社会性昆虫级型和行为分化机制研究进展

doi:10.17520/biods.2020224

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

社会性的出现是生物演化过程中的重要革新, 理解社会性的演化和调控机制具有重要的理论和实际意义。社会性昆虫的个体间有着明显的级型分化和劳动分工, 这有利于它们适应复杂的环境变化。理解社会性昆虫如何产生不同的形态、行为和生活史特性, 一直是进化和发育生物学的重要目标。随着测序技术的不断更新及生物信息学的快速发展, 已经有众多关于社会性昆虫级型和行为分化机制的研究报道。本文通过整理社会性昆虫研究的已有成果, 从环境因素、生理调控和分子机制等方面对社会性昆虫级型和行为分化机制相关研究进展进行了综述, 并对未来的研究方向做出了展望。根据现有证据, 社会性昆虫所生活的生物环境(食物营养、信息素、表皮碳氢化合物)和非生物环境(温度、气候等)均能直接或间接影响社会性昆虫级型和行为的分化; 保幼激素、蜕皮激素、类胰岛素及生物胺等内分泌激素和神经激素对社会性昆虫的级型和行为分化也有重要的调控作用; 此外, 遗传因素、新基因等DNA序列或基因组结构上的变化以及表观遗传修饰、基因的差异表达等基因调控机制均能不同程度地影响社会性昆虫的行为分化。本文建议加强昆虫纲其他社会性类群如半翅目蚜虫和缨翅目蓟马等的社会性行为及其演化机制的研究, 以加深对社会性昆虫起源及其行为演化的理解和认识。

关键词: 社会性昆虫, 行为分化, 环境因素, 生理调控, 分子机制

Abstract

Background & Aims: Eusociality is a critical evolutionary innovation. Understanding the origin of eusociality and related regulating mechanisms has theoretical and practical significance to several research fields. A clear hierarchy and division of labor exists among individuals of social insects. The behavioral differentiation and extensive cooperation between castes are beneficial for their adaptation to complicated environmental changes. Understanding how social insects can produce individuals with differences in morphology, behavior and life-history characteristics is an important goal of much evolutionary and developmental biology research. With the rapid development of sequencing technology and bioinformatics, there have been many studies on the mechanisms underlying social insect behavioral differentiation. Here, we present recent advances on the environmental factors and physiological and molecular mechanisms regulating caste and behavioral differentiation in social insects by summarizing the current results of social insect studies, and propose the future research directions.

Progresses: Both biotic factors (e.g., nutrients, pheromones, cuticular hydrocarbons) and abiotic factors (e.g., temperature, climate) can directly and indirectly affect the differentiation of insect social behavior and castes. Endocrine hormones, such as juvenile hormone (JH), ecdysteroids (20E), insulin-like peptides (ILPs), and neurohormonal bioamines, also play important roles. In addition, evolutionary changes in gene sequences or genome structure, including heritable differences and novel genes, as well as gene regulatory mechanisms, such as DNA methylation and differential expression of genes, can also affect the caste and behavior differentiation of social insects to different degrees.

Prospects: We suggest strengthening the study of social behavior and regulating mechanisms in other social insect lineages, such as aphids and thrips, which are relatively understudied and which will improve the understanding of the origins and evolution of eusociality and social behaviors in insects.

Key words: social insect, behavioral differentiation, environmental factor, physiological regulation, molecular mechanism

张慧, 刘倩, 黄晓磊 (2021) 社会性昆虫级型和行为分化机制研究进展. 生物多样性, 29, 507-516. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2020224.

Hui Zhang, Qian Liu, Xiaolei Huang (2021) Mechanisms regulating caste and behavior differentiation in social insects. Biodiversity Science, 29, 507-516. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2020224.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2020224

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2021/V29/I4/507

图/表 1

参考文献 103

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影响因素 Influencing factors		昆虫类群 Insect groups	劳动分工类型 Labour division	参考文献 References
外界环境 External environment	营养 Nutrition	西方蜜蜂 Apis mellifera	蜂后-工蜂 Queen-worker	Kamakura, 2011
	表皮碳氢化合物 Cuticular hydrocarbons	红胡须蚁 Pogonomyrmex barbatus	觅食-侦查 Foraging-patrolling	Greene & Gordon, 2003
	信息素 Pheromone	黄胸散白蚁 Reticulitermes speratus	生殖蚁-工蚁 Neotenics-worker	Matsuura et al, 2010
	王后年龄 Queen age	罗纹须蚁 Pogonomyrmex rugosus	蚁后-工蚁 Queen-worker	Schwander et al, 2008
	海拔和季节 Elevation and season	蜜蜂总科 Apoidea	独居-合作筑巢 Solitary-cooperative	Kocher et al, 2014
	气候 Climate	马蜂属 Polistes	合作繁殖 Cooperative breeding	Sheehan et al, 2015
	温度 Temperature	台湾乳白蚁 Coptotermes formosanus	工蚁-兵蚁 Worker-soldier	Tarver et al, 2012
生理调控 Physiological regulation	保幼激素 Juvenile hormone	八刺顶切叶蚁 Acromyrmex octospinosus	巢内活动-觅食 Nest work-foraging	Norman & Hughes, 2016
	蜕皮激素 Ecdysone	内华达古白蚁 Zootermopsis nevadensis	兵蚁-工蚁 Soldier-worker	Masuoka et al, 2018
	类胰岛素 Insulin-like peptides	毕氏卵角蚁 Ooceraea biroi	工蚁-生殖蚁 Worker-reproductives	Chandra et al, 2018
	生物胺 Biogenic amine	西方蜜蜂 Apis mellifera	攻击防御 Defensive aggression	Nouvian et al, 2018
分子调控 Molecular regulation	遗传决定 Genetic determination	棘顶切叶蚁 Acromyrmex echinatior	大工蚁-小工蚁 Major-minor worker	Hughes et al, 2003
	新基因 Novel gene	西方蜜蜂 Apis mellifera	工蜂特性 Worker traits	Johnson & Tsutsui, 2011
	表观遗传修饰 Epigenetic modification	西方蜜蜂 Apis mellifera	蜂后-工蜂 Queen-worker	He et al, 2017
	基因差异表达 Gene differential expression	北美散白蚁 Reticulitermes flavipes	兵蚁-工蚁(生殖蚁) Soldier-worker (reproductives)	Wu et al, 2018

影响因素 Influencing factors		昆虫类群 Insect groups	劳动分工类型 Labour division	参考文献 References
外界环境 External environment	营养 Nutrition	西方蜜蜂 Apis mellifera	蜂后-工蜂 Queen-worker	Kamakura, 2011
	表皮碳氢化合物 Cuticular hydrocarbons	红胡须蚁 Pogonomyrmex barbatus	觅食-侦查 Foraging-patrolling	Greene & Gordon, 2003
	信息素 Pheromone	黄胸散白蚁 Reticulitermes speratus	生殖蚁-工蚁 Neotenics-worker	Matsuura et al, 2010
	王后年龄 Queen age	罗纹须蚁 Pogonomyrmex rugosus	蚁后-工蚁 Queen-worker	Schwander et al, 2008
	海拔和季节 Elevation and season	蜜蜂总科 Apoidea	独居-合作筑巢 Solitary-cooperative	Kocher et al, 2014
	气候 Climate	马蜂属 Polistes	合作繁殖 Cooperative breeding	Sheehan et al, 2015
	温度 Temperature	台湾乳白蚁 Coptotermes formosanus	工蚁-兵蚁 Worker-soldier	Tarver et al, 2012
生理调控 Physiological regulation	保幼激素 Juvenile hormone	八刺顶切叶蚁 Acromyrmex octospinosus	巢内活动-觅食 Nest work-foraging	Norman & Hughes, 2016
	蜕皮激素 Ecdysone	内华达古白蚁 Zootermopsis nevadensis	兵蚁-工蚁 Soldier-worker	Masuoka et al, 2018
	类胰岛素 Insulin-like peptides	毕氏卵角蚁 Ooceraea biroi	工蚁-生殖蚁 Worker-reproductives	Chandra et al, 2018
	生物胺 Biogenic amine	西方蜜蜂 Apis mellifera	攻击防御 Defensive aggression	Nouvian et al, 2018
分子调控 Molecular regulation	遗传决定 Genetic determination	棘顶切叶蚁 Acromyrmex echinatior	大工蚁-小工蚁 Major-minor worker	Hughes et al, 2003
	新基因 Novel gene	西方蜜蜂 Apis mellifera	工蜂特性 Worker traits	Johnson & Tsutsui, 2011
	表观遗传修饰 Epigenetic modification	西方蜜蜂 Apis mellifera	蜂后-工蜂 Queen-worker	He et al, 2017
	基因差异表达 Gene differential expression	北美散白蚁 Reticulitermes flavipes	兵蚁-工蚁(生殖蚁) Soldier-worker (reproductives)	Wu et al, 2018