北京建成区外来植物的种类构成

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2010.019

生物多样性 ›› 2010, Vol. 18 ›› Issue (1): 19-28. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2010.019

所属专题：生物入侵

北京建成区外来植物的种类构成

赵娟娟¹, 欧阳志云¹^,^*(), 郑华¹, 徐卫华¹, 王效科¹, 倪永明²

1 中国科学院生态环境研究中心城市与区域生态国家重点实验室, 北京 100085
2 北京自然博物馆, 北京 100050

收稿日期:2009-03-03 接受日期:2009-12-16 出版日期:2010-01-20 发布日期:2010-01-20
通讯作者: 欧阳志云
作者简介:* E-mail: zyouyang@rcees.ac.cn
基金资助:
中国科学院知识创新工程重要方向资助项目(KZCX2-YW-422);“十一五”科技支撑计划项目(2007BAC28B01);北京市财政项目首都环境生态系统安全科普教育平台建设资助项目(2008-0178)

Species composition of alien plants in the built-up area of Beijing

Juanjuan Zhao¹, Zhiyun Ouyang¹^,^*(), Hua Zheng¹, Weihua Xu¹, Xiaoke Wang¹, Yongming Ni²

1 State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085
2 Beijing Museum of Natural History, Beijing 100050

Received:2009-03-03 Accepted:2009-12-16 Online:2010-01-20 Published:2010-01-20
Contact: Zhiyun Ouyang

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

大量种植外来植物已成为我国城市绿地建设的一个主要问题。开展城市建成区外来植物种类构成的研究, 可为城市植物的多样性保护及绿地的科学设计提供重要依据。本文采用分层随机抽样法, 调查了北京市五环以内的乔木样地1,050个, 灌木样地797个, 草本样地2,228个, 共记录外来维管束植物80科208属324种。统计分析的结果显示, 北京建成区植物的外来种比例高达53%, 其中64%的国外外来种来自美洲和亚洲; 不同生活型植物中以常绿植物和藤本植物的外来种比例最高。根据其盖度、密度和频度值, 北京建成区主要外来种有野牛草(Buchloe dactyloides)、凹头苋(Amaranthus blitum)、虎尾草(Chloris virgata)、大叶黄杨(Euonymus japonicus)、圆柏(Sabina chinensis)、刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)、白皮松(Pinus bungeana)等15种, 部分外来种已成为建成区绿地的优势植物。外来种比例最高的绿地类型是观赏性要求较高的公共设施绿地。外来植物属的区系地理分布很广泛, 与北京建成区的乡土植物相比, 热带成分的比例增加而温带成分的比例降低。北京建成区外来植物的种类构成特点反映了城市建成区为了增加观赏植物种类而人为引入大量外来植物所造成的影响。

关键词: 城市植物, 外来植物, 城市绿地, 生活型, 优势植物, 区系地理分布

Abstract

The widely-used practice of planting alien plant species has become a major concern in Chinese urban management. It is imperative to investigate the composition of alien plant species in urban areas for plant diversity protection and green space management. In this study, we investigated 1050 tree plots, 797 shrub plots and 2,228 herbaceous plots based on stratified random selection, within the fifth ring road area of Beijing. The results revealed the following: (1) There were 324 plant species from 208 genera and 80 families recorded in the study area; (2) The percentage of alien plants in the built-up area of Beijing was as high as 53%, and 64% of the alien species originated from America and Asia, and evergreens and lianas had the highest percentage of alien species among the various life forms present; (3) The major alien plant species in terms of high coverage, density and occurrence were Buchloe dactyloides, Amaranthus blitum, Chloris virgata, Euonymus japonicus, Sabina chinensis, Robinia pseudoacacia and Pinus bungeana. Some of these species had become the dominant plant species in the green spaces of the study area; (4) The percentage of alien plant species in institutional green spaces was higher than other green spaces; (5) The chorological spectra of the alien plant genera were wide; and (6) Compared to native species, the percentages of tropical elements were higher and the percentages of temperate elements were lower in the study area. Our results highlighted the changes in plant species composition in Beijing caused by intensive introduction of alien plants with aesthetic values.

Key words: urban plants, alien plants, urban green space, life forms, dominant species, chorological spectra

赵娟娟, 欧阳志云, 郑华, 徐卫华, 王效科, 倪永明 (2010) 北京建成区外来植物的种类构成. 生物多样性, 18, 19-28. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2010.019.

Juanjuan Zhao, Zhiyun Ouyang, Hua Zheng, Weihua Xu, Xiaoke Wang, Yongming Ni (2010) Species composition of alien plants in the built-up area of Beijing. Biodiversity Science, 18, 19-28. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2010.019.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1003.2010.019

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2010/V18/I1/19

图/表 6

参考文献 46

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No.	绿地类型 Type of green space	定义或解释 Definition or interpretation
I	公园绿地 Park green space	向公众开放, 以游憩为主要功能, 兼具生态、美化、防灾等作用的绿地 Open to the public, set aside mainly for human recreation and enjoyment, also possess ecological and environmental functions and serve as places of refuge
II	防护绿地 Protective green space	具有卫生、隔离和安全防护功能的绿地。包括卫生隔离带、道路防护绿地、防风林、城市组团隔离带等 Urban green space set aside for sanitation, insulation and security purposes, including sanitation greenbelts, roadway protective green space, windbreak forest, and grouped greenbelts
III	公共设施绿地 Institutional green space	公共设施用地内的绿地, 包括学校、单位附属绿地等 Green space in an institutional area, including schools and institutional units
IV	居住区绿地 Residential green space	城市居住用地内社区公园以外的绿地, 包括组团绿地、宅旁绿地、小区道路绿地等 Green space in residential area excluding residential community parks, including grouped greenbelts, house-side green space, and residential subdistrict roadway green space
V	道路绿地 Street green space	道路广场用地内的绿地, 包括行道树绿带、分车绿带、交通岛绿地、交通广场和停车场绿地等 Green space in the area of roadways and piazzas, including street tree avenues, traffic island green space, traffic square green space, and parking lot green space
VI	荒地 Vacant land space	没有明确用途, 荒废、弃置的土地 Green space in vacant land with no definite land use

No.	绿地类型 Type of green space	定义或解释 Definition or interpretation
I	公园绿地 Park green space	向公众开放, 以游憩为主要功能, 兼具生态、美化、防灾等作用的绿地 Open to the public, set aside mainly for human recreation and enjoyment, also possess ecological and environmental functions and serve as places of refuge
II	防护绿地 Protective green space	具有卫生、隔离和安全防护功能的绿地。包括卫生隔离带、道路防护绿地、防风林、城市组团隔离带等 Urban green space set aside for sanitation, insulation and security purposes, including sanitation greenbelts, roadway protective green space, windbreak forest, and grouped greenbelts
III	公共设施绿地 Institutional green space	公共设施用地内的绿地, 包括学校、单位附属绿地等 Green space in an institutional area, including schools and institutional units
IV	居住区绿地 Residential green space	城市居住用地内社区公园以外的绿地, 包括组团绿地、宅旁绿地、小区道路绿地等 Green space in residential area excluding residential community parks, including grouped greenbelts, house-side green space, and residential subdistrict roadway green space
V	道路绿地 Street green space	道路广场用地内的绿地, 包括行道树绿带、分车绿带、交通岛绿地、交通广场和停车场绿地等 Green space in the area of roadways and piazzas, including street tree avenues, traffic island green space, traffic square green space, and parking lot green space
VI	荒地 Vacant land space	没有明确用途, 荒废、弃置的土地 Green space in vacant land with no definite land use

	乔木 Tree	灌木 Shrub	草本 Herb
城区绿地总体 All green space	圆柏 Sabina chinensis 银杏 Ginkgo biloba 紫薇 Lagerstroemia indica	大叶黄杨 Euonymus japonicus	野牛草 Buchloe dactyloides
公园绿地 Park green space	圆柏 S. chinensis 白皮松 Pinus bungeana 银杏 G. biloba 刺槐 Robinia pseudoacacia	大叶黄杨 E. japonicus 铺地柏 S. procumbens 小叶黄杨 Buxus sinica var. parvifolia 沙地柏 S. vulgaris	野牛草 B. dactyloides
防护绿地 Protective green space	刺槐 R. pseudoacacia	银杏苗 G. biloba (seedling) 美国红梣苗 Fraxinus ennsylvanica (seedling) 金叶女贞 Ligustrum vicaryi 大叶黄杨 E. japonicus	凹头苋 Amaranthus blitum
公共设施绿地Institutional green space	圆柏 S. chinensis 雪松 Cedrus deodara 白皮松 P. bungeana 银杏 G. biloba 刺槐 R. peudoacacia	大叶黄杨 E. japonicus	野牛草 B. dactyloides
居住区绿地 Residential green space	银杏 G. biloba 刺槐 R. peudoacacia 雪松 C. deodara	大叶黄杨 E. japonicus	野牛草 B. dactyloides
道路绿地 Street green space	圆柏 S. chinensis 银杏 G. biloba	大叶黄杨 E. japonicus	野牛草 B. dactyloides
荒地 Vacant land space	/	/	虎尾草 Chloris virgata

	乔木 Tree	灌木 Shrub	草本 Herb
城区绿地总体 All green space	圆柏 Sabina chinensis 银杏 Ginkgo biloba 紫薇 Lagerstroemia indica	大叶黄杨 Euonymus japonicus	野牛草 Buchloe dactyloides
公园绿地 Park green space	圆柏 S. chinensis 白皮松 Pinus bungeana 银杏 G. biloba 刺槐 Robinia pseudoacacia	大叶黄杨 E. japonicus 铺地柏 S. procumbens 小叶黄杨 Buxus sinica var. parvifolia 沙地柏 S. vulgaris	野牛草 B. dactyloides
防护绿地 Protective green space	刺槐 R. pseudoacacia	银杏苗 G. biloba (seedling) 美国红梣苗 Fraxinus ennsylvanica (seedling) 金叶女贞 Ligustrum vicaryi 大叶黄杨 E. japonicus	凹头苋 Amaranthus blitum
公共设施绿地Institutional green space	圆柏 S. chinensis 雪松 Cedrus deodara 白皮松 P. bungeana 银杏 G. biloba 刺槐 R. peudoacacia	大叶黄杨 E. japonicus	野牛草 B. dactyloides
居住区绿地 Residential green space	银杏 G. biloba 刺槐 R. peudoacacia 雪松 C. deodara	大叶黄杨 E. japonicus	野牛草 B. dactyloides
道路绿地 Street green space	圆柏 S. chinensis 银杏 G. biloba	大叶黄杨 E. japonicus	野牛草 B. dactyloides
荒地 Vacant land space	/	/	虎尾草 Chloris virgata

区系成分 Chorological spectra	国内外来种 National alien genera (%)	国外外来种 Abroad alien genera (%)	乡土种 Native genera (%)
世界分布 Cosmopolitan	4.0	6.8	17.3
泛热带分布 Pantropic	16.7	17.8	12.4
热带亚洲和热带美洲间断分布 Tropical Asia and Tropical America disjuncted	0.8	16.9	0.5
旧世界热带 Old world Tropics	3.2	2.5	0.5
热带亚洲至热带大洋洲 Tropical Asia and Tropical Australasia	5.6	0.8	2.2
热带亚洲至热带非洲 Tropical Asia to tropical Africa	0.0	5.9	1.6
热带亚洲(印度-马来西亚) Tropical Asia (Indo-Malesia)	5.6	0.8	1.6
北温带 North Temperate	23.8	17.8	24.3
东亚和北美间断 East Asia and North America disjuncted	9.5	11.0	5.4
旧世界温带 Old World Temperate	7.1	1.7	9.2
温带亚洲分布 Temperate Asia	0.8	0.8	2.7
地中海区、西亚至中亚分布 Mediterranea, West Asia to Central Asia	0.0	3.4	1.6
中亚 Central Asia	0.0	0.8	0.5
东亚(东喜马拉雅至日本) East Asia Eurasia and Temperate South America disjuncted	4.8	0.8	5.4
中国特有 Endemic to China	4.8	0.0	0.0
地中海区、西亚和东亚间断 Mediterranea, West Asia (or Central Asia), and East Asia disjuncted	2.4	1.7	1.6
地中海区和喜马拉雅间断分布 Mediterranea and Himalaya disjuncted	0.0	1.7	0.0
欧亚和南非洲(有时也在大洋洲)间断 Eurasia and South Africa (Sometimes also Australasia) disjuncted	0.8	2.5	1.1
地中海至温带、热带亚洲、大洋洲和南美洲间断 Mediterranea to Temperate-Tropical Asia, Australasia and South America disjuncted	0.0	0.0	0.5
中国-喜马拉雅(SH) Sino-Himalaya(SH)	0.0	0.0	1.1
中国-日本(SJ) Sino-Japan(SJ)	6.3	0.8	2.7
热带亚洲、大洋洲(至新西兰)和中、南美(或墨西哥)间断分布 Tropical Asia, Australasia (to New Zealand) and Central to South America (Mexico) disjuncted	0.0	0.0	0.5
热带亚洲、非洲和中、南美洲间断分布 Tropical Asia, Africa and Central to South America disjuncted	0.0	1.7	0.0
热带亚洲、非洲(或东非、马达加斯加)和大洋州间断分布 Tropical Asia., Africa (or East Africa, Madagascar) and Australasia disjuncted	0.0	0.0	0.5
北温带和南温带(全温带)间断 North Temperate and South Temperate disjuncted (Pan-temperate)	3.2	2.5	5.4
欧亚和南美洲温带间断 Eurasia and Temperate South America disjuncted	0.0	0.0	1.1
东亚和墨西哥间断分布 East Asia and Mexico disjuncted	0.8	0.8	0.0

北京建成区外来植物的种类构成

Species composition of alien plants in the built-up area of Beijing

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种名 Species	科名 Family	原产地 Origin	频数 Frequency
喜旱莲子草 Alternanthera philoxeroides	苋科 Amaranthaceae	巴西 Brazil	2
皱果苋 Amaranthus viridis		热带非洲 Tropical Africa	5
刺苋 A. spinosus		美洲热带 Tropical America	6
反枝苋 A. retroflexus		美洲 America	119
垂序商陆 Phytolacca americana	商陆科 Phytolaccaceae	北美洲 North America	1
紫苜蓿 Medicago sativa	豆科 Leguminosae	欧洲 Europe	1
白车轴草 Trifolium repens		南欧 South Europe	5
刺槐 Robinia pseudoacacia		北美 North America	166
含羞草 Mimosa pudica		北美热带 Tropical North America	3
凤仙花 Impatiens balsamina	凤仙花科 Balsaminaceae	热带亚洲 Tropical Asia	6
齿裂大戟 Euphorbia dentata	大戟科 Euphorbiaceae	北美洲 North America	3
野西瓜苗 Hibiscus trionum	锦葵科 Malvaceae	非洲 Africa	1
火炬树 Rhus typhina	漆树科 Anacardiaceae	北美洲 North America	15
月见草 Oenothera erythrospeda	柳叶菜科 Onagraceae	英国 Britain	1
天胡荽 Hydrocotyle sibthorpioide	伞形科 Umbelliferae	中国南部 South China	1
牵牛 Pharbitis nil	旋花科 Convolvulaceae	热带美洲 Tropical America	2
裂叶牵牛 P. hederacea		美洲 America	64
圆叶牵牛 P. purpurea		南美洲 South America	77
曼陀罗 Datura innoxia	茄科 Solanaceae	美国、墨西哥 USA and Mexico	15
阿拉伯婆婆纳 Veronica persica	玄参科 Scrophulariaceae	亚洲西部至伊朗 West Asia to Iran	1
鸡矢藤 Paederia scandens	茜草科 Rubiaceae	长江流域以南 South of Yangtze River Basin	5
藿香蓟 Ageratum conyzoides	菊科 Compositae	中、南美洲 Central and South Africa	1
菊芋 Helianthus tuberosus		北美 North America	2
糠稷 Panicum bisulcatum	禾本科 Gramineae	华南、西南中部 South and Central area of SW China	1
虎尾草 Chloris virgata		热带非洲 Tropical Africa	14
毒麦 Lolium temulentum		欧洲 Europe	4
黑麦草 L. perenne		欧洲 Europe	33
野牛草 Buchloe dactyloides		美洲 America	144
牛筋草 Eleusine indica		旧世界热带 Old World Tropic	551
香附子 Cyperus rotundus	莎草科 Cyperaceae	旧世界热带 Old World Tropic	1

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