Habitat characteristics and its effects on seedling abundance of Hopea hainanensis, a Wild Plant with Extremely Small Populations

doi:10.17520/biods.2019143

Abstract

Abstract:

Hopea hainanensis, a Wild Plant with Extremely Small Populations (WPESP), is a dominant species in the lowland rainforest on Hainan Island, China. Hopea hainanensis has populations well below minimum viable limits and is now at high extinction risk due to difficulties in regeneration and severe anthropogenic disturbances, such as commercial logging and shifting cultivation. Understanding the habitat requirements and regeneration limitations of H. hainensis is a critical first step to rescue and restore its natural population sizes. Here, based on observations and measurements of wild populations of H. hainanensis, we analyzed the effects of abiotic and biotic environmental factors on seedling abundance. Hopea hainanensis populations exhibited a severe recruitment limitation from the seedling to sapling lifestage. Seedlings occurred most often in habitats with low slope, high soil water content and soil available phosphorus with nearby mother trees with large DBH or crowns and around various species with moderate basal areas. Seedling abundance was negatively correlated with slope and soil pH. Our results provide rationale and direction for proper in situ conservation and population restoration of H. hainanensis.

Key words: Wild Plant with Extremely Small Populations (WPESP), Hopea hainanensis, environmental factors, seedling, abundance

Xinghui Lu, Runguo Zang, Yi Ding, Jihong Huang, Yue Xu. Habitat characteristics and its effects on seedling abundance of Hopea hainanensis, a Wild Plant with Extremely Small Populations[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2020, 28(3): 289-295.

Add to citation manager EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2019143

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2020/V28/I3/289

Figures/Tables 5

References 29

1	Agricultural Chemistry Committee of Soil Science Society of China( 1983) Conventional Methods for the Agricultural Chemical Analysis of Soil. Science Press, Beijing.
	(in Chinese) [ 中国土壤学会农业化学专业委员会( 1983) 土壤农业化学常规分析方法. 科学出版社, 北京.]
2	Anderson LJ ( 2011) Aboveground-belowgroun. linkages: Biotic interactions, ecosystem processes, and global change. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 92, 222.
3	Baribault TW, Kobe RK, Finley AO ( 2012) Tropical tree growth is correlated with soil phosphorus, potassium, and calcium, though not for legumes. Ecological Monographs, 82, 189-203.
4	Chen HX, Huang CT, He F, Zheng W, Feng JP ( 2015) Review on research progress of Hopea hainanensis. Tropical Forestry, 43(4), 4-6. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 陈侯鑫, 黄川腾, 何芬, 郑伟, 冯家平 ( 2015) 坡垒研究进展综述. 热带林业, 43(4), 4-6.]
5	Chen L, Mi XC, Comita LS, Zhang LW, Ren HB, Ma KP ( 2010) Community-level consequences of density dependence and habitat association in a subtropical broad-leaved forest. Ecology Letters, 13, 695-704. DOI URL
6	Chen QD, Song XZ, Yang J, Wang DF ( 1982) Effects of storage temperature on Hopea hainanensis seed vigor. Tropical Forestry, 10(1), 47-50.
	(in Chinese) [ 陈青度, 宋学之, 杨军, 王东馥 ( 1982) 不同温度贮藏对坡垒种子活力的影响. 热带林业, 10(1), 47-50.]
7	Chen Y, Fang YS, Fang FZ, Wu ZQ, Chen XR ( 2017) Distribution characteristics of soil nutrients and microbial communities in natural forest of Hopea hainanensis. Tropical Forestry, 45(3), 19-22. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 陈彧, 方燕山, 方发之, 吴钟亲, 陈修仁 ( 2017) 坡垒天然林下土壤养分及微生物群落分布特征. 热带林业, 45(3), 19-22.]
8	Cleveland CC, Townsend AR, Taylor P, Alvarez-Clare S, Bustamante MMC, Chuyong G, Dobrowski SZ, Grierson P, Harms KE, Houlton BZ, Marklein A, Parton W, Porder S, Reed SC, Sierra CA, Silver WL, Tanner EVJ, Wieder WR ( 2011) Relationships among net primary productivity, nutrients and climate in tropical rain forest: A pan-tropical analysis. Ecology Letters, 14, 939-947. DOI URL
9	Dai WJ, Zhou L, Yang M ( 2017) Research and utilization of Dipterocapaceae plants in China. World Forestry Reserch, 30(6), 46-51. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 戴文君, 周磊, 杨梅 ( 2017) 中国龙脑香科植物研究及利用现状. 世界林业研究, 30(6), 46-51.]
10	Ding Y, Zang RG ( 2011) Vegetation recovery dynamics of tropical lowland rain forest in Bawangling of Hainan Island, South China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 35, 577-586. (in Chinese with English abstract) DOI URL
	[ 丁易, 臧润国 ( 2011) 海南岛霸王岭热带低地雨林植被恢复动态. 植物生态学报, 35, 577-586.] DOI URL
11	Fu LK ( 1991) China Plant Red Data Book: Rare and Endangered Plants. Vol. 1. Science Press, Beijing.
	(in Chinese) [ 傅立国 ( 1991) 中国植物红皮书: 稀有濒危植物(第一卷). 科学出版社, 北京.]
12	Hu YJ ( 1983) Community characteristics and forest types of Dipterocarpaceae in Hainan Island. Ecological Science, 2(2), 16-24.
	(in Chinese) [ 胡玉佳 ( 1983) 海南岛龙脑香森林的群落特征及其类型. 生态科学, 2(2), 16-24.]
13	Hu YJ ( 1991) A study on population structure of Vatica hainanensis in Hainan Island. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni, 30(2), 91-97. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 胡玉佳 ( 1991) 海南岛青梅种群结构的研究. 中山大学学报(自然科学版), 30(2), 91-97.]
14	Li GY, Chen FF, Yang ZL ( 2015) Studies on seedling cultural techniques of Hopea hainanensis. Tropical Forestry, 43(4), 7-9. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 黎国运, 陈飞飞, 杨枝林 ( 2015) 坡垒种子育苗技术研究. 热带林业, 43(4), 7-9.]
15	Lu X, Lan QY, Yang MZ ( 2010) Research advancement of Dipterocarpaceae seeds characteristics. Seed, 29(5), 46-50. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 路信, 兰芹英, 杨明挚 ( 2010) 龙脑香科植物种子特性的研究进展. 种子, 29(5), 46-50.]
16	Manzané-Pinzón E, Goldstein G, Schnitzer SA ( 2018) Does soil moisture availability explain liana seedling distribution across a tropical rainfall gradient? Biotropica, 50, 215-224. DOI URL
17	Nasto MK, Alvarez-Clare S, Lekberg Y, Sullivan BW, Townsend AR, Cleveland CC ( 2014) Interactions among nitrogen fixation and soil phosphorus acquisition strategies in lowland tropical rain forests. Ecology Letters, 17, 1282-1289. DOI URL
18	Pinho BX, de Melo FPL, Pierce S, Lohbeck M, Tabarelli M ( 2018) Soil-mediated filtering organizes tree assemblages in regenerating tropical forests. Journal of Ecology, 106, 137-147. DOI URL
19	Poorter L, van der Sande MT, Arets EJMM, Ascarrunz N, Enquist BJ, Finegan B, Licona JC, Martínez-Ramos M, Mazzei L, Meave JA, Muñoz R, Nytch CJ, de Oliveira AA, Pérez-García EA, Prado-Junior J, Rodríguez-Velázques J, Ruschel AR, Salgado-Negret B, Schiavini I, Swenson NG, Tenorio EA, Thompson J, Toledo M, Uriarte M, van der Hout P, Zimmerman JK, Peña-Claros M ( 2017) Biodiversity and climate determine the functioning of Neotropical forests. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 26, 1423-1434. DOI URL
20	Qin JH, Yao J, Meng LJ, Chen GL, Zhao XH ( 2018) Composition of multi-year-old seedlings and their habitat interpretation in a mixed coniferous-broadleaf forest in Jiaohe, Jilin Province, China. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 37, 3186-3193. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 秦江环, 姚杰, 孟令君, 陈桂莲, 赵秀海 ( 2018) 吉林蛟河针阔混交林多年生幼苗物种组成及其生境解释. 生态学杂志, 37, 3186-3193.]
21	R Development Core Team ( 2011) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria. . (accessed on 2019-03-02)
22	Song XZ, Chen QD, Wang DF, Yang J ( 1984) A study on the principal storage conditions of Hopea hainanensis seeds. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 20, 225-236. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 宋学之, 陈青度, 王东馥, 杨军 ( 1984) 坡垒种子主要储藏条件的研究. 林业科学, 20, 225-236.]
23	Spain AV, Tibbett M, Ridd M, Mclaren TI ( 2018) Phosphorus dynamics in a tropical forest soil restored after strip mining. Plant and Soil, 427, 105-123. DOI URL
24	Tíscar PA ( 2019) Recruitment into the seedling bank of an undisturbed Mediterranean pinewood: Increasing forest resistance to changing climates. Forest Ecology and Management, 432, 591-598. DOI URL
25	Wang W, Rao MD, Chen SW, Zhu DH, Mi XC, Zhang JT ( 2014) Effects of negative density dependence and habitat filtering on temporal variation in phylogenetic community structure of seedlings in a mid-subtropical forest. Chinese Science Bulletin, 59, 1844-1850. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 王薇, 饶米德, 陈声文, 朱大海, 米湘成, 张金屯 ( 2014) 负密度制约和生境过滤对古田山幼苗系统发育多样性时间变化的影响. 科学通报, 59, 1844-1850.]
26	Wen B, Lan QY, He HY ( 2002) Effects of illumination, temperature and soil moisture content on seed germination of Hopea hainanensi. Journal of Tropical and Subtropical Botany, 10, 258-262. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 文彬, 兰芹英, 何惠英 ( 2002) 光、温度和土壤水分对坡垒种子萌发的影响. 热带亚热带植物学报, 10, 258-262.]
27	Xu ZF, Zhu H, Liu HM, Wang H ( 1994) The changing tendency of plant species diversity in the fragmental tropical rainforest in southern Yunnan, China. Journal of Plant Resources and Environemt, 3(2), 9-15. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 许再富, 朱华, 刘宏茂, 王洪 ( 1994) 滇南片段热带雨林植物物种多样性变化趋势. 植物资源与环境, 3(2), 9-15.]
28	Yang XB, Lin Y, Liang SQ, Huang SM, Fu SX, Wang QM, Xie GG ( 1995) Study on the population structure and distribution pattern of Hopea exalata in Hainan Island. Natural Science Journal of Hainan University, 133, 299-303. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 杨小波, 林英, 梁淑群, 黄世满, 符史新, 王琼梅, 谢国干 ( 1995) 海南岛无翼坡垒种群结构与分布格局研究. 海南大学学报自然科学版, 133, 299-303.]
29	Zhang J, Li BH, Bai XJ, Yuan ZQ, Wang XG, Ye J, Hao ZQ ( 2009) Composition and interannual dynamics of tree seedlings in broad-leaved Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) mixed forest in Changbai Mountain. Biodiversity Science, 17, 385-396. (in Chinese with English abstract) DOI URL
	[ 张健, 李步杭, 白雪娇, 原作强, 王绪高, 叶吉, 郝占庆 ( 2009) 长白山阔叶红松林乔木树种幼苗组成及其年际动态. 生物多样性, 17, 385-396.] DOI URL

生境因子 Habitat factors	中位数 ± 标准差 Median ± SD	变化范围 Range
海拔 Elevation (m)	560.9 ± 173.67	260-940
坡度 Slope (°)	15.00 ± 10.55	0-40
土壤含水量 Soil water content (%)	12.23 ± 7.08	3.60-47.10
土壤pH值 Soil pH value	4.78 ± 0.57	3.80-5.98
土壤有机质 Soil organic matter (g/kg)	3.75 ± 1.58	0.13-7.93
土壤全氮 Soil total nitrogen (g/kg)	1.38 ± 0.57	0.30-2.49
土壤全磷 Soil total phosphorus (g/kg)	0.17 ± 0.05	0.09-0.34
土壤有效氮 Soil available nitrogen (mg/kg)	86.8 ± 28.03	15.06-140.77
土壤有效磷 Soil available phosphorus (mg/kg)	15.16 ± 7.09	5.74-34.26
土壤有效钾 Soil available potassium (mg/kg)	147.88 ± 57.50	47.16-296.36
冠层开阔度 Canopy openness (%)	6.94 ± 3.27	2.01-19.49
伴生种胸高断面积 Basal area of companion species (cm²)	1,017.36 ± 996.31	226.86-3,990.67
伴生种树高 Height of companion species (m)	23 ± 4.81	10.00-33.00
母株冠幅 Crown of mother tree (m)	3.63 ± 1.05	1.50-6.50
母株胸径 DBH of mother tree (cm)	20.94 ± 3.60	14.91-33.61
母株高度 Height of mother tree (m)	13.51 ± 1.62	11.00-14.00

生境因子 Habitat factors	中位数 ± 标准差 Median ± SD	变化范围 Range
海拔 Elevation (m)	560.9 ± 173.67	260-940
坡度 Slope (°)	15.00 ± 10.55	0-40
土壤含水量 Soil water content (%)	12.23 ± 7.08	3.60-47.10
土壤pH值 Soil pH value	4.78 ± 0.57	3.80-5.98
土壤有机质 Soil organic matter (g/kg)	3.75 ± 1.58	0.13-7.93
土壤全氮 Soil total nitrogen (g/kg)	1.38 ± 0.57	0.30-2.49
土壤全磷 Soil total phosphorus (g/kg)	0.17 ± 0.05	0.09-0.34
土壤有效氮 Soil available nitrogen (mg/kg)	86.8 ± 28.03	15.06-140.77
土壤有效磷 Soil available phosphorus (mg/kg)	15.16 ± 7.09	5.74-34.26
土壤有效钾 Soil available potassium (mg/kg)	147.88 ± 57.50	47.16-296.36
冠层开阔度 Canopy openness (%)	6.94 ± 3.27	2.01-19.49
伴生种胸高断面积 Basal area of companion species (cm²)	1,017.36 ± 996.31	226.86-3,990.67
伴生种树高 Height of companion species (m)	23 ± 4.81	10.00-33.00
母株冠幅 Crown of mother tree (m)	3.63 ± 1.05	1.50-6.50
母株胸径 DBH of mother tree (cm)	20.94 ± 3.60	14.91-33.61
母株高度 Height of mother tree (m)	13.51 ± 1.62	11.00-14.00

生境因子 Habitat factors	PCA1	PCA2
海拔 Elevation	0.21	-0.03
坡度 Slope	1.42	-0.03
土壤含水量 Soil water content	-0.48	0.11
土壤pH值 Soil pH value	0.08	-0.02
土壤全磷 Soil total phosphorus	-0.12	0.00
土壤有效磷 Soil available phosphorus	-0.38	-0.00
土壤有效钾 Soil available potassium	0.05	0.12
冠层开阔度 Canopy openness	0.02	-0.11
伴生种胸高断面积 Basal area of companion species	0.12	1.05
母株冠幅 Crown of mother tree	-0.06	0.20
母株胸径 DBH of mother tree	-0.08	0.17
母株高度 Height of mother tree	-0.03	0.04
特征值 Eigenvalue	0.232	0.110
方差比例 Proportion of variance	0.467	0.238
累积方差比例 Proportion of cumulative variance	0.467	0.705

生境因子 Habitat factors	PCA1	PCA2
海拔 Elevation	0.21	-0.03
坡度 Slope	1.42	-0.03
土壤含水量 Soil water content	-0.48	0.11
土壤pH值 Soil pH value	0.08	-0.02
土壤全磷 Soil total phosphorus	-0.12	0.00
土壤有效磷 Soil available phosphorus	-0.38	-0.00
土壤有效钾 Soil available potassium	0.05	0.12
冠层开阔度 Canopy openness	0.02	-0.11
伴生种胸高断面积 Basal area of companion species	0.12	1.05
母株冠幅 Crown of mother tree	-0.06	0.20
母株胸径 DBH of mother tree	-0.08	0.17
母株高度 Height of mother tree	-0.03	0.04
特征值 Eigenvalue	0.232	0.110
方差比例 Proportion of variance	0.467	0.238
累积方差比例 Proportion of cumulative variance	0.467	0.705

[1]	Zhenbin Jiao, Yibo Luo. Effects of environmental and genetic factors on phenotypic traits and species classification of Dendrobium huoshanense [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2021, 29(8): 1073-1086.
[2]	Jiapeng Kang, Lu Han, Chunhui Feng, Haizhen Wang. Species abundance distribution in two riparian forests under contrasting environmental regimes in the Tarim Desert [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2021, 29(7): 875-886.
[3]	Yingrong Guo, Wenjun Lan, Sicheng Zou, Rongbin Yuan, Xiaoyu Dong, Jirui Cao, Qingpei Yang, Qingni Song. Camera-trapping survey of wild mammals and ground-dwelling birds in the Jiangxi Wuyishan National Nature Reserve, China [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2021, 29(6): 811-818.
[4]	Yuhan Shi, Zongxin Ren, Weijia Wang, Xin Xu, Jie Liu, Yanhui Zhao, Hong Wang. Predicting the spatial distribution of three Astragalusspecies and their pollinating bumblebees in the Sino-Himalayas [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2021, 29(6): 759-769.
[5]	Kai Huang, Yaqiong Wan, Jiaqi Li, Yujing Zhu, Zhiyu Sun, Wancai Xia, Dayong Li, Baoping Ren. Camera-trapping survey on mammals and birds in Baihe National Nature Reserve, Sichuan Province [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2021, 29(4): 554-559.
[6]	Dong Wang, Yaqiong Wan, Shizhao Wang, Jiaping Chen, Tong Wu, Jiaqi Li, Xinming Lian. Camera-trapping survey of the diversity of mammals and birds in the Tuotuo River basin of the source region of the Yangtze River [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2020, 28(9): 1132-1140.
[7]	Xinkang Bao, Liang Wang, Mengjie Lu, Pengzu Pei, Jianliang Li, Donghui Ma, Jiaqi Li. Investigation of bird and mammal diversity in the Gansu Anxi Extreme-arid Desert National Nature Reserve using infrared camera traps [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2020, 28(9): 1141-1146.
[8]	Suqin Shang, Xingbo Wu, Zhaolong Wang, Henian Peng, Huili Zhou, Hongyong Zhang, Yinglu Bai. Butterfly community structure and species-abundance distribution in different habitats in the Xinglong Mountains National Nature Reserve [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2020, 28(8): 983-992.
[9]	Peng Liu, Mingxia Fu, Dunwu Qi, Xinqiang Song, Wei Wei, Wanjing Yang, Yuxiang Chen, Yanshan Zhou, Jiabin Liu, Rui Ma, Ji Yu, Hong Yang, Peng Chen, Rong Hou. Camera-trapping survey of wild mammals and birds in Daxiangling Nature Reserve, Sichuan Province [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2020, 28(7): 905-912.
[10]	Sha Deng, Yanni Wu, Kunlin Wu, Lin Fang, Lin Li, Songjun Zeng. Breeding characteristics and artificial propagation of 14 species of Wild Plant with Extremely Small Populations (WPESP) in China [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2020, 28(3): 385-400.
[11]	Jinyuan Su, Yu Yan, Chong Li, Dan Li, Fang K. Du. Informing conservation strategies with genetic diversity in Wild Plant with Extremely Small Populations: A review on gymnosperms [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2020, 28(3): 376-384.
[12]	Zhixia Zhao, Changming Zhao, Shuyu Deng, Guozhen Shen, Zongqiang Xie, Gaoming Xiong, Junqing Li. Community structure and dynamics of a remnant forest dominated by Thuja sutchuenensis after deforestation [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2020, 28(3): 333-339.
[13]	Dongdong Chen, Zhenqing Li. Population viability analysis of Wild Plant with Extremely Small Populations (WPESP): Methods, problems and prospects [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2020, 28(3): 358-366.
[14]	Liu Minxia,Li Quandi,Jiang Xiaoxuan,Xia Sujuan,Nan Xiaoning,Zhang Yaya,Li Bowen. Contribution of rare species to species diversity and species abundance distribution pattern in the Gannan subalpine meadow [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2020, 28(2): 107-116.
[15]	Quanjian Zhang, Biao Yang, Qiang Fu, Lei Wang, Xu Gong, Yuanbin Zhang. The winter diet of sambar (Rusa unicolor) in the Qionglai Mountains [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2020, 28(10): 1192-1201.