The origin of crops in the Yangtze River Basin and its relevance for biodiversity

doi:10.17520/biods.2017251

Abstract

Abstract:

The agricultural civilization that originated in the Yangtze River Basin is an important part of Chinese civilization. Being one of the world-famous crop origin centers, the Yangtze River Basin is rich in biodiversity, and has bred many cultivated plants. This review has collected data of crops that originated in the Yangtze River Basin and information of plant remains found in Neolithic archaeological sites. By summarizing the environmental features and tracking the changes of vegetation since the Holocene in the Yangtze River Basin, we attempt to dissect the dynamics of plant use in this area and investigate the relationship between local cultivated plants and biodiversity. Our results indicate the agricultural civilization in the Yangtze River Basin greatly relied on rice production, and domesticated a large amount of fruit and aquatic vegetable crops, which reflects the adaptation and dependence to local subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests and wetlands. When compared to other basins, the Yangtze River Basin is advantageous in allocation of ecological factors, and the characteristic of domesticated crops shows a typical feature of subtropical humid forest vegetation areas. Studying the natural and human factors related to crop domestication can help us to better understand the origin of agriculture civilization in the Yangtze River Basin. This work not only provides a reference for the conservation and utilization of plant genetic resources, but also plays a guiding role in promoting the construction of ecological civilization and sustainable development in the Yangtze River Basin.

http://jtp.cnki.net/bilingual/detail/html/SWDY201804002

Key words: Yangtze River Basin, crop, agricultural civilization, vegetation, climate, biodiversity

Yao Zhao, Jiakuan Chen. The origin of crops in the Yangtze River Basin and its relevance for biodiversity[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2018, 26(4): 333-345.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2017251

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2018/V26/I4/333

Figures/Tables 4

References 65

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	驯化时间 Time of domestication (year BP)	参考资料 Reference
水稻 Rice	12,000-7,000	Fuller & Qin, 2010; Huang et al, 2012
荞麦 Buckwheat	7,000-4,000	Konishi et al, 2005
茶 Tea	3,000-2,000	Xia et al, 2017
苎麻 Ramie	4,000-3,000	Zhu et al, 2017
油茶 Oil-tea camellia	< 1,000	Cui et al, 2016
油桐 Tung oil tree	< 1,500	Zhang et al, 2015
莲 Lotus	3,000-2,000	Yang et al, 2013
菱 Water chestnut	3,000-2,500	Dong & Liu, 2008
柑橘 Orange	4,000-3,000	Dong & Liu, 2008
李 Plum	3,000-2,000	Dong & Liu, 2008
枇杷 Loquat	2,000-1,500	Wang et al, 2017
中国樱桃 Chinese cherry	3,000-2,000	Li et al, 2009
猕猴桃 Kiwifruit	< 100	Huang & Liu, 2014

	驯化时间 Time of domestication (year BP)	参考资料 Reference
水稻 Rice	12,000-7,000	Fuller & Qin, 2010; Huang et al, 2012
荞麦 Buckwheat	7,000-4,000	Konishi et al, 2005
茶 Tea	3,000-2,000	Xia et al, 2017
苎麻 Ramie	4,000-3,000	Zhu et al, 2017
油茶 Oil-tea camellia	< 1,000	Cui et al, 2016
油桐 Tung oil tree	< 1,500	Zhang et al, 2015
莲 Lotus	3,000-2,000	Yang et al, 2013
菱 Water chestnut	3,000-2,500	Dong & Liu, 2008
柑橘 Orange	4,000-3,000	Dong & Liu, 2008
李 Plum	3,000-2,000	Dong & Liu, 2008
枇杷 Loquat	2,000-1,500	Wang et al, 2017
中国樱桃 Chinese cherry	3,000-2,000	Li et al, 2009
猕猴桃 Kiwifruit	< 100	Huang & Liu, 2014

流域 Basin	区域 Region	古文化遗迹 Archaeological site	年代 Age (year BP)	植物遗存 Plant remains	动物遗存 Animal remains		生产方式 Mode of production
长江中上游 Middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River	三峡地区、洞庭湖以及江汉平原 Three Gorges region, Dongting Lake and Jianghan Plain	玉蟾岩 Yuchanyan	10,000	稻谷、朴树籽 Rice and nettle tree seed	大量哺乳动物, 鸟类, 水生动物 Mammals, birds, and aquatic animals		采集与渔猎, 水稻种植 Gathering, fishing and hunting; rice cultivation
		彭头山 Pengtoushan	9,100-8,200	稻谷、莲子、菱角、薏苡 Rice, lotus seed, water chestnut and Job’s tears	水牛 Buffalo		采集与渔猎, 水稻种植, 家畜饲养 Gathering, fishing and hunting; rice cultivation; livestock breeding
		皂市 Zaoshi	8,000-7,000	稻谷 Rice	水牛, 猪, 鹿 Buffalo, boar and deer		原始农业, 家畜饲养, 采集与渔猎 Primitive farming; livestock breeding; gathering, fishing and hunting
		城背溪 Chengbeixi	8,000-7,000	稻谷、果核 Rice and fruit seeds	水牛, 猪, 鹿 Buffalo, boar and deer		原始农业, 家畜饲养, 采集与渔猎 Primitive farming; livestock breeding; gathering, fishing and hunting
		大溪 Daxi	6,300-5,300	稻谷 Rice	牛, 猪, 狗以及大量水生动物 Cattle, boar, dog and aquatic animals		水稻种植, 采集与渔猎 Rice cultivation; gathering, hunting and fishing
		屈家岭 Qujialing	5,000-4,000	稻谷、粟、猕猴桃 Rice, millet and kiwifruit	饲养的猪、狗、羊 Domesticated pig, dog and goat		稻作农业, 家畜饲养, 采集与渔猎, 纺织业发达 Rice farming; livestock breeding; fishing and hunting; textiles are developed
流域 Basin	区域 Region	古文化遗迹 Archaeological site	年代 Age (year BP)	植物遗存 Plant remains	动物遗存 Animal remains		生产方式 Mode of production
	鄱阳湖区域 The areas around the Poyang Lake	仙人洞 Xianrendong	12,000	稻谷 Rice	哺乳动物、鱼、螺、蚌 Mammals, fishes, snails and mussels		采集与渔猎 Gathering, fishing and hunting
		山背 Shanbei	5,000-4,500	稻谷、粟 Rice and millet			水稻种植 Rice cultivation
		筑卫城 Zhuweicheng	5,000-4,500	稻谷、粟 Rice and millet			水稻种植 Rice cultivation
长江下游 Lower reaches of the Yangtze River	杭州湾以及太湖区域 The areas around the Hangzhou Bay and Taihu Lake	河姆渡 Hemudu	7,000-5,000	稻谷、橡子、菱角、芡实、慈姑、桃、南酸枣、葫芦、柿、紫苏 Rice, acorn, water chestnut, gorgon fruit, arrowhead, peach, axillary choerospondias fruit, gourd, persimmon and perilla	狗、猪、鹿、象、犀牛、四不象、猴和鱼类 Dog, boar, deer, elephant, rhino, Milu-deer, monkey and fishes		稻作农业, 家畜饲养, 采集与渔猎, 出现纺织业 Rice farming; livestock breeding; gathering, fishing and hunting; textiles occurred
		马家浜 Majiabang	7,000-5,000	稻谷、橡子、菱角、桃、葫芦 Rice, acorn, water chestnut, peach and gourd	水牛、鹿、野猪、狐狸、麝、龟、蚌、螺蛳与各种鱼类 Buffalo, deer, boar, fox, musk, turtle, mussel, snail and fishes		稻作农业, 家畜饲养, 采集与渔猎, 纺织业发达 Rice farming; livestock breeding; gathering, fishing and hunting; textiles were developed
		良渚 Liangzhu	4,000	稻谷、小豆、苎麻、甜瓜子、南酸枣、桃、葫芦、菱角 Rice, legume, ramie, melon, axillary choerospondias fruit, peach, gourd and water chestnut		水牛、鹿、野猪、蚌、螺蛳与各种鱼类 Buffalo, deer, boar, mussel, snail and fishes	稻作农业, 家畜饲养, 采集与渔猎, 纺织业发达, 出现丝织品 Rice farming, livestock breeding; gathering, fishing and hunting; textiles were developed; silks occurred

流域 Basin	区域 Region	古文化遗迹 Archaeological site	年代 Age (year BP)	植物遗存 Plant remains	动物遗存 Animal remains		生产方式 Mode of production
长江中上游 Middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River	三峡地区、洞庭湖以及江汉平原 Three Gorges region, Dongting Lake and Jianghan Plain	玉蟾岩 Yuchanyan	10,000	稻谷、朴树籽 Rice and nettle tree seed	大量哺乳动物, 鸟类, 水生动物 Mammals, birds, and aquatic animals		采集与渔猎, 水稻种植 Gathering, fishing and hunting; rice cultivation
		彭头山 Pengtoushan	9,100-8,200	稻谷、莲子、菱角、薏苡 Rice, lotus seed, water chestnut and Job’s tears	水牛 Buffalo		采集与渔猎, 水稻种植, 家畜饲养 Gathering, fishing and hunting; rice cultivation; livestock breeding
		皂市 Zaoshi	8,000-7,000	稻谷 Rice	水牛, 猪, 鹿 Buffalo, boar and deer		原始农业, 家畜饲养, 采集与渔猎 Primitive farming; livestock breeding; gathering, fishing and hunting
		城背溪 Chengbeixi	8,000-7,000	稻谷、果核 Rice and fruit seeds	水牛, 猪, 鹿 Buffalo, boar and deer		原始农业, 家畜饲养, 采集与渔猎 Primitive farming; livestock breeding; gathering, fishing and hunting
		大溪 Daxi	6,300-5,300	稻谷 Rice	牛, 猪, 狗以及大量水生动物 Cattle, boar, dog and aquatic animals		水稻种植, 采集与渔猎 Rice cultivation; gathering, hunting and fishing
		屈家岭 Qujialing	5,000-4,000	稻谷、粟、猕猴桃 Rice, millet and kiwifruit	饲养的猪、狗、羊 Domesticated pig, dog and goat		稻作农业, 家畜饲养, 采集与渔猎, 纺织业发达 Rice farming; livestock breeding; fishing and hunting; textiles are developed
流域 Basin	区域 Region	古文化遗迹 Archaeological site	年代 Age (year BP)	植物遗存 Plant remains	动物遗存 Animal remains		生产方式 Mode of production
	鄱阳湖区域 The areas around the Poyang Lake	仙人洞 Xianrendong	12,000	稻谷 Rice	哺乳动物、鱼、螺、蚌 Mammals, fishes, snails and mussels		采集与渔猎 Gathering, fishing and hunting
		山背 Shanbei	5,000-4,500	稻谷、粟 Rice and millet			水稻种植 Rice cultivation
		筑卫城 Zhuweicheng	5,000-4,500	稻谷、粟 Rice and millet			水稻种植 Rice cultivation
长江下游 Lower reaches of the Yangtze River	杭州湾以及太湖区域 The areas around the Hangzhou Bay and Taihu Lake	河姆渡 Hemudu	7,000-5,000	稻谷、橡子、菱角、芡实、慈姑、桃、南酸枣、葫芦、柿、紫苏 Rice, acorn, water chestnut, gorgon fruit, arrowhead, peach, axillary choerospondias fruit, gourd, persimmon and perilla	狗、猪、鹿、象、犀牛、四不象、猴和鱼类 Dog, boar, deer, elephant, rhino, Milu-deer, monkey and fishes		稻作农业, 家畜饲养, 采集与渔猎, 出现纺织业 Rice farming; livestock breeding; gathering, fishing and hunting; textiles occurred
		马家浜 Majiabang	7,000-5,000	稻谷、橡子、菱角、桃、葫芦 Rice, acorn, water chestnut, peach and gourd	水牛、鹿、野猪、狐狸、麝、龟、蚌、螺蛳与各种鱼类 Buffalo, deer, boar, fox, musk, turtle, mussel, snail and fishes		稻作农业, 家畜饲养, 采集与渔猎, 纺织业发达 Rice farming; livestock breeding; gathering, fishing and hunting; textiles were developed
		良渚 Liangzhu	4,000	稻谷、小豆、苎麻、甜瓜子、南酸枣、桃、葫芦、菱角 Rice, legume, ramie, melon, axillary choerospondias fruit, peach, gourd and water chestnut		水牛、鹿、野猪、蚌、螺蛳与各种鱼类 Buffalo, deer, boar, mussel, snail and fishes	稻作农业, 家畜饲养, 采集与渔猎, 纺织业发达, 出现丝织品 Rice farming, livestock breeding; gathering, fishing and hunting; textiles were developed; silks occurred

	谷类 Grains	豆类 Legumes	蔬菜作物 Vegetable crop	经济作物 Economic crop	果树作物 Fruit crop
中国黄河流域 The Yellow River Basin, China	粟 Setaria italica 黍 Panicum miliaceum	大豆 Glycine max	白菜 Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis 韭 Allium tuberosum		杏 Armeniaca vulgaris 海棠 Malus prunifolia 山楂 Crataegua pinnatifida
中国长江流域 The Yangtze River Basin, China	稻 Oryza sativa 荞麦 Fagopyrum esculentum		藠 Allium chinense 蕹菜 Ipomoea aquatica 慈姑 Sagittaria trifolia 茭白 Zizania latifolia	苎麻 Boehmeria nivea 桑 Morus alba 茶 Camellia sinensis	柑橘 Citrus reticulata 猕猴桃 Actinidia chinensis 李 Prunus salicina 梅 Armeniaca mume
两河流域 Mesopotamia	大麦 Hordeum vulgare 小麦 Triticum aestivum 燕麦 Avena sativa	扁豆 Lablab purpureus 豌豆 Pisum sativum 蚕豆 Vicia faba	洋葱 Allium cepa 大蒜 Allium sativum	芝麻 Sesamum indicum 亚麻 Linum usitatissimum 枣椰 Phoenix dactylifera 油橄榄 Olea europaea	无花果 Ficus carica
尼罗河流域 The Nile Valley	大麦 Hordeum vulgare 小麦 Triticum aestivum	蚕豆 Vicia faba		芝麻 Sesamum indicum 亚麻 Linum usitatissimum	无花果 Ficus carica
印度河流域 The India River Basin	稻 Oryza sativa	绿豆 Vigna radiata	黄瓜 Cucumis sativus 丝瓜 Luffa cylindrical 茄子 Solanum melongena 菠菜 Spinacia oleracea	木棉 Bombax malabaricum 胡椒 Piper nigrum	甜瓜 Cucumis melo