, the practice and theory of educational use in China’s national parks is poorly understood. We analyze the available literature using the core compilation of Web of Science to systematically review educational use in national parks globally and to establish further research directions that can be pursued in China. Research on educational use in national parks has developed rapidly since the 21st century. Most relevant literature was published in environmental science and earth science journals. Research on educational use mainly focus on educational resources assessment, purpose, management, effectiveness, and their influencing factors. National parks are rich in educational resources, and the evaluation of educational potential and suitability are necessary for their appropriate utilization, protection, and management. Education mainly seeks to protection support, buffer community conflicts, provide cultural services, and increase visitor safety. The use of diversified media for education, targeted educational materials, and favorable cooperation are important factors that maximize the effectiveness of education programs. The evaluation of educational effectiveness on the cognition/awareness, emotions/attitudes, and behaviors is mainly influenced by individual characteristics and educational management. International research on educational use of national parks develop interdisciplinary theories, qualitative and quantitative comprehensive applications of research methods, and rich research content across a wide range of fields. Our review suggests that China should strengthen research and evaluation of educational resources, construct a set of educational content systems, use a diversity of educational approaches and media, facilitate educational cooperation and management, evaluate educational effectiveness programs, and analyze additional factors influencing educational use.

Key words: national park, educational function, educational value, educational use, research progress

Dongjun Chen, Linsheng Zhong. Educational use in global national parks: Review and implications[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2020, 28(10): 1266-1275.

Figures/Tables 5

References 87

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期刊名称 Journal name	篇数 No. of published papers	所在地 Country	JCR类别 Categories of Journal Citation Reports
Environmental Management	8	美国 USA	Environmental Sciences
Geoheritage	7	德国 Germany	Geosciences
Environmental Conservation	6	美国 USA	Environmental Sciences
Environmental Education Research	5	英国 UK	Educational Research
Journal of Environmental Management	5	英国 UK	Environmental Sciences
Wilderness Environmental Medicine	4	美国 USA	Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
American Journal of Primatology	3	美国 USA	Zoology
Earth Sciences History	3	美国 USA	Geosciences
Journal of Sustainable Tourism	3	英国 UK	Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Society Natural Resources	3	美国 USA	Sociology

期刊名称 Journal name	篇数 No. of published papers	所在地 Country	JCR类别 Categories of Journal Citation Reports
Environmental Management	8	美国 USA	Environmental Sciences
Geoheritage	7	德国 Germany	Geosciences
Environmental Conservation	6	美国 USA	Environmental Sciences
Environmental Education Research	5	英国 UK	Educational Research
Journal of Environmental Management	5	英国 UK	Environmental Sciences
Wilderness Environmental Medicine	4	美国 USA	Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
American Journal of Primatology	3	美国 USA	Zoology
Earth Sciences History	3	美国 USA	Geosciences
Journal of Sustainable Tourism	3	英国 UK	Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Society Natural Resources	3	美国 USA	Sociology

类型 Type		案例 Case	参考文献 Reference
自然类 Natural	地质地貌 Geology and landforms	岩石, 化石, 喀斯特地貌, 火山湖 Rock, fossil, karst landform, and volcanic lake	Och & Graham, 2011; Santucci, 2017; Pate & Kerbo, 2017
自然类 Natural	动植物 Plants and animals	萤火虫, 森林植被, 宽头蛇 Fireflies, forest vegetation, and broad-headed snakes	Nyhus et al, 2003; Faust, 2004; Hayes & Goldingay, 2012; Tribess et al, 2015; Ndumeya, 2019
人文类 Human	土著知识 Local knowledge	地方传统药用知识, 对野生动物的命名 Knowledge of local traditional medicine, and naming of wild animals
	人为景观 Human landscape	交通网络, 人为改变的地貌和植物群落, 考古遗迹, 试验站 Transportation networks, anthropogenic landscapes and plant communities, archaeological sites, and test stations	Pessis & Guidon, 2007; Youngs et al, 2008; Latocha, 2015; Stevens & Gilson, 2016
	宗教与信仰 Religion and belief	山的精神与文化含义 The spiritual and cultural meaning of mountains	Bernbaum, 2006

类型 Type		案例 Case	参考文献 Reference
自然类 Natural	地质地貌 Geology and landforms	岩石, 化石, 喀斯特地貌, 火山湖 Rock, fossil, karst landform, and volcanic lake	Och & Graham, 2011; Santucci, 2017; Pate & Kerbo, 2017
自然类 Natural	动植物 Plants and animals	萤火虫, 森林植被, 宽头蛇 Fireflies, forest vegetation, and broad-headed snakes	Nyhus et al, 2003; Faust, 2004; Hayes & Goldingay, 2012; Tribess et al, 2015; Ndumeya, 2019
人文类 Human	土著知识 Local knowledge	地方传统药用知识, 对野生动物的命名 Knowledge of local traditional medicine, and naming of wild animals
	人为景观 Human landscape	交通网络, 人为改变的地貌和植物群落, 考古遗迹, 试验站 Transportation networks, anthropogenic landscapes and plant communities, archaeological sites, and test stations	Pessis & Guidon, 2007; Youngs et al, 2008; Latocha, 2015; Stevens & Gilson, 2016
	宗教与信仰 Religion and belief	山的精神与文化含义 The spiritual and cultural meaning of mountains	Bernbaum, 2006

教育目的 Educational purpose	参考文献 References	教育成效评估指标及维度 Indicators and dimensions of educational effectiveness evaluation
争取保护支持 Drum up protection support	Papageorgiou, 2001; Powell et al, 2009; Lee et al, 2015	对国家公园相关知识的掌握(认知); 环境责任行为(行为); 国家公园认知、对园区管理的态度及环境行为(认知、态度、行为) Master knowledge of national park (awareness); environmental responsibility behavior (behavior); national park cognition, attitude to park management and environmental behavior (awareness, attitude and behavior)
缓解社区冲突 Buffer community conflicts	Gore et al, 2006; Moorman, 2006	与熊相关的投诉(行为); 对生态知识的了解、狩猎行为(认知、行为) Complaints related to bears (behavior); knowledge of ecology and hunting behavior(awareness and behavior)
提供文化及教育服务 Provide cultural and educational services	Adara, 1996; Boshoff et al, 2007	旅游满意度(情感/态度); 教师在环境教育方面的意识、知识、技能、行动和承诺/参与(认知/意识、情感/态度、行为) Travel satisfaction (emotions); teachers’ awareness, knowledge, skills, actions and commitment/participation in environmental education (cognition/awareness, emotions/attitudes, behaviors)
防范旅游伤害 Prevent travel injuries	Weichenthal et al, 2011	对闪电安全相关知识的了解, 认知 Knowledge of lightning safety, awareness