天山雪岭云杉森林群落的密度制约效应

doi:10.17520/biods.2015282

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

密度制约是维持自然森林群落物种共存的重要机制之一。雪岭云杉(Picea schrenkiana)是天山森林群落的单优种, 在我国温带森林中占有重要地位。本文基于对天山雪岭云杉8 ha森林动态监测样地的两次调查结果, 分析了该样地群落物种组成的动态变化, 运用点格局方法分析了雪岭云杉个体在不同龄级的空间分布格局及其关联性, 探讨了该群落的密度制约效应。结果表明: (1)该样地内, DBH ≥ 1 cm的木本植物在2009年有11,835株, 2014年为11,050株, 5年间的个体死亡率为8.82%, 补员率为2.19%, 个体株数净减少6.63%。(2)使用双关联函数g(r)分析了不同龄级雪岭云杉的空间分布格局, 发现幼龄树和中龄树在0-40 m尺度上主要呈现聚集分布, 但随着尺度增大聚集强度逐渐减小; 老龄树在0-2 m及4 m尺度上呈随机分布, 在其他尺度上呈聚集分布, 但聚集程度较小。(3)用“案例-对照”设计的方法, 排除生境异质性的影响后, 将幼龄树和中龄树作为案例, 老龄树作为对照, 对比幼龄树、中龄树与老龄树的分布格局, 发现雪岭云杉幼龄树和中龄树在0-40 m尺度上呈现额外的聚集, 随着径级的增大, 这种额外的聚集强度逐渐减小, 即表现出密度制约效应。(4)老龄树与中龄树、幼龄树的空间关联性相同, 在0-40 m尺度上均呈明显负关联。

关键词: 动态监测样地, 密度制约假说, 空间分布, 雪岭云杉, 天山

Abstract

The density-dependence hypothesis is one of the most important mechanisms proposed to explain species coexistence in natural forest communities. Picea schrenkiana is the single dominant species of the forest communities in Tianshan Mountains, which plays a very important role in temperate forests of China. We used reexamined data with a five-year interval on an 8-ha P. schrenkiana forest dynamics plot to illustrate the dynamics of species composition. Pointpattern analysis was conducted to reveal the spatial structure of P. schrenkiana individuals of different ages, and the effects of the density-dependence hypothesis on different ages of P. schrenkiana was discussed. The results were as follows: (1) Woody plants with DBH ≥ 1 cm were 11,835 trees in 2009 and 11,050 in 2014. The mortality rate was 8.82%, the recruitment rate was 2.19%, and the net decrease was 6.63%; (2) Young and medium trees of P. schrenkiana presented an aggregation distribution across a scale of 0-40 m, and the aggregation intensity decreased as the scale increased. Mature trees presented a random distribution on scales of 0 m ≤ r ≤ 2 m and r = 4 m, and an aggregation distribution on other scales with a low density. (3) Using a “case-control” design method and eliminating habitat heterogeneity, the distribution of young and medium trees were taken as examples of case. The distribution pattern of mature trees was used as a comparison and represented habitat heterogeneity, and was compared with that of young and medium trees. Young and medium trees of P. schrenkiana were observed to present more considerable gathering than was observed for mature trees on scales of 0-40 m, and density decreased while the diameter class increased. These results indicate that the density-dependence hypothesis has an influence on distribution patterns of different age classes. This study reveals that P. schrenkiana was affected by habitat heterogeneity and presented a significant aggregation effect. The spatial pattern of P. schrenkiana is revealed to be affected by the density-dependence hypothesis after eliminating the effects of habitat heterogeneity. The results of this paper support the Janzen-Connell hypothesis.

Key words: dynamics plot, density-dependence hypothesis, spatial distribution, Picea schrenkiana, Tianshan Mountains

王慧杰, 常顺利, 张毓涛, 谢锦, 何平, 宋成程, 孙雪娇 (2016) 天山雪岭云杉森林群落的密度制约效应. 生物多样性, 24, 252-261. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2015282.

Huijie Wang, Shunli Chang, Yutao Zhang, Jin Xie, Ping He, Chengcheng Song, Xuejiao Sun (2016) Density-dependent effects in Picea schrenkiana forests in Tianshan Mountains. Biodiversity Science, 24, 252-261. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2015282.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2015282

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2016/V24/I3/252

图/表 6

图1 天山雪岭云杉8 ha森林动态监测样地示意图

Fig. 1 The sketch map of the 8-ha Picea schrenkiana forest dynamics plot in Tianshan Mountains

表1 2009和2014年天山雪岭云杉8 ha森林动态监测样地的群落动态

Table 1 Community dynamics in the 8-ha Picea schrenkiana forest dynamics plot in Tianshan Mountains in 2009 and 2014

物种 Species	生长型 Growth form	多度 Abundance			重要值 Importance value (%)		平均胸径 Mean DBH (cm)			死亡数 Number of dead individual	补员数 Number of recruited individual	胸径净增长 DBH net growth (cm)
物种 Species	生长型 Growth form	2009	2014		2009	2014		2009	2014	死亡数 Number of dead individual	补员数 Number of recruited individual	胸径净增长 DBH net growth (cm)
雪岭云杉 Picea schrenkiana	乔木 Tree	11,731	10,962	92.88		92.51	13.16		14.25	1,010	241	1.03
密叶杨 Populus talassica	乔木 Tree	5	5	0.42		0.41	9.20		10.88	0	0	1.68
天山桦 Betula tianschanica	乔木 Tree	1	0	0.14		0.00	4.90		5.20	1	0	-
天山花楸 Sorbus tianschanica	乔木 Tree	31	25	1.45		2.58	8.31		7.81	8	2	0.68
小檗 Berberis heteropoda	灌木 Shrub	34	40	2.22		2.74	2.11		2.05	8	14	0.16
忍冬 Lonicera hispida	灌木 Shrub	27	17	2.08		1.63	4.91		5.94	11	1	0.80
栒子 Cotoneaster melanocarpus	灌木 Shrub	4	0	0.54		0.00	5.56		0.00	4	0	-
蔷薇 Rosa spinosissima	灌木 Shrub	2	1	0.27		0.13	4.60		3.30	2	1	-
合计 Total		11,835	11,050	100		100				1,044	259

图2 天山雪岭云杉8 ha森林动态监测样地内不同龄级(径级)雪岭云杉的空间分布格局。(A)幼龄树(1 cm ≤ DBH ≤ 12.5 cm); (B)中龄树(12.5 cm < DBH ≤ 22.5 cm); (C)老龄树(DBH > 22.5 cm)。

Fig. 2 Spatial distribution patterns of Picea schrenkiana with different ages (DBH) in the 8-ha forest dynamics plot in Tianshan Mountains. (A) Young tree (1 cm ≤ DBH ≤ 12.5 cm); (B) Medium tree (12.5 cm < DBH ≤ 22.5 cm); (C) Mature tree (DBH > 22.5 cm).

图3 天山雪岭云杉8 ha森林动态监测样地内不同龄级(径级)雪岭云杉个体空间分布格局的尺度依赖性。(A)幼龄树(1 cm ≤ DBH ≤ 12.5 cm); (B)中龄树(12.5 cm < DBH ≤ 22.5 cm); (C)老龄树(DBH > 22.5 cm)。实线为99%置信区间的包迹线, 点线为实际点格局。

Fig. 3 Scale dependency of spatial patterns of Picea schrenkiana with different ages (DBH) in the 8-ha forest dynamics plot in Tianshan Mountains. (A) Young trees (1 cm ≤ DBH ≤ 12.5 cm); (B) Medium trees (12.5 cm < DBH ≤ 22.5 cm); (C) Mature trees (DBH > 22.5 cm). Solid lines show 99% simulation envelopes and solid lines with points represent the point pattern.

图4 天山雪岭云杉8 ha森林动态监测样地密度制约效应分析。(A)幼龄树(1 cm ≤ DBH ≤ 12.5 cm)作为案例, 老龄树(DBH > 22.5 cm)作为对照; (B)中龄树(12.5 cm < DBH ≤ 22.5 cm)作为案例, 老龄树作为对照; (C)从幼龄树到中龄树聚集格局的变化。实线为99%置信区间的包迹线, 点线为实际点的格局。

Fig. 4 Density-dependence analyses of the 8-ha Picea schrenkiana forest dynamics plot in Tianshan Mountains. (A) Young trees (1 cm ≤ DBH ≤ 12.5 cm) serve as case and mature trees (DBH > 22.5 cm) as control; (B) Medium trees (12.5 cm < DBH ≤ 22.5 cm) serve as case and mature trees as control; (C) The pattern changes from young trees to medium trees. Solid lines show 99% simulation envelopes and solid lines with points represents the point pattern.

图5 天山雪岭云杉8 ha森林动态监测样地内不同龄级(径级)雪岭云杉的空间关联性。(A)幼龄树(1 cm ≤ DBH ≤ 12.5 cm)与老龄树(DBH > 22.5 cm); (B)中龄树(12.5 cm < DBH ≤ 22.5 cm)与老龄树。实线为99％置信区间的包迹线, 点线为实际点的格局。

Fig. 5 Spatial association of Picea schrenkiana with different ages (DBH) in the 8-ha forest dynamics plot in Tianshan Mountains. (A) Young (1 cm ≤ DBH ≤ 12.5 cm) and mature (DBH > 22.5 cm) trees; (B) Medium (12.5 cm < DBH ≤ 22.5 cm) and mature trees. Solid lines show 99% simulation envelopes and solid lines with points represents the point pattern.

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