Methods and procedures of the red list assessment of macrofungi in China

doi:10.17520/biods.2019172

Abstract

Abstract:

In The Red List Assessment of Macrofungi in China project, the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria were adjusted according to differences in biological characteristics among plants, animals, and macrofungi. The adjustments are as follows: (1) population fluctuation and mature population members were estimated according to visible distribution and fruiting bodies, (2) a certain time period (rather than generation time) was used to calculate population change, (3) Possibly Extinct was added as an additional threatened category. The assessed data was based on the Checklist of Fungi in China database, fungal taxonomy literature, and expert consultation. Lastly, the Red List of China’s Biodiversity—Macrofungi was compiled via task assignment, data collection, assessed species verification, initial assessment, expert assessment, and red list compilation.

Key words: IUCN, red list categories and criteria, Possibly Extinct, macrofungi, assessment procedure

Ke Wang,Dongmei Liu,Lei Cai,Haijun Wu,Yi Li,Tiezheng Wei,Yonghui Wang,Hongmei Wu,Xiaodan Wei,Binbin Li,Junsheng Li,Yijian Yao. Methods and procedures of the red list assessment of macrofungi in China[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2020, 28(1): 11-19.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2019172

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2020/V28/I1/11

Figures/Tables 5

References 8

[1]	IUCN (2012a) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, Version 3.1, 2nd edn. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland & Cambridge, UK.
[2]	IUCN (2012b) Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels, Version 4.0. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland & Cambridge, UK.
[3]	IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee (2016) Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, Version 12. The Standards and Petitions Subcommittee. .

[4]	Li Y, Liu DM, Wang K, Wu HJ, Cai L, Cai L, Li JS, Yao YJ ( 2020) Red list assessment of macrofungi in China: Challenges and measures. Biodiversity Science, 28, 66-73. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 李熠, 刘冬梅, 王科, 吴海军, 蔡蕾, 蔡磊, 李俊生, 姚一建 ( 2020) 中国大型真菌红色名录评估中存在的问题及今后的对策. 生物多样性, 28, 66-73.]
[5]	Miller RM, Rodríguez JP, Aniskowicz-Fowler T, Bambaradeniya C, Boles R, Eaton MA, Gärdenfors U, Keller V, Molur S, Walker S, Pollock C ( 2007) National threatened species listing based on IUCN criteria and regional guidelines: Current status and future perspectives. Conservation Biology, 21, 684-696.
[6]	Smith ML, Bruhn JN, Anderson JB (1992) The fungus Armillaria bulbosa is among the largest and oldest living organisms. Nature, 356, 428-431.
[7]	Wang K, Zhao MJ, Su JH, Yang L, Deng H, Wang YH, Wu HJ, Li Y, Wu HM, Wei XD, Wei TZ, Cai L, Yao YJ ( 2020) The use of Checklist of Fungi in China database in the red list assessment of macrofungi in China. Biodiversity Science, 28, 74-98. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 王科, 赵明君, 苏锦河, 杨柳, 邓红, 王永会, 吴海军, 李熠, 吴红梅, 卫晓丹, 魏铁铮, 蔡磊, 姚一建 (2020) 中国菌物名录数据库在大型真菌红色名录编制中的作用. 生物多样性, 28, 74-98.]
[8]	Yao YJ ( 2020) Red list assessment of macrofungi in China. Biodiversity Science, 28, 1-3. (in Chinese)
	[ 姚一建 ( 2020) 中国大型真菌红色名录评估. 生物多样性, 28, 1-3.]

A: 种群¹减少。基于A1到A4中任何一种在30年内种群减少 Population¹ size reduction. Population reduction (measured over the longer of 30 years) based on any of A1 to A4
		极危 CR	濒危 EN			易危 VU
A1		≥ 90%	≥ 70%			≥ 50%
A2, A3 & A4		≥ 80%	≥ 50%			≥ 30%
A1: 通过观测、估计、推断或猜测, 种群在过去有所减少, 其致危因素是可逆转的、可理解并能终止的。Population reduction observed, estimated, inferred, or suspected in the past where the causes of the reduction are clearly reversible and understood and have ceased. A2: 通过观测、估计、推断或猜测, 种群在过去有所减少, 其致危因素是不能逆转、不能理解、也不能终止的。Population reduction observed, estimated, inferred, or suspected in the past where the causes of reduction may not have ceased or may not be understood or may not be reversible. A3: 通过观测、估计、推断或猜测, 种群在未来(最长100年内)有所减少[(a)不能用于A3]。Population reduction projected, inferred or suspected to be met in the future (up to a maximum of 100 years) [(a) cannot be used for A3]. A4: 通过观测、估计、推断或猜测, 种群必须在过去和未来(最长100年内)都有所减少, 其致危因素是不能逆转、不能理解也不能终止的。An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspected population reduction where the time period must include both the past and the future (up to a max. of 100 years in future), and where the causes of reduction may not have ceased or may not be understood or may not be reversible.					(a)直接观察(除了A3) Direct observation (except A3) (b)适合该分类单位的丰富度指数 An index of abundance appropriate to the taxon (c)占有面积、分布范围减少或/和栖息地质量下降 A decline in area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) and/or habitat quality (d)实际的或潜在的开发利用影响 Actual or potential levels of exploitation (e)受外来物种、杂交、病原、污染、竞争者或寄生物带来的不利影响 Effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or parasites.
B: 地理分布范围减少, 或具有少数地点、严重破碎或种群波动 Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occurrence) and/or B2 (area of occupancy)
		极危 CR	濒危 EN			易危 VU
B1: 分布区 Extent of occurrence (EOO)²		< 100 km²	< 5,000 km²			< 20,000 km²
B2: 占有面积 Area of occupancy (AOO)³		< 10 km²	< 500 km²			< 2,000 km²
以下3个条件中至少满足2条 And at least 2 of the following 3 conditions:
(a)生境严重破碎或已知分布点数 Severely fragmented or number of locations		= 1	≤ 5			≤ 10
(b)以下条件中任一下降或减少 Continuing decline observed, estimated, inferred or projected in any of: (i)分布范围 Extent of occurrence; (ii)占有面积 Area of occupancy; (iii)生境面积、范围和/或质量 Area, extent and/or quality of habitat; (iv)地点或亚种群的数目 Number of locations or subpopulations; (v)成熟个体数 Number of mature individuals。
(c)以下条件中任一极度波动 Extreme fluctuations in any of: (i)分布范围 Extent of occurrence; (ii)占有面积 Area of occupancy; (iii)生长地点数或亚种群数 Number of locations or subpopulations; (iv)成熟个体数 Number of mature individuals。
C: 小种群且在衰退 Small population size and decline
		极危 CR		濒危 EN		易危 VU
成熟个体⁴数量 Number of mature individuals		< 250		< 2,500		< 10,000
C1和C2至少满足一个条件 And at least one of C1 or C2
C1: 估计持续下降的幅度 An observed, estimated or projected continuing decline of at least:		10年内持续下降至少25% At least continuous 25% decline within 10 years		15年内持续下降至少20% At least continuous 20% decline within 15 years		30年内持续下降至少10% At least continuous 10% decline within 30 years
C2: 持续下降, 且符合以下至少1个条件 An observed, estimated, projected or inferred continuing decline and at least 1 of the following 3 conditions:
(a)	(i)每个亚种群成熟个体数 Number of mature individuals in each subpopulation	< 50		< 250		< 1,000
(a)	(ii)一个亚种群个体数占总数的百分比 Percentage of mature individuals in one subpopulation	90%-100%		95%-100%		100%
(b) 成熟个体数量极度波动 Extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals
D: 小种群或局限分布 Very small or restricted population
		极危 CR		濒危 EN		易危 VU
D1: 种群成熟个体数 Number of mature individuals		< 50		< 250		< 1,000
D2: 易受人类活动影响, 可能在极短时间成为极危, 甚至灭绝 Only applies to the VU category restricted area of occupancy or number of locations with a plausible future threat that could drive the taxon to CR or EX in a very short time						种群占有面积< 20 km²或地点< 5个 Typically: AOO < 20 km² or number of locations ≤ 5
E: 定量分析 Quantitative analysis
		极危 CR		濒危 EN		易危 VU
使用定量模型评估野外灭绝率 Indicating the probability of extinction in the wild to be:		≥ 50% (今后10年或三世代内 In 10 years or 3 generations, whichever is longer)		≥ 20% (今后20年或五世代内 In 20 years or 5 generations, whichever is longer)		≥ 10% (今后100年内 In 100 years)

A: 种群¹减少。基于A1到A4中任何一种在30年内种群减少 Population¹ size reduction. Population reduction (measured over the longer of 30 years) based on any of A1 to A4
		极危 CR	濒危 EN			易危 VU
A1		≥ 90%	≥ 70%			≥ 50%
A2, A3 & A4		≥ 80%	≥ 50%			≥ 30%
A1: 通过观测、估计、推断或猜测, 种群在过去有所减少, 其致危因素是可逆转的、可理解并能终止的。Population reduction observed, estimated, inferred, or suspected in the past where the causes of the reduction are clearly reversible and understood and have ceased. A2: 通过观测、估计、推断或猜测, 种群在过去有所减少, 其致危因素是不能逆转、不能理解、也不能终止的。Population reduction observed, estimated, inferred, or suspected in the past where the causes of reduction may not have ceased or may not be understood or may not be reversible. A3: 通过观测、估计、推断或猜测, 种群在未来(最长100年内)有所减少[(a)不能用于A3]。Population reduction projected, inferred or suspected to be met in the future (up to a maximum of 100 years) [(a) cannot be used for A3]. A4: 通过观测、估计、推断或猜测, 种群必须在过去和未来(最长100年内)都有所减少, 其致危因素是不能逆转、不能理解也不能终止的。An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspected population reduction where the time period must include both the past and the future (up to a max. of 100 years in future), and where the causes of reduction may not have ceased or may not be understood or may not be reversible.					(a)直接观察(除了A3) Direct observation (except A3) (b)适合该分类单位的丰富度指数 An index of abundance appropriate to the taxon (c)占有面积、分布范围减少或/和栖息地质量下降 A decline in area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) and/or habitat quality (d)实际的或潜在的开发利用影响 Actual or potential levels of exploitation (e)受外来物种、杂交、病原、污染、竞争者或寄生物带来的不利影响 Effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or parasites.
B: 地理分布范围减少, 或具有少数地点、严重破碎或种群波动 Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occurrence) and/or B2 (area of occupancy)
		极危 CR	濒危 EN			易危 VU
B1: 分布区 Extent of occurrence (EOO)²		< 100 km²	< 5,000 km²			< 20,000 km²
B2: 占有面积 Area of occupancy (AOO)³		< 10 km²	< 500 km²			< 2,000 km²
以下3个条件中至少满足2条 And at least 2 of the following 3 conditions:
(a)生境严重破碎或已知分布点数 Severely fragmented or number of locations		= 1	≤ 5			≤ 10
(b)以下条件中任一下降或减少 Continuing decline observed, estimated, inferred or projected in any of: (i)分布范围 Extent of occurrence; (ii)占有面积 Area of occupancy; (iii)生境面积、范围和/或质量 Area, extent and/or quality of habitat; (iv)地点或亚种群的数目 Number of locations or subpopulations; (v)成熟个体数 Number of mature individuals。
(c)以下条件中任一极度波动 Extreme fluctuations in any of: (i)分布范围 Extent of occurrence; (ii)占有面积 Area of occupancy; (iii)生长地点数或亚种群数 Number of locations or subpopulations; (iv)成熟个体数 Number of mature individuals。
C: 小种群且在衰退 Small population size and decline
		极危 CR		濒危 EN		易危 VU
成熟个体⁴数量 Number of mature individuals		< 250		< 2,500		< 10,000
C1和C2至少满足一个条件 And at least one of C1 or C2
C1: 估计持续下降的幅度 An observed, estimated or projected continuing decline of at least:		10年内持续下降至少25% At least continuous 25% decline within 10 years		15年内持续下降至少20% At least continuous 20% decline within 15 years		30年内持续下降至少10% At least continuous 10% decline within 30 years
C2: 持续下降, 且符合以下至少1个条件 An observed, estimated, projected or inferred continuing decline and at least 1 of the following 3 conditions:
(a)	(i)每个亚种群成熟个体数 Number of mature individuals in each subpopulation	< 50		< 250		< 1,000
(a)	(ii)一个亚种群个体数占总数的百分比 Percentage of mature individuals in one subpopulation	90%-100%		95%-100%		100%
(b) 成熟个体数量极度波动 Extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals
D: 小种群或局限分布 Very small or restricted population
		极危 CR		濒危 EN		易危 VU
D1: 种群成熟个体数 Number of mature individuals		< 50		< 250		< 1,000
D2: 易受人类活动影响, 可能在极短时间成为极危, 甚至灭绝 Only applies to the VU category restricted area of occupancy or number of locations with a plausible future threat that could drive the taxon to CR or EX in a very short time						种群占有面积< 20 km²或地点< 5个 Typically: AOO < 20 km² or number of locations ≤ 5
E: 定量分析 Quantitative analysis
		极危 CR		濒危 EN		易危 VU
使用定量模型评估野外灭绝率 Indicating the probability of extinction in the wild to be:		≥ 50% (今后10年或三世代内 In 10 years or 3 generations, whichever is longer)		≥ 20% (今后20年或五世代内 In 20 years or 5 generations, whichever is longer)		≥ 10% (今后100年内 In 100 years)

分类地位 Taxonomy
界 Kingdom	门 Phylum	纲 Class	目 Order	科 Family
真菌界 Fungi	子囊菌门 Ascomycota	锤舌菌纲 Leotiomycetes	未定目 Incertae sedis	未定科 Incertae sedis
学名 Scientific Name		Hemiglossum yunnanense
汉语学名 Chinese Name		云南假地舌菌
命名人 Species Authority		Pat.
同物异名 Synonym(s)		= Microglossum yunnanense (Pat.) Sacc.
分类备注 Taxonomic Notes		该物种为1890年基于采自云南大理的单一标本发表的新种, 目前全世界仅存一份标本, 此后100多年里再无新的采集记录。
评估信息 Assessment Information
红色名录等级及标准 Red List Category & Criteria		疑似灭绝 PE
发布年份 Year Published		2018
评估日期 Date Assessed		2016/9/27
评定人 Assessor(s)		庄文颖, 李熠
审定人 Reviewer(s)		徐阿生, 姚一建
描述 Justification		该物种自Patouillard (1890)发表后再没有被采集到。我国真菌学研究人员十分关注此物种, 多次前往模式产地(云南大理苍山)开展调查, 都未再发现。随着人类活动的影响和环境变迁, 该物种可能已处于极度濒危或更加危险的灭绝状态。本次评估将该物种列为“疑似灭绝(PE)”。该物种种群在过去减少的幅度可能超过90%, 栖息地质量下降, 分布面积 < 100 km², 生境严重破碎。
地理分布 Geographic Range
分布区 Range Description		云南
分布国家 Countries Occurrence		中国
分布图 Range Map
种群 Population
种群数量 Population Size		减少
种群趋势 Current Population Trend		衰退
附件信息 Additional Data		无
生境 Habitat and Ecology
生境 Habitat and Ecology
生态系统 Ecosystems
世代年限 Generation Length (years)
商业用途 Use and Trade
商业用途 Use and Trade		无
威胁因子 Threats
主要威胁因子 Major Threat(s)		中国特有种, 分布区域狭小, 种群数量有限。
保护行动 Conservation Actions
保护行动 Conservation Actions		该物种未被列入国家保护物种, 其分布地未被保护区覆盖。为了彻底澄清该物种的受威胁状态, 建议启动针对该物种的实地调查和监测, 并考虑必要的保护措施。
参考文献 Citation
Patouillard NT (1890) Quelques champignons de la Chine récolté par M. l'abbé Delavay. Revue Mycologique Toulouse, 12, 133-136.

分类地位 Taxonomy
界 Kingdom	门 Phylum	纲 Class	目 Order	科 Family
真菌界 Fungi	子囊菌门 Ascomycota	锤舌菌纲 Leotiomycetes	未定目 Incertae sedis	未定科 Incertae sedis
学名 Scientific Name		Hemiglossum yunnanense
汉语学名 Chinese Name		云南假地舌菌
命名人 Species Authority		Pat.
同物异名 Synonym(s)		= Microglossum yunnanense (Pat.) Sacc.
分类备注 Taxonomic Notes		该物种为1890年基于采自云南大理的单一标本发表的新种, 目前全世界仅存一份标本, 此后100多年里再无新的采集记录。
评估信息 Assessment Information
红色名录等级及标准 Red List Category & Criteria		疑似灭绝 PE
发布年份 Year Published		2018
评估日期 Date Assessed		2016/9/27
评定人 Assessor(s)		庄文颖, 李熠
审定人 Reviewer(s)		徐阿生, 姚一建
描述 Justification		该物种自Patouillard (1890)发表后再没有被采集到。我国真菌学研究人员十分关注此物种, 多次前往模式产地(云南大理苍山)开展调查, 都未再发现。随着人类活动的影响和环境变迁, 该物种可能已处于极度濒危或更加危险的灭绝状态。本次评估将该物种列为“疑似灭绝(PE)”。该物种种群在过去减少的幅度可能超过90%, 栖息地质量下降, 分布面积 < 100 km², 生境严重破碎。
地理分布 Geographic Range
分布区 Range Description		云南
分布国家 Countries Occurrence		中国
分布图 Range Map
种群 Population
种群数量 Population Size		减少
种群趋势 Current Population Trend		衰退
附件信息 Additional Data		无
生境 Habitat and Ecology
生境 Habitat and Ecology
生态系统 Ecosystems
世代年限 Generation Length (years)
商业用途 Use and Trade
商业用途 Use and Trade		无
威胁因子 Threats
主要威胁因子 Major Threat(s)		中国特有种, 分布区域狭小, 种群数量有限。
保护行动 Conservation Actions
保护行动 Conservation Actions		该物种未被列入国家保护物种, 其分布地未被保护区覆盖。为了彻底澄清该物种的受威胁状态, 建议启动针对该物种的实地调查和监测, 并考虑必要的保护措施。
参考文献 Citation
Patouillard NT (1890) Quelques champignons de la Chine récolté par M. l'abbé Delavay. Revue Mycologique Toulouse, 12, 133-136.

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