Biodiv Sci ›› 2020, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (10): 1276-1285.DOI: 10.17520/biods.2019378
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Miao Wu1,2,*(), Yun Hao1,2, Xiaoyun Zhang1, Lixian Wang1, Jingjing He1,2, Guangzheng Duan3
Received:
2019-12-28
Accepted:
2020-03-18
Online:
2020-10-20
Published:
2020-10-20
Contact:
Miao Wu
Miao Wu, Yun Hao, Xiaoyun Zhang, Lixian Wang, Jingjing He, Guangzheng Duan. Biodiversity conservation of Kazakhstan and suggestions on cooperation between China and Kazakhstan[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2020, 28(10): 1276-1285.
生态系统类型 Ecosystem type | 空间分布 Spatial distribution | 主要植物类群 Main plants | 主要动物类群 Main animals | 景观变化特征 Landscape change |
---|---|---|---|---|
森林草原 Forest steppe | 哈萨克斯坦北部(70 × 104 ha) Northern Kazakhstan (70 × 104 ha) | 森林、草本植物 Forests, herbs | 啮齿类、飞禽 Rodents, birds | 变化不大 Slightly changed |
草原 Steppe | 48°-52° N之间 (1.1 × 108 ha) Between 48°-52° N (1.1 × 108 ha) | 旱生禾本植物、灌木 Xerophytes, shrubs | 草原植食鸟类 Grassland herbivorous birds | 农业开垦强度大、原生植被破坏严重 High intensity of agricultural reclamation, original vegetation were seriously damaged |
荒漠 Desert | 从里海沿岸至塔尔巴哈台山麓(1.2 × 108 ha) From the coast of the Caspian Sea to the foothills of Talbahatai (1.2 × 108 ha) | 荒漠和盐生植物 Eremophytes and halophytes | 啮齿类及其天敌、爬行类、鸟类 Rodents and their natural enemies, reptiles, birds | 荒漠化威胁 Threat of desertification |
山地 Mountain land | 东部、南部的山地(0.2 × 108 ha) Eastern and southern moun- tains (0.2 × 108 ha) | 乔灌草植物大量分布, 植被垂直变化显著 A large number of trees, shrubs, herbs, and significant vertical changes in vegetation | 哺乳动物丰富 Rich in mammals | 西阿尔泰山脉的西伯利亚动物区系数量减少 Decreased Siberian fauna in western Altai Mountain |
水-湿地和海洋 Water-wetland and ocean | 河流、湖泊(含里海)等 Rivers, lakes (including Caspian Sea) | 山核桃、苦草及海草等 Pecan, eel grass, seaweed, etc. | 水鸟等 waterfowls | 三角洲盐渍化、咸海干涸等 Salinization of delta, drying up of the Aral Sea |
Table 1 The situation of ecosystem diversity in Kazakhstan
生态系统类型 Ecosystem type | 空间分布 Spatial distribution | 主要植物类群 Main plants | 主要动物类群 Main animals | 景观变化特征 Landscape change |
---|---|---|---|---|
森林草原 Forest steppe | 哈萨克斯坦北部(70 × 104 ha) Northern Kazakhstan (70 × 104 ha) | 森林、草本植物 Forests, herbs | 啮齿类、飞禽 Rodents, birds | 变化不大 Slightly changed |
草原 Steppe | 48°-52° N之间 (1.1 × 108 ha) Between 48°-52° N (1.1 × 108 ha) | 旱生禾本植物、灌木 Xerophytes, shrubs | 草原植食鸟类 Grassland herbivorous birds | 农业开垦强度大、原生植被破坏严重 High intensity of agricultural reclamation, original vegetation were seriously damaged |
荒漠 Desert | 从里海沿岸至塔尔巴哈台山麓(1.2 × 108 ha) From the coast of the Caspian Sea to the foothills of Talbahatai (1.2 × 108 ha) | 荒漠和盐生植物 Eremophytes and halophytes | 啮齿类及其天敌、爬行类、鸟类 Rodents and their natural enemies, reptiles, birds | 荒漠化威胁 Threat of desertification |
山地 Mountain land | 东部、南部的山地(0.2 × 108 ha) Eastern and southern moun- tains (0.2 × 108 ha) | 乔灌草植物大量分布, 植被垂直变化显著 A large number of trees, shrubs, herbs, and significant vertical changes in vegetation | 哺乳动物丰富 Rich in mammals | 西阿尔泰山脉的西伯利亚动物区系数量减少 Decreased Siberian fauna in western Altai Mountain |
水-湿地和海洋 Water-wetland and ocean | 河流、湖泊(含里海)等 Rivers, lakes (including Caspian Sea) | 山核桃、苦草及海草等 Pecan, eel grass, seaweed, etc. | 水鸟等 waterfowls | 三角洲盐渍化、咸海干涸等 Salinization of delta, drying up of the Aral Sea |
植物多样性 Plant diversity | 种数 Species no. | 动物多样性 Animal diversity | 种数 Species no. |
---|---|---|---|
高等植物 Higher plants | 5,754 | 脊椎动物 Vertebrate | 890 |
低等植物 Lower plants | 8,000 | 无脊椎动物 Invertebrate | 100,000 |
珍稀濒危植物 Rare and endangered plants | 600 (404*) | 珍稀濒危动物 Rare and endangered animals | 224 (128**) |
外来种 Exotic species | 500 | 外来种 Exotic species | - |
总计 Total | > 13,000 | 总计 Total | > 100,000 |
Table 2 The situation of biodiversity in Kazakhstan
植物多样性 Plant diversity | 种数 Species no. | 动物多样性 Animal diversity | 种数 Species no. |
---|---|---|---|
高等植物 Higher plants | 5,754 | 脊椎动物 Vertebrate | 890 |
低等植物 Lower plants | 8,000 | 无脊椎动物 Invertebrate | 100,000 |
珍稀濒危植物 Rare and endangered plants | 600 (404*) | 珍稀濒危动物 Rare and endangered animals | 224 (128**) |
外来种 Exotic species | 500 | 外来种 Exotic species | - |
总计 Total | > 13,000 | 总计 Total | > 100,000 |
类别 Category | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
特别自然保护区总面积 Total area of special nature reserves ( × 103 ha) | 23,873.2 | 23,873.2 | 24,018.8 | 24,428.7 | 24,428.7 |
各类保护区所占比例 Proportion of various types of protected areas (%) | |||||
综合自然保护区(严控的自然保留地和野生环境) Comprehensive nature reserves (strictly controlled natural reserves and natural environments) (%) | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.6 | 6.6 |
自然保留地 Natural reserve (%) | 9.7 | 9.7 | 9.6 | 11.1 | 11.1 |
国家公园 National park (%) | 10 | 10 | 10.5 | 10.3 | 10.3 |
植物园 Botanical garden (%) | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 |
地区级自然公园 Regional natural park (%) | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 |
自然纪念地 Natural monument (%) | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 |
物种或栖息地管理区(禁伐禁猎区等) Species or habitat management area (zone forbidden to tree cutting and hunting) (%) | 72.8 | 72.8 | 72.4 | 71.2 | 71.2 |
Table 3 The areas of special nature reserves in Kazakhstan between 2013 and 2017
类别 Category | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
特别自然保护区总面积 Total area of special nature reserves ( × 103 ha) | 23,873.2 | 23,873.2 | 24,018.8 | 24,428.7 | 24,428.7 |
各类保护区所占比例 Proportion of various types of protected areas (%) | |||||
综合自然保护区(严控的自然保留地和野生环境) Comprehensive nature reserves (strictly controlled natural reserves and natural environments) (%) | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.6 | 6.6 |
自然保留地 Natural reserve (%) | 9.7 | 9.7 | 9.6 | 11.1 | 11.1 |
国家公园 National park (%) | 10 | 10 | 10.5 | 10.3 | 10.3 |
植物园 Botanical garden (%) | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 |
地区级自然公园 Regional natural park (%) | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 |
自然纪念地 Natural monument (%) | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 |
物种或栖息地管理区(禁伐禁猎区等) Species or habitat management area (zone forbidden to tree cutting and hunting) (%) | 72.8 | 72.8 | 72.4 | 71.2 | 71.2 |
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