施氮肥对落叶松和水曲柳人工林土壤动物群落的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2010.390

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

土壤动物对环境变化反应敏感, 全球变化导致土壤氮(N)有效性增加将影响土壤动物群落结构和功能。本文以落叶松(Larix gmelinii)和水曲柳(Fraxinus mandshurica)人工林为研究对象, 通过施肥处理, 在不同季节和土层取样, 研究土壤N有效性增加对土壤动物的数量、类群数和不同功能团的影响。结果表明: (1) 施肥影响两林分土壤动物密度, 导致当年密度增加, 翌年则下降, 这种先增加后降低的趋势在不同土层中均表现出来; (2) 施肥增加了两林分土壤动物类群数, 其中落叶松林分从34类增加到43类, 水曲柳林分从43类增加到48类; (3) 施肥改变了两林分不同食性土壤动物的密度, 腐食性土壤动物数量降低、植食性数量增加、捕食性数量变化不明显。这些结果说明: 土壤N有效性增加显著影响两林分土壤动物群落结构, 可能改变地下碳分配格局和养分循环过程。

关键词: 施N肥, 土壤动物密度, 类群数, 食性, 土钻法

Abstract

Soil fauna play a key role in regulating carbon allocation and nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. As soil fauna are sensitive to environmental changes, increases in soil nitrogen (N) availability resulting from global changes may profoundly influence the structure and function of soil faunal communities. However, the response of soil fauna in forest ecosystems to increases in soil N availability is still poorly understood. In order to explore the relationship between soil N availability and soil fauna, we examined the effects of N addition on the density, grouping and feeding habits of soil fauna in larch (Larix gmelinii) and ash (Fraxinus mandshurica) plantations in northeastern China from 2008 to 2009. Our results showed that N addition changed the structure of soil fauna communities in both plantations. After N addition in the larch plantation, densities of soil fauna in surface soil layers (0-10 cm) increased by an average of 12% (July) and 15% (October) in 2008, whereas they decreased by 22% (May) and 20% (July) in 2009. A similar pattern occurred in the ash plantation—densities increased by an average of 14% (July) and 8% (October) in 2008, and decreased by 22% (May) and 9% (July) in 2009. In contrast, densities of soil fauna in subsurface layers (10-20 cm) increased in both plantations only in July of 2008 and then decreased significantly (25% in larch and 21% in ash) in following samples. The number of soil faunal groups increased from 34 to 43 in the larch plantation and from 43 to 48 in the ash plantation post N addition. In both plantations, N addition altered the densities of soil fauna with different feeding habits, with a decrease in soil detritivores and an increase in soil herbivores and no change in soil predators. These findings indicated that increasing soil N availability significantly altered the density, and community composition in terms of feeding habits, of soil fauna in both plantations, thereby potentially influencing belowground carbon allocation and nutrient cycling at the ecosystem level.

Key words: nitrogen addition, soil faunal density, soil faunal groups, feeding habits, soil sequential cores

庄海峰, 孙玥, 谷加存, 许旸, 王政权 (2010) 施氮肥对落叶松和水曲柳人工林土壤动物群落的影响. 生物多样性, 18, 390-397. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2010.390.

Haifeng Zhuang, Yue Sun, Jiacun Gu, Yang Xu, Zhengquan Wang (2010) Effects of nitrogen addition on soil fauna communities in Larix gmelinii and Fraxinus mandshuricaplantations. Biodiversity Science, 18, 390-397. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2010.390.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1003.2010.390

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2010/V18/I4/390

图/表 6

参考文献 25

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	落叶松 Larix gmelinii		水曲柳 Fraxinus mandshurica
	对照 Control	施肥 Fertilization		对照 Control	施肥 Fertilization
pH	5.18±0.35^a	4.35±0.58^b	6.16±0.42^a		4.36±0.65^b
水分 Moisture (%)	22.48±2.29^a	22.86±2.54^a	23.66±1.01^a		22.98±1.25^a
温度 Temperature (°C)	13.24±0.18^a	13.54±0.27^a	12.55±0.28^a		12.46±0.54^a
全氮 Total N (g/kg)	4.72±0.17^a	6.44±0.54^b	5.76±0.73^a		6.55±0.42^b
有效氮 Available N (mg/g)	5.30±0.24^a	11.21±0.27^b	7.32±0.40^a		12.35±0.21^b
有效磷 Available P (mg/kg)	17.32±0.65^a	16.75±0.40^a	19.90±0.78^a		19.07±0.47^a
有机质 Organic matter (%)	15.27±0.28^a	14.59±0.35^a	15.38±0.27^a		14.88±0.29^a

	落叶松 Larix gmelinii		水曲柳 Fraxinus mandshurica
	对照 Control	施肥 Fertilization		对照 Control	施肥 Fertilization
pH	5.18±0.35^a	4.35±0.58^b	6.16±0.42^a		4.36±0.65^b
水分 Moisture (%)	22.48±2.29^a	22.86±2.54^a	23.66±1.01^a		22.98±1.25^a
温度 Temperature (°C)	13.24±0.18^a	13.54±0.27^a	12.55±0.28^a		12.46±0.54^a
全氮 Total N (g/kg)	4.72±0.17^a	6.44±0.54^b	5.76±0.73^a		6.55±0.42^b
有效氮 Available N (mg/g)	5.30±0.24^a	11.21±0.27^b	7.32±0.40^a		12.35±0.21^b
有效磷 Available P (mg/kg)	17.32±0.65^a	16.75±0.40^a	19.90±0.78^a		19.07±0.47^a
有机质 Organic matter (%)	15.27±0.28^a	14.59±0.35^a	15.38±0.27^a		14.88±0.29^a

动物名称 Taxa	食性 Feeding habits		土壤层 Soil layer (0-10 cm)								土壤层 Soil layer (10-20 cm)
			对照 Control				施肥 Fertilized				对照 Control				施肥 Fertilized
			密度 Density (ind./m³)		比例 Percent (%)		密度 Density (ind./m³)		比例 Percent (%)		密度 Density (ind./m³)		比例 Percent (%)		密度 Density (ind./m³)		比例 Percent (%)
寡毛纲 Oligochaeta
后孔寡毛目Opisthopora	S		5,696		2.90		3,978		2.12		399		1.14		652		2.21
近孔寡毛目 Plesiopora	S		7,778		3.96		8,286		4.42		1,253		3.59		705		2.39
腹足纲 Gastropoda
柄眼目 Stylommatopho
虹蛹螺科 Pupillidae	Ph		100		0.05		152		0.08
巴蜗牛科 Bradybaenidae	Ph		80		0.04		63		0.03
瓦娄蜗牛科 Valloniidae	Ph		97		0.05		58		0.03
蛛形纲 Arachnida
蜘蛛目 Araneae	Pr		565		0.29		1,123		0.60		126		0.36		569		1.93
伪蝎目 Pseudoscorpiones	Pr		293		0.15		284		0.15						129		0.44
盲蛛目 Opiliones	Pr		704		0.36		434		0.23		135		0.39		400		1.36
蜱螨目 Acariformes	S		118,456		60.20		108,719		57.98		19,983		57.29		16,274		55.17
倍足纲 Diplopoda	Ph		1,017		0.52		731		0.39		20		0.06		47		0.16
唇足纲 Chilopoda
地蜈蚣目 Geophilomorpha
地蜈蚣科 Geophilidae	Pr		1,577		0.80		1,760		0.94		792		2.27		427		1.45
石蜈蚣目 Lithobiomorpha
石蜈蚣科 Lithobiidae	Pr		699		0.36		430		0.23		281		0.81		284		0.96
蜈蚣目 Scolopendromorpha	Pr						147		0.08						145		0.49
原尾纲 Protura
原尾目 Protura	S		130		0.07		144		0.08
弹尾纲 Collembola
弹尾目 Collembola
棘跳科 Onychiuridae	Ph		16,034		8.15		15,640		8.34		2,363		6.77		2,866		9.72
球角跳科 Hypogastruridae	S		3,266		1.66		3,575		1.91		712		2.04		712		2.41
疣跳科 Neanuridae	S		665		0.34		412		0.22		68		0.19		26		0.09
等节跳科 Isotomidae	S		22,760		11.60		23,900		12.74		3,886		11.14		3,778		12.81
长角跳科 Entomobryidae	S		815		0.41		622		0.33		17		0.05		35		0.12
鳞跳科 Tomoceridae	S		541		0.28		522		0.28		116		0.33		34		0.12
圆跳科 Sminthuridae	Ph		15		0.01		20		0.01
拟亚跳科 Pseudachoratide	S		201		0.10		84		0.04						18		0.06
娟跳虫科 Oncopodiurida	S		89		0.05		107		0.06		5		0.01
昆虫纲 Insecta
鞘翅目 Coleoptera
步甲科 Carabidae	Pr		3,110		1.58		3,376		1.80		1,661		4.76		554		1.88
隐翅甲科 Staphylinidae	S		3,634		1.85		4,709		2.51		1,579		4.53		627		2.13
动物名称 Taxa		食性 Feeding habits		土壤层 Soil layer (0-10 cm)								土壤层 Soil layer (10-20 cm)
				对照 Control				施肥 Fertilized				对照 Control				施肥 Fertilized
				密度 Density (ind./m³)		比例 Percent (%)		密度 Density (ind./m³)		比例 Percent (%)		密度 Density (ind./m³)		比例 Percent (%)		密度 Density (ind./m³)		比例 Percent (%)
阎甲科 Histeridae		Pr		80		0.04		79		0.04						2		0.01
花萤科 Cantharidae		Pr		102		0.05		447		0.24		16		0.05
叩头甲科 Elateridae		Ph		1,101		0.56		1,330		0.71		531		1.52		290		0.98
皮蠹科 Dermestidae		S		125		0.06						7		0.02
小蕈甲科 Mycetophagtdae		S						59		0.03
拟步甲科 Tenebrionidae		Pr		79		0.04		35		0.02
金龟甲科 Scarabaeidae		Ph		450		0.23		533		0.28		56		0.16		10		0.03
叶甲科 Chrysomelidae		Ph		350		0.18		328		0.17		12		0.03		34		0.12
豆象科 Bruchidae		Ph		327		0.17		321		0.17						20		0.07
沼甲科 Helodidae		Ph		11		0.01		25		0.01
象甲科 Curculionidae		Ph		80		0.04		113		0.06		18		0.05		2		0.01
鳞翅目 Lepidoptera
尺蛾科 Geometridae		Ph		282		0.14		152		0.08
夜蛾科 Noctuidae		Ph						135		0.07
双翅目 Diptera
大蚊科 Tipulidae		Ph		63		0.03		107		0.06		6		0.02		17		0.06
蚊科 Culicidae		Pr		21		0.01		21		0.01						3		0.01
蠓科 Ceratopogonide		Pr		135		0.07		187		0.10		139		0.40		68		0.23
摇蚊科 Chironomidae		S		1,487		0.76		1,373		0.73		347		0.99		533		1.81
蕈蚊科 Mycetophilidae		S		1,052		0.54		872		0.46		65		0.19		117		0.40
瘿蚊科 Cecidomyiidae		S		1,287		0.65		1,075		0.57		236		0.68		94		0.32
水虻科 Stratiomyidae		S		69		0.04		39		0.02		18		0.05
剑虻科 Therevidae		Pr						38		0.02						24		0.08
蝇科 Muscidae		S		1,055		0.54		843		0.45		34		0.10

动物名称 Taxa	食性 Feeding habits		土壤层 Soil layer (0-10 cm)								土壤层 Soil layer (10-20 cm)
			对照 Control				施肥 Fertilized				对照 Control				施肥 Fertilized
			密度 Density (ind./m³)		比例 Percent (%)		密度 Density (ind./m³)		比例 Percent (%)		密度 Density (ind./m³)		比例 Percent (%)		密度 Density (ind./m³)		比例 Percent (%)
寡毛纲 Oligochaeta
后孔寡毛目Opisthopora	S		5,696		2.90		3,978		2.12		399		1.14		652		2.21
近孔寡毛目 Plesiopora	S		7,778		3.96		8,286		4.42		1,253		3.59		705		2.39
腹足纲 Gastropoda
柄眼目 Stylommatopho
虹蛹螺科 Pupillidae	Ph		100		0.05		152		0.08
巴蜗牛科 Bradybaenidae	Ph		80		0.04		63		0.03
瓦娄蜗牛科 Valloniidae	Ph		97		0.05		58		0.03
蛛形纲 Arachnida
蜘蛛目 Araneae	Pr		565		0.29		1,123		0.60		126		0.36		569		1.93
伪蝎目 Pseudoscorpiones	Pr		293		0.15		284		0.15						129		0.44
盲蛛目 Opiliones	Pr		704		0.36		434		0.23		135		0.39		400		1.36
蜱螨目 Acariformes	S		118,456		60.20		108,719		57.98		19,983		57.29		16,274		55.17
倍足纲 Diplopoda	Ph		1,017		0.52		731		0.39		20		0.06		47		0.16
唇足纲 Chilopoda
地蜈蚣目 Geophilomorpha
地蜈蚣科 Geophilidae	Pr		1,577		0.80		1,760		0.94		792		2.27		427		1.45
石蜈蚣目 Lithobiomorpha
石蜈蚣科 Lithobiidae	Pr		699		0.36		430		0.23		281		0.81		284		0.96
蜈蚣目 Scolopendromorpha	Pr						147		0.08						145		0.49
原尾纲 Protura
原尾目 Protura	S		130		0.07		144		0.08
弹尾纲 Collembola
弹尾目 Collembola
棘跳科 Onychiuridae	Ph		16,034		8.15		15,640		8.34		2,363		6.77		2,866		9.72
球角跳科 Hypogastruridae	S		3,266		1.66		3,575		1.91		712		2.04		712		2.41
疣跳科 Neanuridae	S		665		0.34		412		0.22		68		0.19		26		0.09
等节跳科 Isotomidae	S		22,760		11.60		23,900		12.74		3,886		11.14		3,778		12.81
长角跳科 Entomobryidae	S		815		0.41		622		0.33		17		0.05		35		0.12
鳞跳科 Tomoceridae	S		541		0.28		522		0.28		116		0.33		34		0.12
圆跳科 Sminthuridae	Ph		15		0.01		20		0.01
拟亚跳科 Pseudachoratide	S		201		0.10		84		0.04						18		0.06
娟跳虫科 Oncopodiurida	S		89		0.05		107		0.06		5		0.01
昆虫纲 Insecta
鞘翅目 Coleoptera
步甲科 Carabidae	Pr		3,110		1.58		3,376		1.80		1,661		4.76		554		1.88
隐翅甲科 Staphylinidae	S		3,634		1.85		4,709		2.51		1,579		4.53		627		2.13
动物名称 Taxa		食性 Feeding habits		土壤层 Soil layer (0-10 cm)								土壤层 Soil layer (10-20 cm)
				对照 Control				施肥 Fertilized				对照 Control				施肥 Fertilized
				密度 Density (ind./m³)		比例 Percent (%)		密度 Density (ind./m³)		比例 Percent (%)		密度 Density (ind./m³)		比例 Percent (%)		密度 Density (ind./m³)		比例 Percent (%)
阎甲科 Histeridae		Pr		80		0.04		79		0.04						2		0.01
花萤科 Cantharidae		Pr		102		0.05		447		0.24		16		0.05
叩头甲科 Elateridae		Ph		1,101		0.56		1,330		0.71		531		1.52		290		0.98
皮蠹科 Dermestidae		S		125		0.06						7		0.02
小蕈甲科 Mycetophagtdae		S						59		0.03
拟步甲科 Tenebrionidae		Pr		79		0.04		35		0.02
金龟甲科 Scarabaeidae		Ph		450		0.23		533		0.28		56		0.16		10		0.03
叶甲科 Chrysomelidae		Ph		350		0.18		328		0.17		12		0.03		34		0.12
豆象科 Bruchidae		Ph		327		0.17		321		0.17						20		0.07
沼甲科 Helodidae		Ph		11		0.01		25		0.01
象甲科 Curculionidae		Ph		80		0.04		113		0.06		18		0.05		2		0.01
鳞翅目 Lepidoptera
尺蛾科 Geometridae		Ph		282		0.14		152		0.08
夜蛾科 Noctuidae		Ph						135		0.07
双翅目 Diptera
大蚊科 Tipulidae		Ph		63		0.03		107		0.06		6		0.02		17		0.06
蚊科 Culicidae		Pr		21		0.01		21		0.01						3		0.01
蠓科 Ceratopogonide		Pr		135		0.07		187		0.10		139		0.40		68		0.23
摇蚊科 Chironomidae		S		1,487		0.76		1,373		0.73		347		0.99		533		1.81
蕈蚊科 Mycetophilidae		S		1,052		0.54		872		0.46		65		0.19		117		0.40
瘿蚊科 Cecidomyiidae		S		1,287		0.65		1,075		0.57		236		0.68		94		0.32
水虻科 Stratiomyidae		S		69		0.04		39		0.02		18		0.05
剑虻科 Therevidae		Pr						38		0.02						24		0.08
蝇科 Muscidae		S		1,055		0.54		843		0.45		34		0.10

月份 Month	处理 Treatment	腐食性 Saprozoic		植食性 Phytophage		捕食性 Predator
月份 Month	处理 Treatment	数量比例 (%)	类群数 Groups	数量比例 (%)	类群数 Groups	数量比例 (%)	类群数 Groups
落叶松 Larix gmelinii
2008.7	对照 Control	87	15	12	7	1	2
	施肥 Fertilization	86	19	11	7	4	8
2008.10	对照 Control	84	15	10	8	6	8
	施肥 Fertilization	82	15	14	7	3	7
2009.5	对照 Control	88	15	8	5	4	5
	施肥 Fertilization	85	17	12	6	3	5
2009.7	对照 Control	86	15	10	6	4	3
	施肥 Fertilization	87	14	10	5	3	4
水曲柳 Fraxinus mandshurica
2008.7	对照 Control	88	15	8	5	4	5
	施肥 Fertilization	87	16	8	5	5	4
2008.10	对照 Control	83	12	13	9	4	6
	施肥 Fertilization	79	14	16	14	5	10
2009.5	对照 Control	86	15	10	10	4	7
	施肥 Fertilization	82	15	13	6	5	5
2009.7	对照 Control	87	14	9	6	4	5
	施肥 Fertilization	87	15	9	4	4	4