云南省南部山地7种主要入侵植物沿公路两侧的扩散格局

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2008.08001

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

公路被认为是促进入侵植物扩散的主要通道之一。为了揭示公路与植物入侵的关系, 我们在云南省北热带和南亚热带地区选择13条公路, 按照公路性质、修建年代以及干扰历史将公路分为高、中、低3个干扰水平, 研究了7种主要入侵植物在公路两侧的扩散格局, 以及环境因素(干扰、光照、坡向、气候带)对扩散格局的影响。结果表明: 紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adenophorum)、飞机草(E. odoratum)、胜红蓟(Ageratum conyzoides)和肿柄菊(Tithonia diversifolia)的密度以及紫茎泽兰的频度沿公路扩散格局呈明显的单峰变化, 峰值一般都出现在4 m以内。高干扰公路两侧, 紫茎泽兰、飞机草、胜红蓟、肿柄菊与金腰箭(Synedrella nodiflora)的密度以及紫茎泽兰、飞机草、胜红蓟、肿柄菊的频度均明显高于中、低干扰公路, 说明高干扰公路比中、低干扰公路更有利于促进植物入侵。高光水平下紫茎泽兰、飞机草、胜红蓟的密度以及紫茎泽兰、胜红蓟和金腰箭的频度明显大于中、低光水平, 说明高光水平显著促进公路两侧的这4种入侵植物向远距离扩散。紫茎泽兰、胜红蓟与金腰箭的密度在阳坡显著高于阴坡。紫茎泽兰与肿柄菊主要出现在南亚热带, 而飞机草与金腰箭主要出现在北热带, 胜红蓟与赛葵(Malvastrum coromandelianum)在两种气候带中均有出现。羽芒菊(Tridax procumbens)在公路两侧出现的频率与密度均很低, 无统计学意义。因此, 公路两侧的生境应作为防治外来植物入侵的重点, 提高公路两侧本地植被郁闭度将有利于控制紫茎泽兰等外来植物的进一步扩散。

关键词: 公路效应, 外来入侵植物, 廊道, 环境因素, 入侵格局

Abstract

Roads serve multiple functions that enhance exotic species invasion. In this paper, we examined the roles of disturbance, light availability, slope aspect, and climate in explaining density and frequency of exotic invasive plants. We analyzed the effect of main environmental factors along 13 roads with different levels of anthropological disturbances (heavy, moderate, and light) in the north tropical and south subtropical mountainous zones in Yunnan Province. The results demonstrated that density of four species, Eupatorium adenophorum, E. odoratum, Ageratum conyzoides and Tithonia diversifoli, and frequency of E. adenophorum were significantly associated with distance from roads. The curves of these four alien plants all presented a single-peak pattern, and their maximum abundance occurred within 4 m of roads. These four alien plants invaded native plant communities from primary colonization points along road margins. Density of E. adenophorum, E. odoratum, A. conyzoides, T. diversifoli and Synedrella nodiflora and frequency of E. adenophorum, E. odoratum, A. conyzoides and T. diversifoli tended to be significantly higher along highly disturbed roads than moderately and lightly disturbed roads, indicating that plant communities adjacent to highly disturbed roads might be more prone to invasion. Density of E. adenophorum, E. odoratum and A. conyzoides and frequency of E. adenophorum, A. conyzoidesand S. nodiflora were significantly higher in areas with high light level than those that had medium or low light levels. E. adenophorum, E. odoratum and A. conyzoides might obviously invade farther in habitats along roads that had high light level. Density of E. adenophorum, A. conyzoides and S. nodiflora were significantly higher on warm aspects than on cool aspects. E. adenophorum and T. diversifoli were mainly distributed in the south subtropical mountainous zones, while E. odoratum and S. nodiflora were mainly in the north tropical mountainous zones. A. conyzoides and Malvastrum coromandelianum were distributed in both zones. Tridax procumbens were very few along roadsides, which had no statistical significance. Management of roadside habitats should be considered a key to preventing and controlling alien plant invasion, and the maintenance of a dense canopy of native vegetation would benefit control of alien invasive plants.

Key words: road effect, alien invasive plant, corridor, environmental factor, invasion pattern

赵金丽, 马友鑫, 朱华, 李红梅, 刘文俊, 李增加 (2008) 云南省南部山地7种主要入侵植物沿公路两侧的扩散格局. 生物多样性, 16, 369-380. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2008.08001.

Jinli Zhao, Youxin Ma, Hua Zhu, Hongmei Li, Wenjun Liu, Zengjia Li (2008) Invasion patterns of seven alien plant species along roadsides in southern mountainous areas of Yunnan Province. Biodiversity Science, 16, 369-380. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2008.08001.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1003.2008.08001

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2008/V16/I4/369

图/表 10

图1 研究地点示意图

Fig. 1 Map showing the studied sites

表1 取样地段的特征

Table 1 The characteristics of roads selected from the mountainous regions of south Yunnan Province

干扰等级 Disturbance level	公路段名 Road segment name	公路等级 Road grade	样方数 Number of quadrats	修建时间 Time of construction	历史干扰事件 Disturbance history
高干扰 Highly disturbed	宁洱–景谷 Ninger-Jinggu	国道323 State highway 323	54	20世纪60年代或以前 Before or in the 1960s	1996-2002年改修柏油路 Improved to blacktop between 1996 and 2002
	勐仑–景洪 Menglun-Jinghong	国道213 State highway 213	14	20世纪60年代或以前 Before or in the 1960s	1984年改修柏油路 Improved to blacktop in 1984 20世纪90年代大修 Heavy repair in the 1990s
	景洪–勐海 Jinghong-Menghai	国道214 State highway 214	28	20世纪60年代以前 Before or in the 1960s	1979-1981年改修柏油路 Improved to blacktop between 1979 and 1981 20世纪90年代大修 Heavy repair in the 1990s
	鸡街–开远 Jijie-Kaiyuan	国道326 State highway 326	13	20世纪60年代 In the 1960s	20世纪80年代大修 Heavy repair in the 1980s 1992年改修柏油路 Improved to blacktop in 1992
	蒙自–屏边 Mengzi-Pingbian	国道326 State highway 326	14	20世纪60年代 In the 1960s	20世纪80年代大修 Heavy repair in the 1980s 1992年改修柏油路 Improved to blacktop in 1992
中度干扰 Moderately disturbed	普洱–江城 Puer-Jiangcheng	省道214 Provincial Highway 214	35	1959-1967	2004年改修柏油路 Improved to blacktop in 2004
	河口–屏边 Hekou-Pingbian	省道235 Provincial highway 235	14	20世纪70年代 In the 1970s	90年代改修为柏油路 Improved to blacktop in the 1990s
	盈江–铜壁关 Yingjiang-Tongbiguan	省道318 Provincial highway 318	30	20世纪70年代 In the 1970s	2005-2006年改修柏油路 Improved to blacktop between 2005 and 2006
	梁河–潞西 Lianghe-Luxi	省道 Provincial highway	23	20世纪70年代 In the 1970s	1999-2000年改修柏油路 Improved to blacktop between 1999 and 2000
	勐海–勐阿 Menghai-Meng’a	县级路 County road	26	20世纪70年代 In the 1970s	2004年改修柏油路 Improved to blacktop in 2004
	勐海–景洪 Menghai-Jinghong	县级路 County road	10	1999-2004	2004年开始通车 Opened in 2004
低干扰 Lightly disturbed	昔马–盈江 Xima-Yingjiang	乡村弹石路 Sandstone road	20	1974	N/A
低干扰 Lightly disturbed	屏边–大围山 Pingbian-Daweishan	乡村弹石路 Sandstone road	13	20世纪70年代 In the 1970s	N/A

表1 取样地段的特征

Table 1 The characteristics of roads selected from the mountainous regions of south Yunnan Province

干扰等级 Disturbance level	公路段名 Road segment name	公路等级 Road grade	样方数 Number of quadrats	修建时间 Time of construction	历史干扰事件 Disturbance history
高干扰 Highly disturbed	宁洱–景谷 Ninger-Jinggu	国道323 State highway 323	54	20世纪60年代或以前 Before or in the 1960s	1996-2002年改修柏油路 Improved to blacktop between 1996 and 2002
	勐仑–景洪 Menglun-Jinghong	国道213 State highway 213	14	20世纪60年代或以前 Before or in the 1960s	1984年改修柏油路 Improved to blacktop in 1984 20世纪90年代大修 Heavy repair in the 1990s
	景洪–勐海 Jinghong-Menghai	国道214 State highway 214	28	20世纪60年代以前 Before or in the 1960s	1979-1981年改修柏油路 Improved to blacktop between 1979 and 1981 20世纪90年代大修 Heavy repair in the 1990s
	鸡街–开远 Jijie-Kaiyuan	国道326 State highway 326	13	20世纪60年代 In the 1960s	20世纪80年代大修 Heavy repair in the 1980s 1992年改修柏油路 Improved to blacktop in 1992
	蒙自–屏边 Mengzi-Pingbian	国道326 State highway 326	14	20世纪60年代 In the 1960s	20世纪80年代大修 Heavy repair in the 1980s 1992年改修柏油路 Improved to blacktop in 1992
中度干扰 Moderately disturbed	普洱–江城 Puer-Jiangcheng	省道214 Provincial Highway 214	35	1959-1967	2004年改修柏油路 Improved to blacktop in 2004
	河口–屏边 Hekou-Pingbian	省道235 Provincial highway 235	14	20世纪70年代 In the 1970s	90年代改修为柏油路 Improved to blacktop in the 1990s
	盈江–铜壁关 Yingjiang-Tongbiguan	省道318 Provincial highway 318	30	20世纪70年代 In the 1970s	2005-2006年改修柏油路 Improved to blacktop between 2005 and 2006
	梁河–潞西 Lianghe-Luxi	省道 Provincial highway	23	20世纪70年代 In the 1970s	1999-2000年改修柏油路 Improved to blacktop between 1999 and 2000
	勐海–勐阿 Menghai-Meng’a	县级路 County road	26	20世纪70年代 In the 1970s	2004年改修柏油路 Improved to blacktop in 2004
	勐海–景洪 Menghai-Jinghong	县级路 County road	10	1999-2004	2004年开始通车 Opened in 2004
低干扰 Lightly disturbed	昔马–盈江 Xima-Yingjiang	乡村弹石路 Sandstone road	20	1974	N/A
低干扰 Lightly disturbed	屏边–大围山 Pingbian-Daweishan	乡村弹石路 Sandstone road	13	20世纪70年代 In the 1970s	N/A

表2 不同生态因子对7种外来植物密度和频度影响的方差分析a

Table 2 ANOVA analysis for the effect of ecological factors on density and frequency of seven alien plants

图2 在南亚热带高干扰公路两侧不同距离对7种外来植物密度和频度的影响(均值±标准误)。EA: 紫茎泽兰; EO: 飞机草; AC: 胜红蓟; TD: 肿柄菊; SN: 金腰箭; MC: 赛葵; TP: 羽芒菊。

Fig. 2 Effect of distance from roads on the density and frequency of seven alien plants along highly disturbed roads in the south subtropical zone (mean±SE). EA,Eupatorium adenophorum; EO, E. odoratum; AC, Ageratum conyzoides; TD, Tithonia diversifoli; SN, Synedrella nodiflora; MC, Malvastrum coromandelianum; TP, Tridax procumbens.

图3 人类干扰对7种外来植物沿公路两侧分布的密度和频度的影响(均值±标准误)。种名的缩写同图2。

Fig. 3 Effect of anthropological disturbances on the density and frequency of seven alien plants (mean±SE). The abbreviations of the seven alien species are the same as in .

图4 光照条件对不同干扰强度公路两侧7种外来植物密度(A、B、C)和频度(D、E、F)的影响(均值±标准误)。A、D: 高干扰; B、E: 中干扰; C、F: 低干扰。种名的缩写同图2。

Fig. 4 Effect of light availability on the density and frequency of seven alien plants (mean±SE). A and D, Highly disturbed; B and E, Moderately disturbed; C and F, Lightly disturbed. The abbreviations of the seven alien species are the same as in .

图5 到公路的距离与光水平的交互作用对紫茎泽兰(A)、飞机草(B)与胜红蓟(C)密度的影响(均值±标准误)。HL: 高光水平; ML: 中光水平; LL: 低光水平。

Fig. 5 Interaction of distance from road and light level on the density of Eupatorium adenophorum (A), E. odoratum (B) and Ageratum conyzoides (C) (mean±SE). HL, High light level; ML, Medium light level; LL, Low light level.

图6 高光水平下坡向对中干扰公路两侧7种外来植物密度和频度的影响(均值±标准误)。种名缩写同图2。

Fig. 6 Effect of aspect on the density and frequency of seven alien plants in habitats along moderately disturbed roads that had high light level (mean±SE). The abbreviations of the seven alien species are the same as in .

图7 坡向与光水平对中干扰公路两侧外来植物紫茎泽兰(A)、飞机草(B)、胜红蓟(C)密度与紫茎泽兰(D)和胜红蓟(E)频度的影响(均值±标准误)。

Fig. 7 Interaction of aspect and light level on the density of Eupatorium adenophorum (A), E. odoratum (B) and Ageratum conyzoides (C), and frequency of Eupatorium adenophorum (D) andAgeratum conyzoides (E) along moderately disturbed roads (mean±SE).

图8 7种外来植物在云南北热带和南亚热带地区沿公路两侧的密度(A, B)和频度(C, D)的对比(均值±标准误)。A、C: 高干扰; B、D: 低干扰。种名的缩写同图2。

Fig. 8 Comparison of the density (A, B) and frequency (C, D) of seven alien plants between the north tropical zone and the south subtropical zone (mean±SE). A and C, Heavily disturbed roads; B and D, Moderately disturbed roads. The abbreviations of the seven alien species are the same as in .

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