生态系统受威胁等级的评估标准和方法

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2012.10171

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

生态系统受威胁等级评估是认识生物多样性丧失的重要手段。在2008年的第四次世界自然保护大会上, 国际自然保护联盟(IUCN)成立专门工作组, 着手建立类似于物种灭绝风险的定量评估方法, 对生态系统受威胁等级进行评估。最终的目标是在局地、区域和全球尺度上确定生态系统的受威胁等级, 建立生态系统红色名录。在制定生物多样性保护策略时, 生态系统红色名录与物种红色名录可作为互补。目前, 生态系统受威胁等级评估方案的评估依据包括4类: 生态系统分布或生态系统功能短期衰退; 生态系统分布或生态系统功能长期衰退; 生态系统当前的分布狭窄、同时生态系统分布或生态系统功能衰退; 生态系统当前的分布极狭窄。应用Rodríguez等(2011)建立的评估标准, 基于文献记载的中国辽河三角洲4个生态系统1988年和2006年的面积, 我们详细介绍了生态系统受威胁等级的评估过程。目前的评估方法面临挑战, 生态系统分布范围和占有面积的估计应基于合理的空间尺度, 同时还需建立合理的方法定量描述生态系统功能的变化。生态系统受威胁等级评估方案将提交2012年召开的世界自然保护大会讨论。

关键词: 生物多样性保护, 极危, 濒危, 国际自然保护联盟, 易危

Abstract

Assessing the threat status of ecosystems is a useful tool for understanding biodiversity loss on Earth. In 2008, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) established a working group at the fourth World Conservation Congress to develop quantitative categories and criteria for assessing ecosystem threat status. These categories and criteria were similar to those used to assess extinction risk for species. This working group strove to establish red lists of ecosystems by applying these criteria to ecosystems at local, regional, and global scales. Ecosystem red lists were designed to be complementary to species red lists for use in creating biodiversity conservation policies. The criteria used for assessment were grouped into four classes: short-term decline in distribution or ecological function, historical declines in distribution or ecological function, small current distribution with decline in distribution or ecological function, or very restricted current distribution. In this paper, we illustrate the use of these criteria for assessing ecosystem threat status; we used literature data on the areas of occupancy for four ecosystems in China’s Liaohe Delta in 1988 and 2006 to evaluate the threat status of these four ecosystems. We also discuss challenges that lie ahead for this method of assessment. Measures of ecosystem distribution and area of occupancy should be based on proper spatial scales. Appropriate quantitative methods are also needed to measure changes in ecosystem function. The final proposed assessment protocol will be presented for further discussion at the 2012 World Conservation Congress.

Key words: biodiversity conservation, critically endangered, endangered, IUCN, vulnerable

陈国科, 马克平 (2012) 生态系统受威胁等级的评估标准和方法. 生物多样性, 20, 66-75. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2012.10171.

Guoke Chen, Keping Ma (2012) Criteria and methods for assessing the threat status of ecosystem. Biodiversity Science, 20, 66-75. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2012.10171.

导出引用管理器 EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1003.2012.10171

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2012/V20/I1/66

图/表 4

参考文献 31

[1]	Department of Environment and Conservation DEC (2010) Definitions, categories and criteria for threatened and priority ecological communities. http://www.dec.wa.gov.au/content/view/849/2017/. (accessed 2011-08-08)
[2]	English V, Blyth J (1999) Development and application of procedures to identify and conserve threatened ecological communities in the South-west Botanical Province of WA. Pacific Conservation Biology, 5,124-138.
[3]	Essl F, Egger G, Ellmauer T (2002) Rote Liste Gefährdeter Biotoptypen Österreichs Konzept. Umweltbundesamt GmbH, Vienna, Austria.
[4]	Franklin JF (1993) Preserving biodiversity: species, ecosys- tems, or landscapes? Ecological Applications, 3,202-205.
[5]	Heywood VH (1995) The Global Biodiversity Assessment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
[6]	IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature (2001) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, Version 3.1. IUCN, Species Survival Commission, Gland, Switzerland.
[7]	IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature (2010) IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. http://www.iucnredlist.org. (accessed 2011-08-08)
[8]	Ji YH (汲玉河), Zhou GS (周广胜) (2010) Transformation of vegetation structure in China’s Liaohe Delta during 1988-2006. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology (植物生态学报), 34,359-367. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]	Keith DA, Auld TD, Ooi MKJ, Mackenzie BDE (2000) Sensitivity analyses of decision rules in World Conservation Union (IUCN) Red List criteria using Australian plants. Biological Conservation, 94,311-319.
[10]	Kirkpatrick JB (1998) Nature conservation and the Regional Forestry Agreement process. Australian Journal of Envi- ronmental Management, 5,31-37.
[11]	Lindenmayer DB, Fischer J (2006) Habitat Fragmentation and Landscape Change. Island Press, Washington,DC.
[12]	Master L, Faber-Langendoen D, Bittman R, Hammerson GA, Heidel B, Nichols J, Ramsay L, Tomaino A (2009) Nature- Serve Conservation Status Assessments: Factors for Assess- ing Extinction Risk. NatureServe, Arlington, VA.
[13]	Morgan JL, Gergel SE, Coops NC (2010) Aerial photography: a rapidly evolving tool for ecological management. BioScience, 60,47-59.
[14]	Nichols JD, Williams BK (2006) Monitoring for conservation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 21,668-673. URL PMID
[15]	Nicholson E, Keith DA, Wilcove DS (2009) Assessing the threat status of ecological communities. Conservation Biology, 23,259-274. DOI URL PMID
[16]	Noss RF (1996) Ecosystems as conservation targets. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 11,351. URL PMID
[17]	Noss RF, LaRoe ET III, Scott JM (1995) Endangered Ecosystems of the United States: A Preliminary Assessment of Loss and Degradation. U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, DC.
[18]	NSW Scientific Committee (2010) Guidelines for interpreting listing criteria for species, populations and ecological communities under the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act. http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/nature/listingCriteriaGuidelines.pdf. (accessed 2011-08-08)
[19]	Paal J (1998) Rare and threatened plant communities of Estonia. Biodiversity and Conservation, 7,1027-1049.
[20]	Pereira HM, Cooper HD (2006) Towards the global monitoring of biodiversity change. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 21,123-129. URL PMID
[21]	Pressey RL, Logan VS (1994) Level of geographical subdivision and its effects on assessments of reserve coverage: a review of regional studies. Conservation Biology, 8,1037-1046.
[22]	Queensland Government (1999) Vegetation Management Act. Queensland Government, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
[23]	Raunio A, Schulman A, Kontula T (2008) Assessment of Threatened Habitat Types in Finland. Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
[24]	Reyers B, Rouget M, Jonas Z, Cowling RM, Driver A, Maze K, Desmet P (2007) Developing products for conservation decision-making: lessons from a spatial biodiversity assessment for South Africa. Diversity and Distributions, 13,608-619.
[25]	Rodríguez JP, Balch JK, Rodríguez-Clark KM (2007) Assessing extinction risk in the absence of species-level data: quantitative criteria for terrestrial ecosystems. Biodiversity and Conservation, 16,183-209.
[26]	Rodríguez JP, Rodríguez-Clark KM, Baillie JEM, Ash N, Benson J, Boucher T, Brown C, Burgess ND, Collen B, Jennings M, Keith DA, Nicholson E, Revenga C, Reyers B, Rouget M, Smith T, Spalding M, Taber A, Walpole M, Zager I, Zamin T (2011) Establishing IUCN red list criteria for threatened ecosystems. Conservation Biology, 25,21-29. DOI URL PMID
[27]	Sala OE, Chapin FS III, Armesto JJ, Berlow E, Bloomfield J, Dirzo R, Huber-Sanwald E, Huenneke LF, Jackson RB, Kinzig A, Leemans R, Lodge DM, Mooney HA, Oesterheld M, Poff NL, Sykes MT, Walker BH, Walker M, Wall DH (2000) Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100. Science, 287,1770-1774. URL PMID
[28]	Sattler PS, Williams R (1999) The Conservation Status of Queensland’s Bioregional Ecosystems. Queensland Environmental Protection Agency, Brisbane, Australia.
[29]	Sayre R, Comer P, Warner H, Cress J (2009) A New Map of Standardized Terrestrial Ecosystems of the Conterminous United States. Professional paper 1768. U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, DC.
[30]	Walker S, Price R, Rutledge D (2008) New Zealand’s Remaining Indigenous Cover: Recent Changes and Biodiversity Protection Needs. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand.
[31]	Walker S, Price R, Rutledge D, Stephens RTT, Lee WG (2006) Recent loss of indigenous cover in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 30,169-177.

评估方案 Protocols for assessment	应用领域 Fields of application	生态系统丧失的定义 Definition of ecosystem extinction		生态系统受威胁等级 Threat status
爱沙尼亚植物群落受威胁等级评估 Assessing the threat status of plant communities in Estonia (Paal, 1998)	确定爱沙尼亚的稀有和受威胁植物群落 Identifying rare and threatened plant communities in Estonia	经过多次重复调查, 未发现相应的植物群落 Plant communities are not found after repeated surveys		极危、濒危和易危 Very threatened, threatened, fairly threatened
奥地利群落生境红色名录 Austrian Biotope Red List (Essl et al., 2002)	编制奥地利生物群落名录, 评估受威胁等级 Editing a complete list of biotope types in Austria, assessing threat status of biotope	群落生境已不存在, 原始群落生境被破坏 Biotope is not present, and the original biotope has been destructed		区域灭绝、极危、濒危、易危、近危、无危和数据缺乏 RE, CR, EN, VU, NT, LC, DD
澳大利亚环境保护和生物多样性法案 Australian Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Act (Commonwealth of Australia, 1999, 2000a, b)	提供澳大利亚受威胁群落的标准 Providing criteria for listing threatened ecological communities in Australia	生物群落的丧失不可逆, 即使人类采取积极的措施, 生态过程、物种组成和群落结构在短期内也不可能恢复 Community loss is not irreversible; ecological process, species composition, and community structure can not be re-established within the near future even with positive human intervention		极危、濒危和易危 CR, EN, VU
芬兰受威胁生境评估 Assessment of threatened habitat types in Finland (Raunio et al., 2008)	确定芬兰的受威胁生境类型 Identifying the threatened habitat types in Finland	生境消失, 或生境发生变化而不能代表其原始生境 Habitats disappeared, current habitats can not represent the original ones due to gradual change		区域灭绝、极危、濒危、易危、近危和无危 RE, CR, EN, VU, NT, LC
昆士兰州植被管理法案 Queensland Vegetation Management Act (Queensland Government, 1999)	确定昆士兰州生态系统的保护等级 Identifying the conservation status of Queensland’s ecosystems	未定义 No definition		濒危和易危 EN, VU
美国生态系统受威胁等级评估 Assessment of the threat status of ecosystem in the United States (Noss et al., 1995)	对美国生态系统的丧失和退化状况进行初步评估 A preliminary assessment of loss and degradation of ecosystems in the United States	原始生态系统被完全改变(如变为农田), 或者面积减小; 生态系统的结构、功能和组成发生变化 Natural ecosystem has been cleared (e.g. converted to farmland), decline in area; degradation in ecosystem structure, function, and composition		极危、濒危和易危 CR, EN, VU
NatureServe保护等级评估 NatureServe conservation status assessments (Master et al., 2009)	评估物种、群落和生态系统的潜在灭绝风险, 确定保护状态 Evaluating potential extinction risk of species, community, and ecosystem; identifying conservation status	由于优势类群或特征类群灭绝, 群落消失, 并且不能恢复 Community eliminated, without restoration potential due to extinction of dominant or characteristic taxa		灭绝、可能灭绝、极危、濒危、易危、接近安全、安全、不能评估、未评估和不适合评估 GX, GH, G1, G2, G3, G4, G5, GU, GNR, GNA
陆地生态系统丧失风险评估标准 Criteria for assessing extinction risk of terrestrial ecosystems (Rodriguez et al., 2007)	IUCN评估生态系统受威胁等级的标准 Criteria adopted by IUCN to assess the threat status of ecosystem	代表原始生态系统的地表覆盖消失 Intact land cover of the original ecosystem disappear		极危、濒危和易危 CR, EN, VU
西澳大利亚受威胁群落名录 Western Australian List of Threatened Ecological Communities (Department of Environment and Conservation, 2010)	西澳大利亚州政府确定群落受威胁状态的方法 Methods adopted by the Government of Western Australia to identify threat status of communities	充分调查后未发现代表性的群落 No representative communities have been found after adequate survey		可能完全破坏、极危、濒危和易危 PD, CR, EN, VU
新南威尔士受威胁物种保护法案 New South Wales Threatened Species Conservation Act (NSW Scientific Committee, 2010)	按照新南威尔士受威胁物种保护方案, 确定物种、种群和群落的评估标准 Identifying criteria for species, populations and communities under the New South Wales Threatened Species Conservation Act	未定义 No definition		极危、濒危和易危 CR, EN, VU
评估方案 Protocols for assessment	应用领域 Fields of application		生态系统丧失的定义 Definition of ecosystem extinction		生态系统受威胁等级 Threat status
新南威尔士植被分类、评估 New South Wales Vegetation Classification and Assessment (Benson, 2006)	对新南威尔士本土植被进行分类, 评估植物群落受威胁等级 Classifying the native vegetation of New South Wales, assessing threat status of plant communities		群落被完全破坏 Communities have been totally destroyed		可能灭绝、极危、濒危、易危、近危和无危 X, CE, E, V, NT, LC
新西兰陆地环境评估 Assessing the terrestrial environment of New Zealand (Walker et al., 2006, 2008)	基于原生植被, 评估新西兰陆地环境的受威胁等级 Based on indigenous cover, assessing threat categories of environments in New Zealand		未定义 No definition		极危、濒危、易危、极缺乏保护、缺乏保护、未评估 Acutely Threatened, Chronically Threatened, At Risk, Critically Underprotected, Underprotected, No Threat Category

评估方案 Protocols for assessment	应用领域 Fields of application	生态系统丧失的定义 Definition of ecosystem extinction		生态系统受威胁等级 Threat status
爱沙尼亚植物群落受威胁等级评估 Assessing the threat status of plant communities in Estonia (Paal, 1998)	确定爱沙尼亚的稀有和受威胁植物群落 Identifying rare and threatened plant communities in Estonia	经过多次重复调查, 未发现相应的植物群落 Plant communities are not found after repeated surveys		极危、濒危和易危 Very threatened, threatened, fairly threatened
奥地利群落生境红色名录 Austrian Biotope Red List (Essl et al., 2002)	编制奥地利生物群落名录, 评估受威胁等级 Editing a complete list of biotope types in Austria, assessing threat status of biotope	群落生境已不存在, 原始群落生境被破坏 Biotope is not present, and the original biotope has been destructed		区域灭绝、极危、濒危、易危、近危、无危和数据缺乏 RE, CR, EN, VU, NT, LC, DD
澳大利亚环境保护和生物多样性法案 Australian Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Act (Commonwealth of Australia, 1999, 2000a, b)	提供澳大利亚受威胁群落的标准 Providing criteria for listing threatened ecological communities in Australia	生物群落的丧失不可逆, 即使人类采取积极的措施, 生态过程、物种组成和群落结构在短期内也不可能恢复 Community loss is not irreversible; ecological process, species composition, and community structure can not be re-established within the near future even with positive human intervention		极危、濒危和易危 CR, EN, VU
芬兰受威胁生境评估 Assessment of threatened habitat types in Finland (Raunio et al., 2008)	确定芬兰的受威胁生境类型 Identifying the threatened habitat types in Finland	生境消失, 或生境发生变化而不能代表其原始生境 Habitats disappeared, current habitats can not represent the original ones due to gradual change		区域灭绝、极危、濒危、易危、近危和无危 RE, CR, EN, VU, NT, LC
昆士兰州植被管理法案 Queensland Vegetation Management Act (Queensland Government, 1999)	确定昆士兰州生态系统的保护等级 Identifying the conservation status of Queensland’s ecosystems	未定义 No definition		濒危和易危 EN, VU
美国生态系统受威胁等级评估 Assessment of the threat status of ecosystem in the United States (Noss et al., 1995)	对美国生态系统的丧失和退化状况进行初步评估 A preliminary assessment of loss and degradation of ecosystems in the United States	原始生态系统被完全改变(如变为农田), 或者面积减小; 生态系统的结构、功能和组成发生变化 Natural ecosystem has been cleared (e.g. converted to farmland), decline in area; degradation in ecosystem structure, function, and composition		极危、濒危和易危 CR, EN, VU
NatureServe保护等级评估 NatureServe conservation status assessments (Master et al., 2009)	评估物种、群落和生态系统的潜在灭绝风险, 确定保护状态 Evaluating potential extinction risk of species, community, and ecosystem; identifying conservation status	由于优势类群或特征类群灭绝, 群落消失, 并且不能恢复 Community eliminated, without restoration potential due to extinction of dominant or characteristic taxa		灭绝、可能灭绝、极危、濒危、易危、接近安全、安全、不能评估、未评估和不适合评估 GX, GH, G1, G2, G3, G4, G5, GU, GNR, GNA
陆地生态系统丧失风险评估标准 Criteria for assessing extinction risk of terrestrial ecosystems (Rodriguez et al., 2007)	IUCN评估生态系统受威胁等级的标准 Criteria adopted by IUCN to assess the threat status of ecosystem	代表原始生态系统的地表覆盖消失 Intact land cover of the original ecosystem disappear		极危、濒危和易危 CR, EN, VU
西澳大利亚受威胁群落名录 Western Australian List of Threatened Ecological Communities (Department of Environment and Conservation, 2010)	西澳大利亚州政府确定群落受威胁状态的方法 Methods adopted by the Government of Western Australia to identify threat status of communities	充分调查后未发现代表性的群落 No representative communities have been found after adequate survey		可能完全破坏、极危、濒危和易危 PD, CR, EN, VU
新南威尔士受威胁物种保护法案 New South Wales Threatened Species Conservation Act (NSW Scientific Committee, 2010)	按照新南威尔士受威胁物种保护方案, 确定物种、种群和群落的评估标准 Identifying criteria for species, populations and communities under the New South Wales Threatened Species Conservation Act	未定义 No definition		极危、濒危和易危 CR, EN, VU
评估方案 Protocols for assessment	应用领域 Fields of application		生态系统丧失的定义 Definition of ecosystem extinction		生态系统受威胁等级 Threat status
新南威尔士植被分类、评估 New South Wales Vegetation Classification and Assessment (Benson, 2006)	对新南威尔士本土植被进行分类, 评估植物群落受威胁等级 Classifying the native vegetation of New South Wales, assessing threat status of plant communities		群落被完全破坏 Communities have been totally destroyed		可能灭绝、极危、濒危、易危、近危和无危 X, CE, E, V, NT, LC
新西兰陆地环境评估 Assessing the terrestrial environment of New Zealand (Walker et al., 2006, 2008)	基于原生植被, 评估新西兰陆地环境的受威胁等级 Based on indigenous cover, assessing threat categories of environments in New Zealand		未定义 No definition		极危、濒危、易危、极缺乏保护、缺乏保护、未评估 Acutely Threatened, Chronically Threatened, At Risk, Critically Underprotected, Underprotected, No Threat Category

标准 Criterion		次级标准及其阈值 Subcriterion and threshold	受威胁等级 Threat status
A. 生态系统分布或生态系统功能短期衰退 Short-term decline in distribution or ecosystem function		1. 过去50年内分布的下降幅度 Decline in distribution over the last 50 years ≥ 80% ≥ 50% ≥ 30%	极危 Critically endangered 濒危 Endangered 易危 Vulnerable
		2. 未来50年分布的下降幅度 Decline in distribution within the next 50 years ≥ 80%	极危 Critically endangered
		≥ 50%	濒危 Endangered
		≥ 30%	易危 Vulnerable
		3. 从过去到未来的50年内, 分布的下降幅度 Decline in distribution over 50-year period, both the past and the future ≥ 80%	极危 Critically endangered
		≥ 50%	濒危 Endangered
		≥ 30%	易危 Vulnerable
		4. 过去或未来50年, 生态系统功能丧失的程度及范围 Within the last or next 50 years, reduction of ecological function and distribution
		(a) 非常严重, 至少一个重要生态过程(≥ 80%) Very severe, at least one major ecological process	极危 Critically endangered
		(b1)非常严重(≥ 50%) Very severe	濒危 Endangered
		(b2)严重, 至少一个重要生态过程(≥ 80%) Severe, at least one major ecological process	濒危 Endangered
		(c1)非常严重, 至少一个重要生态过程(≥ 30%) Very severe, at least one major ecological process	易危 Vulnerable
		(c2)严重, 至少一个重要生态过程(≥ 50%) Severe, at least one major ecological process	易危 Vulnerable
		(c3)比较严重, 至少一个重要生态过程(≥ 80%) Moderately severe, at least one major ecological process	易危 Vulnerable
B. 生态系统分布或生态系统功能长期衰退 Long-term decline in distribution or ecosystem function		1. 过去500年内生态系统分布的下降幅度 Decline in distribution over the last 500 years ≥ 90% ≥ 70%	极危 Critically endangered 濒危 Endangered
		≥ 50%	易危 Vulnerable
		2. 过去500年, 发生非常严重功能衰退的生态系统分布 Over the last 500 years, distribution of ecosystem with very severe reduction of ecological function ≥ 90%	极危 Critically endangered
		≥ 70%	濒危 Endangered
		≥ 50%	易危 Vulnerable
C. 生态系统当前分布范围小, 而且生态系统分布范围收缩, 生态系统功能衰退, 生态系统分布点极少 Small current distribution, decline in distribution or ecological function, very few locations		1. 生态系统的分布范围(结合下列a、b和c项具体规定中的任一条) Extent of occurrence, with the following specifications of a, b, and c ≤ 100 km² ≤ 5,000 km² ≤ 20,000 km² (a) 生态系统分布范围持续收缩	极危 Critically endangered 濒危 Endangered 易危 Vulnerable
		Continuing decline in extent of occurrence
		(b) 至少一个重要生态系统过程发生严重功能衰退 At least one major ecological process with severe reduction
		(c) 生态系统分布点 Locations of ecosystems 1	极危 Critically endangered
标准 Criterion	次级标准及其阈值 Subcriterion and threshold		受威胁等级 Threat status
	≤ 5		濒危 Endangered
	≤ 10		易危 Vulnerable
	2. 生态系统占有面积(结合下列a、b和c项具体规定中的任一条) Area of occupancy, with the following specifications of a, b, and c ≤ 10 km²		极危 Critically endangered
	≤ 500 km²		濒危 Endangered
	≤ 2,000 km²		易危 Vulnerable
	(a) 生态系统分布范围持续收缩 Continuing decline in area of occupancy
	(b) 至少一个重要生态系统过程发生严重功能衰退 At least one major ecological process with severe reduction
	(c)生态系统分布点 Locations of ecosystems 1		极危 Critically endangered
	≤ 5		濒危 Endangered
	≤ 10		易危 Vulnerable
D. 生态系统分布面积极小 Very small current distribution	生态系统面临严重的潜在威胁 Ecosystem with serious plausible threats ≤ 5 km²		极危 Critically endangered
	≤ 50 km²		濒危 Endangered
	≤ 100 km²		易危 Vulnerable

标准 Criterion		次级标准及其阈值 Subcriterion and threshold	受威胁等级 Threat status
A. 生态系统分布或生态系统功能短期衰退 Short-term decline in distribution or ecosystem function		1. 过去50年内分布的下降幅度 Decline in distribution over the last 50 years ≥ 80% ≥ 50% ≥ 30%	极危 Critically endangered 濒危 Endangered 易危 Vulnerable
		2. 未来50年分布的下降幅度 Decline in distribution within the next 50 years ≥ 80%	极危 Critically endangered
		≥ 50%	濒危 Endangered
		≥ 30%	易危 Vulnerable
		3. 从过去到未来的50年内, 分布的下降幅度 Decline in distribution over 50-year period, both the past and the future ≥ 80%	极危 Critically endangered
		≥ 50%	濒危 Endangered
		≥ 30%	易危 Vulnerable
		4. 过去或未来50年, 生态系统功能丧失的程度及范围 Within the last or next 50 years, reduction of ecological function and distribution
		(a) 非常严重, 至少一个重要生态过程(≥ 80%) Very severe, at least one major ecological process	极危 Critically endangered
		(b1)非常严重(≥ 50%) Very severe	濒危 Endangered
		(b2)严重, 至少一个重要生态过程(≥ 80%) Severe, at least one major ecological process	濒危 Endangered
		(c1)非常严重, 至少一个重要生态过程(≥ 30%) Very severe, at least one major ecological process	易危 Vulnerable
		(c2)严重, 至少一个重要生态过程(≥ 50%) Severe, at least one major ecological process	易危 Vulnerable
		(c3)比较严重, 至少一个重要生态过程(≥ 80%) Moderately severe, at least one major ecological process	易危 Vulnerable
B. 生态系统分布或生态系统功能长期衰退 Long-term decline in distribution or ecosystem function		1. 过去500年内生态系统分布的下降幅度 Decline in distribution over the last 500 years ≥ 90% ≥ 70%	极危 Critically endangered 濒危 Endangered
		≥ 50%	易危 Vulnerable
		2. 过去500年, 发生非常严重功能衰退的生态系统分布 Over the last 500 years, distribution of ecosystem with very severe reduction of ecological function ≥ 90%	极危 Critically endangered
		≥ 70%	濒危 Endangered
		≥ 50%	易危 Vulnerable
C. 生态系统当前分布范围小, 而且生态系统分布范围收缩, 生态系统功能衰退, 生态系统分布点极少 Small current distribution, decline in distribution or ecological function, very few locations		1. 生态系统的分布范围(结合下列a、b和c项具体规定中的任一条) Extent of occurrence, with the following specifications of a, b, and c ≤ 100 km² ≤ 5,000 km² ≤ 20,000 km² (a) 生态系统分布范围持续收缩	极危 Critically endangered 濒危 Endangered 易危 Vulnerable
		Continuing decline in extent of occurrence
		(b) 至少一个重要生态系统过程发生严重功能衰退 At least one major ecological process with severe reduction
		(c) 生态系统分布点 Locations of ecosystems 1	极危 Critically endangered
标准 Criterion	次级标准及其阈值 Subcriterion and threshold		受威胁等级 Threat status
	≤ 5		濒危 Endangered
	≤ 10		易危 Vulnerable
	2. 生态系统占有面积(结合下列a、b和c项具体规定中的任一条) Area of occupancy, with the following specifications of a, b, and c ≤ 10 km²		极危 Critically endangered
	≤ 500 km²		濒危 Endangered
	≤ 2,000 km²		易危 Vulnerable
	(a) 生态系统分布范围持续收缩 Continuing decline in area of occupancy
	(b) 至少一个重要生态系统过程发生严重功能衰退 At least one major ecological process with severe reduction
	(c)生态系统分布点 Locations of ecosystems 1		极危 Critically endangered
	≤ 5		濒危 Endangered
	≤ 10		易危 Vulnerable
D. 生态系统分布面积极小 Very small current distribution	生态系统面临严重的潜在威胁 Ecosystem with serious plausible threats ≤ 5 km²		极危 Critically endangered
	≤ 50 km²		濒危 Endangered
	≤ 100 km²		易危 Vulnerable

生态系统 Ecosystem	1988年生态系统占有面积 Area of occupancy in 1988 (km²)	2006年生态系统占有面积 Area of occupancy in 2006 (km²)	生态系统面积50年的减小幅度 Decline rate of the area of occupancy over 50-year period (%)	生态系统受威胁等级 Threat status
滨海芦苇湿地 Coastal reed wetland	1,188.2	912.6	64.4	濒危 Endangered (A3)
丘陵灌丛 Upland shrub	732.4	670.4	23.5	易危 Vulnerable (C2a)
草地 Grassland	474.6	104.9	>100	极危 Critically endangered (A3)
翅碱蓬盐化草甸 Salt seepweed meadow	9.1	28.4	<-100	濒危 Endangered (D)