Summary comments on assessment methods of ecosystem integrity for national parks

doi:10.17520/biods.2018142

Abstract

Abstract:

National parks are one of the foundations of global biodiversity conservation and help protect the ecological environment and biodiversity. Assessing ecosystem integrity in national parks can help understand ecosystem balance, health, and biodiversity status. We introduce three methods to assess ecosystem integrity of national parks: IBI (Index of Biotic Integrity), TLA (Three Level Approach) and EIAF (Ecosystem Integrity Assessment Framework), respectively. IBI relies on high intensity field survey and laboratory analysis. Albeit expensive, time consuming and requiring high level of biological expertise in identifying species, the results are accurate and reliable. TLA, including Remote Assessment, Rapid Assessment and Intensive Assessment, offers great flexibility to assess the integrity of complex ecosystems. EIAF combines the advantages of IBI and TLA, expands the use of indicator species and optimizes scoring statistics. Hence, EIAF is one the most sophisticated assessment methods of ecosystem integrity for national parks. We also discuss some issues such as incomplete assessment indices, single assessment form and subjectivity of assessment methods in current studies. We propose that research on ecosystem integrity of national parks should combine the processes that join nature, economy and society. Such an interdisciplinary approach requires integrated research on sustainable socio-economic development and human health, and explore the relationship between invasive species and ecological environment. We also suggest the need to look for new indicator species that can reflect the state and change trend of ecosystem integrity and thus help develop a standardized assessment system for national parks.

Key words: national park, ecosystem integrity, biodiversity, assessment, index

Dai Yunchuan,Xue Yadong,Zhang Yunyi,Li Diqiang. Summary comments on assessment methods of ecosystem integrity for national parks[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2019, 27(1): 104-113.

Add to citation manager EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2018142

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2019/V27/I1/104

Figures/Tables 3

References 64

[1]	Abebe FB, Bekele SE ( 2018) Challenges to national park conservation and management in Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Science, 10, 52-62. DOI URL
[2]	Baron EAF ( 2003) Evaluating a Benthic Index of Biotic Integrity (B-IBI) to Measure Ecological Integrity in Pacific Rim National Park Reserve of Canada. Simon Fraser University Press, Burnaby, Canada.
[3]	Blocksom KA, Kurtenbach JP, Klemm DJ, Fulk FA, Cormier SM ( 2002) Development and evaluation of the Lake Macroinvertebrate Integrity Index (LMII) for New Jersey lakes and reservoirs. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 77, 311-333. DOI URL PMID
[4]	Brewer JS, Menzel T ( 2009) A method for evaluating outcomes of restoration when no reference sites exist. Restoration Ecology, 17, 4-11. DOI URL
[5]	Brooks RP, Wardrop DH, Bishop JA ( 2004) Assessing wetland condition on a watershed basis in the mid-Atlantic region using synoptic land-cover maps. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 94, 9-22. DOI URL PMID
[6]	Brown ED, Williams BK ( 2016) Ecological integrity assessment as a metric of biodiversity: Are we measuring what we say we are? Biodiversity and Conservation, 25, 1011-1035. DOI URL
[7]	Brown MT, Vivas MB ( 2005) Landscape development intensity index. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 101, 289-309. DOI URL
[8]	Caniani D, Labella A, Lioi DS, Mancini IM, Masi S ( 2016) Habitat ecological integrity and environmental impact assessment of anthropic activities: A GIS-based fuzzy logic model for sites of high biodiversity conservation interest. Ecological Indicators, 67, 238-249. DOI URL
[9]	Casatti L, Ferreira CP, Langeani F ( 2009) A fish-based biotic integrity index for assessment of lowland streams in southeastern Brazil. Hydrobiologia, 623, 173-189. DOI URL
[10]	Chin ATM, Tozer DC, Fraser GS ( 2014) Hydrology influences generalist-specialist bird-based indices of biotic integrity in Great Lakes coastal wetlands. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 40, 281-287. DOI URL
[11]	Comer PJ, Hak J ( 2009) NatureServe Landscape Condition Model. Internal documentation for NatureServe Vista Decision Support Software Engineering. NatureServe, Colorado, USA.
[12]	Danz NP, Neimi GJ, Regal RR, Hollenhorst TP, Johnson LB, Hanowski JM, Axler RP, Ciborowski JJH, Hrabik T, Brady VJ, Kelly JR, Morrice JA, Brazner JC, Howe RW, Johnston CA, Host GE ( 2007) Integrated measures of anthropogenic stress in the U. S. Great Lakes Basin. Environmental Management, 39, 631-647. DOI URL PMID
[13]	Dudley N, Hockings M, Stolton S ( 1999) Measuring the Effectiveness of Protected Areas Management. Earthscan Publications, London.
[14]	Elisa M, Shultz S, White K ( 2016) Impact of surface water extraction on water quality and ecological integrity in Arusha National Park, Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology, 54, 174-182. DOI URL
[15]	Faber-Langendoen D, Kudray G, Nordman C, Sneddon L, Vance L, Byers E, Rocchio J, Gawler S, Kittel G, Menard S, Comer P, Muldavin E, Schafale M, Foti T, Josse C, Christy J ( 2009 a) Assessing the condition of ecosystems to guide conservation and management: An overview of NatureServe’s ecological integrity assessment methods. NatureServe, Virginia, USA.
[16]	Faber-Langendoen D, Lyons R, Comer P ( 2009 b) Developing Options for Establishing Reference Conditions for Wetlands Across the Lower 48 States: A Report to the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. NatureServe, Virginia, USA.
[17]	Fairweather PG ( 1991) Statistical power and design requirements for environmental monitoring. Marine and Freshwater Research, 42, 555-567. DOI URL
[18]	Franklin JF, Spies TA, Pelt RV, Carey AB, Thornburgh DA, Berg DR ( 2002) Disturbances and structural development of natural forest ecosystems with silvicultural implications, using Douglas-fir forests as an example. Forest Ecology and Management, 155, 399-423. DOI URL
[19]	Gaston KJ, Charman K, Jackson SF, Armsworth PR, Bonn A, Briers RA ( 2006) The ecological effectiveness of protected areas: The United Kingdom. Biological Conservation, 132, 76-87. DOI URL
[20]	Harwell MA, Myers V, Young T, Bartuska A, Gassman N, Gentile JH, Harwell CC, Appelbaum S, Barko J, Causey B, Johnson C, McLean A, Smola R, Templet P, Tosini S ( 1999) A framework for an ecosystem integrity report card. BioScience, 49, 543-556. DOI URL
[21]	Hockings M, Stolton S, Leverington F, Dudley N, Courrau J ( 2000) Assessing effectiveness—A framework for assessing management effectiveness of protected areas. Archivos de Pediatría del Uruguay, 71, 5-9.
[22]	IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) (1993) IUCN Category. II. (accessed on 2018-02-10)
[23]	Kane DD, Gordon SI, Munawar M, Charlton MN, Culver DA ( 2009) The planktonic index of biotic integrity (P-IBI): An approach for assessing lake ecosystem health. Ecological Indicators, 9, 1234-1247. DOI URL
[24]	Karr JR ( 1981) Assessment of biotic integrity using fish communities. Fisheries, 6, 21-27. DOI URL
[25]	Karr JR, Dudley DR ( 1981) Ecological perspective on water quality goals. Environmental Management, 5, 55-68. DOI URL
[26]	Ladin ZS, Higgins C, Schmit JP, Sanders G, Johnson MJ, Weed AS ( 2016) Using regional bird community dynamics to evaluate ecological integrity within national parks. Ecosphere, 7, e01464. DOI URL
[27]	Lawrence JE, Deitch MJ, Resh VH ( 2011) Effects of vineyard coverage and extent on benthic macroinvertebrates in streams of Northern California. Annales de Limnologie-In ternational Journal of Limnology, 47, 347-354. DOI URL
[28]	Leopold A ( 1949) Sand County Almanac and Sketches Here and There. Oxford University Press, New York.
[29]	Leu M, Knick HST ( 2008) The Human Footprint in the West: A Large-Scale Analysis of Anthropogenic Impacts. Ecological Applications, 18, 1119-1139. DOI URL PMID
[30]	Li T, Huang X, Jiang X, Wang X ( 2015) Assessment of ecosystem health of the Yellow River with fish index of biotic integrity. Hydrobiologia, 412, 1-13. DOI URL
[31]	Liechti P, Dzialowski A ( 2003) Final Assessment of the Ecological Integrity of Wolf Creek. University of Kansas, Kansas, USA.
[32]	Lunde KB, Resh VH ( 2012) Development and validation of a macroinvertebrate index of biotic integrity (IBI) for assessing urban impacts to Northern California freshwater wetlands. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184, 3653-3674. DOI URL PMID
[33]	Mack JJ ( 2006) Landscape as a predictor of wetland condition: An evaluation of the Landscape Development Index (LDI) with a large reference wetland dataset from Ohio. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 120, 221-241. DOI URL PMID
[34]	Mahan G, Young JA, Miller BJ, Saunders MC ( 2015) Using ecological indicators and a decision support system for integrated ecological assessment at two national park units in the mid-Atlantic region, USA. Environmental Management, 5, 508-522. DOI URL PMID
[35]	Medeiros HR, Torezan JM ( 2013) Evaluating the ecological integrity of Atlantic forest remnants by using rapid ecological assessment. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 18, 4373-4382. DOI URL PMID
[36]	Michael A, Schroeder RC, Crawford FJ, Rocchio DJ ( 2011) Ecological Integrity Assessments: Monitoring and Evaluation of Wildlife Areas in Washington. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Washington, USA.
[37]	Müller F ( 1998) Gradients in ecological systems. Ecological Modelling, 108, 3-21. DOI URL
[38]	Murtaugh PA ( 1996) The statistical evaluation of ecological indicators. Ecological Applications, 6, 132-139. DOI URL
[39]	Noss RF ( 1990) Indicators for monitoring biodiversity: A hierarchical approach. Conservation Biology, 4, 355-364. DOI URL
[40]	Parks Canada Agency ( 2005) Monitoring and Reporting Ecological Integrity in Canada’s National Parks, Guiding Principles, Vol. 1. Parks Canada Agency, Quebec, Canada.
[41]	Parrish JD, Braun DP, Unnasch RS ( 2003) Are we conserving what we say we are? Measuring ecological integrity within protected areas. BioScience, 5, 851-860. DOI URL
[42]	Peng YJ, Fan J, Xing SH, Cui GF ( 2018) Overview and classification outlook of natural protected areas in mainland China. Biodiversity Science, 26, 315-325. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 彭杨靖, 樊简, 邢韶华, 崔国发 ( 2018) 中国大陆自然保护地概况及分类体系构想. 生物多样性, 26, 315-325.]
[43]	Raab D, Bayley SE ( 2012) A vegetation-based Index of Biotic Integrity to assess marsh reclamation success in the Alberta oil sands, Canada. Ecological Indicators, 15, 43-51. DOI URL
[44]	Raburu PO, Masese FO, Mulanda CA ( 2009) Macroinvertebrate Index of Biotic Integrity (M-IBI) for monitoring rivers in the upper catchment of Lake Victoria Basin, Kenya. Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management, 12, 197-205. DOI URL
[45]	Rocchio FJ, Crawford RC ( 2009) Monitoring Desired Ecological Conditions on Washington State Wildlife Areas Using an Ecological Integrity Assessment Framework. Washington Natural Heritage Program, Washington Department of Natural Resources Olympia, Washington.
[46]	Rodrigues ASL, Andelman SJ, Bakarr MI, Boitani L, Brooks TM, Cowling RM ( 2004) Effectiveness of the global protected area network in representing species diversity. Nature, 428, 640-643. DOI URL
[47]	Salafsky N, Margoluis R, Redford KH, Robinson JG ( 2002) Improving the practice of conservation: A conceptual framework and research agenda for conservation science. Conservation Biology, 16, 1469-1479. DOI URL
[48]	Schroeder MA, Gorrell J, Haegen MV, Anthony J, Duff A, Foisy J ( 2017) Ecological Integrity Monitoring of Wildlife Areas in Washington State: Pilot Study Report for the 2011-2013 Biennium. Lands Division, Wildlife Program. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Washington.
[49]	Schweiger EW, Grace JB, Cooper D, Bobowski B, Britten M ( 2016) Using structural equation modeling to link human activities to wetland ecological integrity. Ecosphere, 7, 1-30. DOI URL
[50]	Scott JM, Davis FW, Mcghie RG, Wright RG, Groves C, Estes J ( 2001) Nature Reserves: Do they capture the full range of America’s biological diversity? Ecological Applications, 11, 999-1007. DOI URL
[51]	Stapanian MA, Mack J, Adams JV, Gara B, Micacchion M ( 2013) Disturbance metrics predict a wetland vegetation index of biotic integrity. Ecological Indicators, 24, 120-126. DOI URL
[52]	Stevens L, Olsen AR ( 1999) Spatially restricted surveys over time for aquatic resources. Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics, 4, 415-428.
[53]	Stolton S ( 2004) Management effectiveness: Assessing management of protected areas. Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning, 6, 157-174. DOI URL
[54]	Tan X, Ma P, Bunn SE, Zhang Q ( 2015) Development of a Benthic Diatom Index of Biotic Integrity (BD-IBI) for ecosystem health assessment of human dominant subtropical rivers, China. Journal of Environmental Management, 151, 286-294. DOI URL PMID
[55]	Tang FL ( 2017) National Park: Theory and Practice. China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing. (in Chinese)
	[ 唐芳林 ( 2017) 国家公园理论与实践. 中国林业出版社, 北京.]
[56]	Tierney GL, Faber-Langendoen D, Mitchell BR, Shriver WG, Gibbs JP ( 2009) Monitoring and evaluating the ecological integrity of forest ecosystems. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 7, 308-316. DOI URL
[57]	Timko J, Innes JL ( 2009) Evaluating ecological integrity in national parks: Case studies from Canada and South Africa. Biological Conservation, 142, 676-688. DOI URL
[58]	Timko J, Satterfield T ( 2008) Criteria and indicators for evaluating social equity and ecological integrity in national parks and protected areas. Natural Areas Journal, 28, 307-319. DOI URL
[59]	Tiner RW ( 2004) Remotely-sensed indicators for monitoring the general condition. Ecological Indicators, 4, 227-243. DOI URL
[60]	Troy R, Yolanda F ( 2017) Ten years of monitoring air quality and ecological integrity using field-identifiable lichens at Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site in Nova Scotia, Canada. Ecological Indicators, 81, 214-221. DOI URL
[61]	USEPA ( U. S. Environmental Protection Agency) ( 2006) Application of Elements of a State Water Monitoring and Assessment Program for Wetlands. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
[62]	Woodley S ( 1993) Monitoring and Measuring Ecosystem Integrity in Canadian National Parks. St. Lucie Press, Ottawa, Canada.
[63]	Young TF, Sanzone S ( 2002) A Framework for Assessing and Reporting on Ecological Condition. Prepared by the Ecological Reporting Panel, Ecological Processes and Effects Committee. USEPA Science Advisory Board, Washington, DC.
[64]	Zhang MY, Wang KL, He P ( 2005) Advances in assessment of ecosystem integrity. Tropical Geography, 25, 10-13. (in Chinese with English abstract) DOI URL
	[ 张明阳, 王克林, 何萍 ( 2005) 生态系统完整性评价研究进展. 热带地理, 25, 10-13.] DOI URL

尺度 Scale	定义 Definition	参考文献 Reference
生物群落 Organism community	生态系统完整性是支撑和维持生物群落平衡、完整以及适应的能力, 并且这个生物群落与所处的自然生境一样, 具备物种构成、物种多样性以及功能组织等特点。 Ecosystem integrity is the capability of supporting and maintaining a balanced, integrated, adaptive community of organisms having a species composition and functional organization comparable to that of the natural habitat of the region.	Karr & Dudley, 1981; Karr, 1981
优势种 Dominant species	当原生物种成为优势种并主宰整个生物群落时, 生态系统将表现出相对稳定和健康, 即为生态系统完整性。 When native species become dominant species and dominate the entire community, the ecosystem exhibits relative stability and health, namely ecosystem integrity.	Noss, 1990
生态干扰 Ecological disruption	生态系统完整性是生态系统在特定地理区域的最优化状态, 在这种状态下, 生态系统具备区域自然生境所应包含的全部本土生物多样性和生态学过程, 其生态系统结构、功能以及过程不受人类威胁和损害, 生态系统均在自然变化范围之内并保持良性循环, 且本地物种处在能够持续繁衍的种群水平上。 Ecosystem integrity is defined as a state of ecosystem development that is optimized for its geographic location. In this state, the ecosystem with regional natural habitats contains all native biodiversity and ecological process, its ecosystem structure, function and process are not subject to human threat or damage, ecosystem in the range of natural changes and maintain a virtuous circle, and native species are present at viable population levels.	Woodley, 1993
自组织过程 Self-organization process	当一个生态系统在不受人类干预的条件下能够继续维持正常的生态功能, 即使当环境遭受人类干扰时, 其生态系统照常能够维持自组织和稳定的状态, 并有足够的能力来继续自组织的发展, 这种自组织能力就叫生态系统完整性。 Under the condition without the intervention of human, the ecosystem can continue to maintain the normal ecological function, even when the environment is disturbed by human, the ecosystem is still able to maintain its self-organization and stable state, and it has enough ability to continue the development of self-organization, this kind of self-organization ability is called ecosystem integrity.	Müller, 1998
自然属性 Natural quality	当一个生态系统具备与自然区域相同的属性特征, 包括丰富的原生物种和丰富的生物群落构成, 即为生态系统完整性。 When an ecosystem has the same attribute characteristics as the natural region, it includes the rich native species and the composition of the biological community, namely ecosystem integrity.	Parks Canada Agency, 2005

尺度 Scale	定义 Definition	参考文献 Reference
生物群落 Organism community	生态系统完整性是支撑和维持生物群落平衡、完整以及适应的能力, 并且这个生物群落与所处的自然生境一样, 具备物种构成、物种多样性以及功能组织等特点。 Ecosystem integrity is the capability of supporting and maintaining a balanced, integrated, adaptive community of organisms having a species composition and functional organization comparable to that of the natural habitat of the region.	Karr & Dudley, 1981; Karr, 1981
优势种 Dominant species	当原生物种成为优势种并主宰整个生物群落时, 生态系统将表现出相对稳定和健康, 即为生态系统完整性。 When native species become dominant species and dominate the entire community, the ecosystem exhibits relative stability and health, namely ecosystem integrity.	Noss, 1990
生态干扰 Ecological disruption	生态系统完整性是生态系统在特定地理区域的最优化状态, 在这种状态下, 生态系统具备区域自然生境所应包含的全部本土生物多样性和生态学过程, 其生态系统结构、功能以及过程不受人类威胁和损害, 生态系统均在自然变化范围之内并保持良性循环, 且本地物种处在能够持续繁衍的种群水平上。 Ecosystem integrity is defined as a state of ecosystem development that is optimized for its geographic location. In this state, the ecosystem with regional natural habitats contains all native biodiversity and ecological process, its ecosystem structure, function and process are not subject to human threat or damage, ecosystem in the range of natural changes and maintain a virtuous circle, and native species are present at viable population levels.	Woodley, 1993
自组织过程 Self-organization process	当一个生态系统在不受人类干预的条件下能够继续维持正常的生态功能, 即使当环境遭受人类干扰时, 其生态系统照常能够维持自组织和稳定的状态, 并有足够的能力来继续自组织的发展, 这种自组织能力就叫生态系统完整性。 Under the condition without the intervention of human, the ecosystem can continue to maintain the normal ecological function, even when the environment is disturbed by human, the ecosystem is still able to maintain its self-organization and stable state, and it has enough ability to continue the development of self-organization, this kind of self-organization ability is called ecosystem integrity.	Müller, 1998
自然属性 Natural quality	当一个生态系统具备与自然区域相同的属性特征, 包括丰富的原生物种和丰富的生物群落构成, 即为生态系统完整性。 When an ecosystem has the same attribute characteristics as the natural region, it includes the rich native species and the composition of the biological community, namely ecosystem integrity.	Parks Canada Agency, 2005

组成 Composition	备选指标 Standby indices	备选亚指标 Standby sub-indices
景观条件 Landscape context	景观结构 Landscape structure	景观连接度、土地利用指数、缓冲指数、空间异质性、斑块大小、形状和分布、破碎度 Landscape connectivity, land use index, buffer index, spatial heterogeneity, patch size, shape and distribution, and fragmentation.
景观条件 Landscape context	景观状况 Landscape condition	土地利用强度、土地利用类型、植被覆盖度 Land use intensity, land use type, and vegetation coverage.
生物条件 Biological condition	生态系统与分区 Ecosystem and zones	群落范围、群落构成、群落动态、营养结构、物理结构 Community range, community composition, community dynamics, nutrition structure, physical structure.
	物种/种群 Species/population	物种分布范围、种群动态、种群结构、物种丰富度、原生物种、外来物种、形态变异性、遗传多样性、栖息地适宜度 Species distribution, population dynamics, population structure, species richness, native species, alien species, morphological variability, genetic diversity, and habitat suitability.
	种群动态测定 Population dynamic measurement	指示物种的死亡率、出生率、生存力 The mortality, birth rate, and population viability of indicator species.
	演替/退化 Succession/degeneration	自然灾害干扰频率和程度、植被年龄群落分布 The frequency and degree of natural disaster interference, and the distribution of vegetation age group.
	有机体状况 Organic condition	生理状态、疾病症状、疾病迹象 Physical condition, disease symptoms, and signs of illness.
理化性质 Physiochemical properties	空气质量和气候条件 Air quality and climatic conditions	基础气候数据、极端气候发生频率 Basic climatic data, and extreme climate occurrence frequency.
	土壤质量 Soil quality	生物结皮、土壤侵蚀、土壤退化、土壤污染 Biological crust, soil erosion, soil degradation, and soil pollution.
	水质 Water quality	水温、浑浊度、pH值、电导率、溶解性固体、悬浮性固体、总氮、总有机碳、溶解氧、生化需氧量、化学需氧量、细菌总数、大肠菌群 Water temperature, turbidity, pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved solids, suspended solids, total nitrogen, total organic carbon, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total bacterial count, and coliform.
	土壤养分测定 Soil fertility determination	氮、磷、钙等养分含量 Content of nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium and other nutrients.
	无机物和有机化学 Inorganic and organic chemistry	金属、有机化合物及其他痕量元素含量 Content of metals, organic compounds and other trace elements.
	化学参数 Chemical parameters	pH值、盐度值、溶氧量、有机质含量 pH value, salinity value, dissolved oxygen, and content of organic matter.
生态过程 Ecological processes	能量流 Energy flow	初级生产、净生态系统生产、增长率 Primary production, net ecosystem production, and growth rate.
生态过程 Ecological processes	物质流和有机碳循环 Material flow and organic carbon cycle	氮磷循环、其他营养循环 Nitrogen and phosphorus cycle, and other nutrient cycle.
水文地貌 Hydrological features	地表径流、地下径流 Surface runoff, underground runoff	地表径流模式、地下径流模式、水动力学、盐分特征、蓄水量 Surface runoff model, underground runoff model, hydrodynamics, salt characteristics, and water storage capacity.
	动态结构特征 Dynamic structural feature	海峡或海岸线形特征、河漫滩分布区域及范围、水生栖息地特征 Channel or coast line features, the distribution area and range of flood plain, and aquatic habitat characteristics.
	沉积物和物质输送 Sediment and material transport	沉积物补给、沉积物运动、粒径分布特征、其他物质通量 Sediment supply, sediment movement, the distribution characteristics of particle size, and other material flux.
自然干扰 Natural disturbance	频率、强度、持续时长 Frequency, intensity, duration	火灾、虫害、洪涝、病原体 Fire, insects, floods, and pathogens.

组成 Composition	备选指标 Standby indices	备选亚指标 Standby sub-indices
景观条件 Landscape context	景观结构 Landscape structure	景观连接度、土地利用指数、缓冲指数、空间异质性、斑块大小、形状和分布、破碎度 Landscape connectivity, land use index, buffer index, spatial heterogeneity, patch size, shape and distribution, and fragmentation.
景观条件 Landscape context	景观状况 Landscape condition	土地利用强度、土地利用类型、植被覆盖度 Land use intensity, land use type, and vegetation coverage.
生物条件 Biological condition	生态系统与分区 Ecosystem and zones	群落范围、群落构成、群落动态、营养结构、物理结构 Community range, community composition, community dynamics, nutrition structure, physical structure.
	物种/种群 Species/population	物种分布范围、种群动态、种群结构、物种丰富度、原生物种、外来物种、形态变异性、遗传多样性、栖息地适宜度 Species distribution, population dynamics, population structure, species richness, native species, alien species, morphological variability, genetic diversity, and habitat suitability.
	种群动态测定 Population dynamic measurement	指示物种的死亡率、出生率、生存力 The mortality, birth rate, and population viability of indicator species.
	演替/退化 Succession/degeneration	自然灾害干扰频率和程度、植被年龄群落分布 The frequency and degree of natural disaster interference, and the distribution of vegetation age group.
	有机体状况 Organic condition	生理状态、疾病症状、疾病迹象 Physical condition, disease symptoms, and signs of illness.
理化性质 Physiochemical properties	空气质量和气候条件 Air quality and climatic conditions	基础气候数据、极端气候发生频率 Basic climatic data, and extreme climate occurrence frequency.
	土壤质量 Soil quality	生物结皮、土壤侵蚀、土壤退化、土壤污染 Biological crust, soil erosion, soil degradation, and soil pollution.
	水质 Water quality	水温、浑浊度、pH值、电导率、溶解性固体、悬浮性固体、总氮、总有机碳、溶解氧、生化需氧量、化学需氧量、细菌总数、大肠菌群 Water temperature, turbidity, pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved solids, suspended solids, total nitrogen, total organic carbon, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total bacterial count, and coliform.
	土壤养分测定 Soil fertility determination	氮、磷、钙等养分含量 Content of nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium and other nutrients.
	无机物和有机化学 Inorganic and organic chemistry	金属、有机化合物及其他痕量元素含量 Content of metals, organic compounds and other trace elements.
	化学参数 Chemical parameters	pH值、盐度值、溶氧量、有机质含量 pH value, salinity value, dissolved oxygen, and content of organic matter.
生态过程 Ecological processes	能量流 Energy flow	初级生产、净生态系统生产、增长率 Primary production, net ecosystem production, and growth rate.
生态过程 Ecological processes	物质流和有机碳循环 Material flow and organic carbon cycle	氮磷循环、其他营养循环 Nitrogen and phosphorus cycle, and other nutrient cycle.
水文地貌 Hydrological features	地表径流、地下径流 Surface runoff, underground runoff	地表径流模式、地下径流模式、水动力学、盐分特征、蓄水量 Surface runoff model, underground runoff model, hydrodynamics, salt characteristics, and water storage capacity.
	动态结构特征 Dynamic structural feature	海峡或海岸线形特征、河漫滩分布区域及范围、水生栖息地特征 Channel or coast line features, the distribution area and range of flood plain, and aquatic habitat characteristics.
	沉积物和物质输送 Sediment and material transport	沉积物补给、沉积物运动、粒径分布特征、其他物质通量 Sediment supply, sediment movement, the distribution characteristics of particle size, and other material flux.
自然干扰 Natural disturbance	频率、强度、持续时长 Frequency, intensity, duration	火灾、虫害、洪涝、病原体 Fire, insects, floods, and pathogens.

	远程型评价 Remote assessment	快速型评价 Rapid assessment	密集型评价 Intensive assessment
方法 Method	使用地理信息系统(GIS)和遥感数据 Using Geographical Information System (GIS) and the remote sensing data.	使用相对简单且容易获得的实地调研指标 Using relatively simple and easily obtained field survey indicators	使用相对详细且可量化的实地调研指标 Using relatively detailed and quantifiable field survey indicators
数据源 Data sources	遥感影像 Remote sensing data	实地调研指标 Field survey indicators	实地调研指标 Field survey indicators
指标 Indicators	景观指数、土地覆盖、土地利用变化、路网密度、大坝数量及分布区域、不透水面面积比例等。 Landscape index, land cover, land use change, road network density, number of dams, distribution area of dams, area proportion of impervious surface, etc.	景观连接度、路口交叉数、植被结构、外来物种入侵、森林地表状况、水文、土壤、沟渠、外来污染源输入等。 Landscape connectivity, intersection number, vegetation structure, alien species invasion, forest surface condition, hydrology, soil, ditch, pollution source input, etc.	景观连接度、植物区系质量指数、生物完整性植被指数、植被结构、水文、土壤钙铝比值等。 Landscape connectivity, quality index of flora, vegetation index of biological integrity, vegetation structure, hydrology, ratio of soil calcium and aluminum, etc.
功能 Function	识别优先保护区域、分析景观生态类型目前状况和发展趋势、监控目标生态系统的恢复等。 Identifying priority protection area, analyzing the current situation and development trend of landscape ecological type, monitoring the restoration of target ecosystem, etc.	完善生态系统完整性评分报告、监控或管理生态恢复项目的实施情况、为流域景观规划提供指导、为生态保护提供参考等。 Improving the ecosystem integrity score report, monitoring or managing the implementation of ecological restoration project, providing guidance for watershed landscape planning, providing reference for ecological conservation, etc.	详细的实地测量和统计抽样设计可提高生态系统完整性评价的准确性、进一步完善生态系统完整性评分报告、监控或管理生态恢复项目的实施情况等。 Detailed field measurement and statistical sampling design can improve the accuracy of ecosystem integrity evaluation. Improving the ecosystem integrity score report, monitoring or managing the implementation situation of the ecological restoration project, etc.